Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of health, spatial layout, and work discipline on employee work effectiveness. Methodology/Approach: An associative quantitative method was employed with a population comprising 50 State Civil Apparatus (ASN) at the Ogan Komering Ilir Regency Education Office. The sampling technique used was purposive non-probability sampling. Data were collected through primary sources, namely questionnaires distributed to respondents, and secondary sources, including documentation and relevant literature studies. Results/Findings: The results of the t-test indicate that health, spatial layout, and work discipline variables each partially influence work effectiveness. Furthermore, the F-test confirms that these three variables collectively exert a positive and significant effect on employee work effectiveness. These findings suggest that the optimization of workplace health, spatial arrangements, and discipline policies directly contributes to improved performance. Conclusion: Employee work effectiveness is significantly shaped by health, spatial layout, and work discipline, both individually and in combination. Strategic improvements in health programs, office spatial design, and discipline reinforcement can substantially enhance overall performance at the Education Office. Limitations: This study is limited to ASN employees within one agency, thereby restricting generalizability to broader populations. Contribution: The study offers insights for human resource development and provides a benchmark for future academic inquiry. It contributes to academic literature, practical evaluation, and policy considerations, particularly for leadership in enhancing health standards, workplace design, and discipline measures to improve employee effectiveness.

Purpose: This research examines the legal regulation of judges’ authority in deciding sentencing cases through the lens of proportionality and the principle of justice, with a focus on the implementation, obstacles, and judicial efforts in the Batam District Court Class 1A. It aims to explore how judicial authority aligns with statutory provisions and societal expectations of fairness. Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a normative juridical method through literature review, complemented by an empirical juridical (sociological juridical) approach using field study. This combination provides both theoretical perspectives and empirical insights into judicial practices, creating a holistic understanding of the topic. Results/Findings: The findings indicate that the authority of judges to impose sentences is regulated under Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power and specifically Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code. In practice, judges at the Batam District Court Class 1A encounter several obstacles, including incomplete or absent witness testimonies and occasional internal conflicts among judicial panels. Such challenges often affect the decision-making process. However, judges continue to adhere to Article 183 as a guiding legal foundation in delivering verdicts. Conclusions: Although judicial authority in sentencing is legally well-established, its practical implementation faces obstacles. Ensuring proportionality and justice requires judges not only to apply statutory provisions but also to incorporate evolving societal values in their reasoning. Limitations: The study is limited to one court and specific cases, restricting generalizability across all Indonesian courts. Contribution: This research enriches discourse on judicial authority by integrating normative and empirical perspectives and offering practical recommendations for reinforcing proportionality and justice in judicial decision-making.

Purpose: This model aims to solve a Green Heterogeneous and Stochastic Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem that considers risks and environmental hazards. Research Methodology: Regarding an NP-hard and complex problem, and after confirming the accuracy of the problem-solving in smaller dimensions by GAMS software, the problem is solved by the metaheuristic algorithm of multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and its coding in MATLAB software. Results: The results urge that using random sampling and probability The findings indicate that MOPSO effectively produces optimal or near-optimal solutions with significantly reduced computational time compared to GAMS. In small-scale cases, results matched the exact solutions, while larger-scale instances demonstrated the efficiency of the algorithm in handling complex routing problems. Sensitivity analyses revealed that prioritization of objectives—such as environmental impact, reliability, or routing cost—led to different but balanced routing strategies, confirming the model’s adaptability. Conclusions: The proposed model ensures reliable and environmentally conscious waste transportation by integrating cost, risk, and time-window considerations. It demonstrates strong performance in optimizing multi-objective routing problems under uncertainty. Limitation: The proposed method is a routing problem and has been applied for the Green Heterogeneous and Stochastic Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem. Future researchers may work on real data sets and hazardous biomedical waste data. Contribution: Based on the results presented, the model derived in this study can support decisions such as routing, prioritization, and time to reach each node, so that the costs of routing, system reliability, environmental issues, and penalties for violation of the priority and maximum time elapsed for vehicles are considered.