Constitutional Court Decree No 90/Puu-XII/2023 Provisions on Age Requirements for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates in the Principles of the State of Law and Pancasila Democracy

https://doi.org/10.35912/dpd.v3i2.3277
Published: Aug 6, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study examines the legal consequences of Constitutional Court Decision No. 90/PUU-XXI/2023, which adds new requirements for presidential and vice-presidential candidates, and analyzes its implications for the constitutional system and the balance of power between state institutions in Indonesia.

Research methodology: Using a normative juridical approach, this research draws upon statute analysis, constitutional theory, and judicial interpretation. It evaluates the decision based on Hans Kelsen’s legal hierarchy theory and the principle of judicial restraint within a constitutional democracy.

Results: The findings show that the Constitutional Court, through this decision, has expanded its interpretive role beyond judicial review, effectively performing a legislative function. This has resulted in the creation of a new norm that was not previously regulated by law. The decision also raises concerns about the erosion of judicial neutrality and the risk of institutional imbalance, particularly between the judiciary and the legislature.

Conclusions: The decision disrupts the principle of separation of powers and may set a precedent for overreach by the judiciary. It calls into question the boundaries of judicial authority and its role in upholding democratic values and the rule of law.

Limitations: The study is limited to a normative-doctrinal analysis and does not include comparative perspectives or empirical data.

Contribution: This paper contributes to the discourse on constitutional law by emphasizing the need for judicial neutrality and reinforcing the importance of checks and balances in maintaining a democratic constitutional order.

Keywords:
1. Constitutional Court Decision
2. Pancasila Democracy
3. Rule of Law
Authors:
1 . Nurul Ash Sifa
Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
2 . Kasilda Rapo
Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Sifa, N. A. ., & Rapo, K. . (2025). Constitutional Court Decree No 90/Puu-XII/2023 Provisions on Age Requirements for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates in the Principles of the State of Law and Pancasila Democracy. Dynamics of Politics and Democracy, 3(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.35912/dpd.v3i2.3277
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Issue & Section
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): February
Articles
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    Resopijani, A., & Neonbeni, Y. B. (2024). Ethical violation by the Chairman of the Constitutional Court against Indonesian law and democracy. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 1(3), 335-432. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v1i3.2147

    Ruhenda, Heldi, Mustapa, H., & Septiadi, M. A. (2020). Tinjauan Trias Politika Terhadap Terbentuknya Sistem Politik dan Pemerintahan di Indonesia. Journal of Governance and Social Policy, 1(2), 58-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.24815/gaspol.v1i2.18221

    Thontowi, J., Wati, E., Jamil, A., & Nurjihad. (2024). Transformation of Pancasila and the Rule of Law: A Comparative Study and Analysis of National Development Before and After Government Reformation. International Graduate Conference on Digital Policy and Governance Sustainability (DiGeS-Grace), 204(1), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202420407011

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    Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 pasal 1 ayat 3.

  1. Aswandi, B., & Roisah, K. (2019). Negara Hukum dan Demokrasi Pancasila dalam Kaitannya dengan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 1(1), 128-145. doi:https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v1i1.128-145
  2. Burhanuddin, Wahyuniar, & Maskawati. (2024). Law Enforcement in the Perspective of Legal Sociology. International Journal of Sociology and Law, 1(3), 243-252. doi:https://doi.org/10.62951/ijsl.v1i3.286
  3. Candra, D. V., Gunawan, D. G., & Geraldi, K. D. (2024). Demokrasi yang Tergerus Oleh Dominasi Negara Atas Rakyat dalam Politik. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 5(10), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v5i10.940
  4. Caya, A. N. A., & Hakim, L. (2024). Democracy and Reflections on 25 Years of Indonesian Reformation. ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(1), 117-126. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum2422
  5. Darma, B. (2024). Analysis of the Constitutional Court's Authority to Change the Age Requirements for Presidential Candidates and Vice Presidential Candidates in the Constitutional Court's Decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023. NEGREI: Academic Journal of Law and Governance, 4(2), 273-298. doi:https://doi.org/10.29240/negrei.v4i2.11579
  6. Dollu, D. Y., & Karbeka, Y. P. (2024). Recht Finding of the Constitutional Court in the perspective of the Rule of Law and Democracy (Study of the Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, Number: 90/PUU-XXI/2023). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies, 2(3), 307-316. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v2i3.2071
  7. Firdaus, F. R., Chandra, R. L., & Sagala, C. S. T. (2024). Meaningful Participation as People's Sovereignty Form in Democratic Rule of Law State. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 31(2), 337-357. doi:https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol31.iss2.art5
  8. Ginting, B. P., Suganda, A., & Suasungnern, S. (2024). The Concept Of The Rule Of Law In The Indonesian Constitution. Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan, 3(12), 1291-1300. doi:https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v3i12.2543
  9. Gumuruh, A. R., Wicaksono, H., & Maulana, A. (2022). Peran Masyarakat dalam Penyelenggaraan Demokrasi di Kelurahan Boyolangu Kecamatan Giri Kabupaten Banyuwangi. PACIVIC: Jurnal Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 2(2), 70-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.36456/p.v2i2.6909
  10. Hakim, A. A. (2015). Negara Hukum dan Demokrasi di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
  11. Hamzani, A. I. (2014). Menggagas Indonesia sebagai Negara Hukum yang Membahagiakan Rakyatnya. Yustisia, 3(3), 137-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v3i3.29562
  12. Harefa, D., & Fatolosa Hulu, M. (2020). Demokrasi Pancasila di Era Kemajemukan. Banyumas: PM Publisher.
  13. Indrastuti, L., Pradoto, W. S., & Udjiwati, L. (2024). Democratic Political Law in Indonesia After Amendments to the 1945 UUD. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 12(1), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i1.2310
  14. Indriastuti, H., Putri, A., Robiansyah, R., & Anwar, H. (2022). The effect of e-service quality and e-trust on customer loyalty and mediating customer satisfaction of internet banking users. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 10(1), 24-34.
  15. Iswari, F. (2020). Aplikasi Konsep Negara Hukum dan Demokrasi dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang di Indonesia. JCH (Jurnal Cendekia Hukum), 6(1), 127-140. doi:http://doi.org/10.33760/jch.v6i1.285
  16. Juwaini, A., Chidir, G., Novitasari, D., Iskandar, J., Hutagalung, D., Pramono, T., . . . Sulistyo, A. B. (2022). The role of customer e-trust, customer e-service quality and customer e-satisfaction on customer e-loyalty. International Journal of Data & Network Science, 6(2).
  17. Khan, M. M. R. (2021). Political State and the Dilemma of Dignity, Equality and Freedom: Evidence from a Sovereign State. Dynamics of Politics and Democracy, 1(1), 29-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/dpd.v1i1.697
  18. Laila, K. (2019). Hukum Progresif sebagai Solusi Kebebasan Berpendapat dengan Asas Demokrasi Pancasila. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 10(2), 177-186. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v10i2.3546
  19. Malik, F., Abduladjid, S., Mangku, D. G. S., Yuliartini, N. P. R., Wirawan, I., & Mahendra, P. R. A. (2021). Legal Protection for People with Disabilities in the Perspective of Human Rights in Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 10(1), 538-547. doi:https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.62
  20. Marijan, K. (2019). Sistem Politik Indonesia: Konsolidasi Demokrasi Pasca Orde Baru. Jakarta: Kencana.
  21. Muhlashin, I. (2021). Negara Hukum, Demokrasi dan Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia. Jurnal Al-Qadau: Peradilan Dan Hukum Keluarga Islam, 8(1), 87-100. doi:https://doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v8i1.18114
  22. Oyinlade, A. O., Finch, D., & Christo, Z. (2020). The Multi-Institutional Substructure-Superstructure Model of Understanding Causal Relations among Social Structures. Sociology Mind, 10(3), 149-164. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2020.103010
  23. Ramadhani, M. (2024). Legal Politics in the Perspective of the Constitutional Court's Decision on Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates. Journal of Legal and Cultural Analytics, 3(4), 415 - 424. doi:https://doi.org/10.55927/jlca.v3i4.13600
  24. Resopijani, A., & Neonbeni, Y. B. (2024). Ethical violation by the Chairman of the Constitutional Court against Indonesian law and democracy. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 1(3), 335-432. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v1i3.2147
  25. Ruhenda, Heldi, Mustapa, H., & Septiadi, M. A. (2020). Tinjauan Trias Politika Terhadap Terbentuknya Sistem Politik dan Pemerintahan di Indonesia. Journal of Governance and Social Policy, 1(2), 58-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.24815/gaspol.v1i2.18221
  26. Thontowi, J., Wati, E., Jamil, A., & Nurjihad. (2024). Transformation of Pancasila and the Rule of Law: A Comparative Study and Analysis of National Development Before and After Government Reformation. International Graduate Conference on Digital Policy and Governance Sustainability (DiGeS-Grace), 204(1), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202420407011
  27. Ulum, M., Damayanti, B. M. D., & Kuswandono, A. (2021). Studi Tentang Konsep Hukum Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Al Iman: Jurnal Keislaman dan Kemasyarakatan, 5(2), 323-346.
  28. Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 pasal 1 ayat 3.