Entrepreneurial passion on the success of SME’s in Plateau State, Nigeria: The role of entrepreneurial skills
Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which entrepreneurial skills mediate the influences of entrepreneurial passion on the entrepreneurial success of SMEs in Plateau State, Nigeria.
Research Methodology: The researchers self-administered 337 questionnaires to SME owners in the Jos North and South LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria, and obtained a response rate of 91.1%. Quantitative data were analyzed using PLS-SEM version 3.0.
Results: Results showed that Entrepreneurial skills partially and fully mediated the influence of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial success.
Limitations: The study was limited to SME owners in the Jos North and South LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria.
Contribution: This study contributes to the body of knowledge in entrepreneurship literature. It helps policymakers formulate holistic policies that will encourage entrepreneurship and skill acquisition, as well as enhance the socio-economic well-being of people via entrepreneurship. It also helps entrepreneurs, business owners, managers, and aspiring entrepreneurs learn and obtain the necessary skills, knowledge, and abilities to succeed.
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Abdullah, Y. A., & Mansor, M. N. B. (2018). The moderating effect of business environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and small business performance in Iraq. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(4), 1-11.
Ackerman, P. L., & Humphreys, L. G. (1990). Individual differences theory in industrial and organizational psychology. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 1(2), 223-282.
Anderson, N. C., Conn, D. R., Gamas, K. C., Borkhuis, B., & Lantto, J. J. (2018). Capacity, passion, relevance, and presence: A conceptual framework for the interpretation and study of success. Journal of Research Initiatives, 4(1), 11.
Anochiwa, L. (2021). A contribution to the human capital investment debate vis-à-vis economic growth: the case for Nigeria. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(1), 15-28.
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital.
Becker, G. S. (1994). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. NBER Books.
Bender, S., Jarmin, R. S., Kreuter, F., & Lane, J. (2020). Privacy and confidentiality Big data and social science (pp. 313-331): Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Bharti, S. S. (2021). Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Small and Medium-scale Enterprises (SMEs) in India. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 3(2), 129-139.
Biraglia, A., & Kadile, V. (2017). The role of entrepreneurial passion and creativity in developing entrepreneurial intentions: Insights from American homebrewers. Journal of small business management, 55(1), 170-188.
Borodako, K., Berbeka, J., Rudnicki, M., & ?apczy?ski, M. (2019). The contribution of human capital to the performance of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 1(2), 141-153.
Brown, I. T. (2002). Individual and technological factors affecting perceived ease of use of web?based learning technologies in a developing country. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 9(1), 1-15.
Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2001). From initial idea to unique advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of management perspectives, 15(1), 64-78.
Cardon, M. S., & Kirk, C. P. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self–efficacy to persistence relationship. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027-1050.
Cardon, M. S., Post, C., & Forster, W. R. (2017). Team entrepreneurial passion: Its emergence and influence in new venture teams. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 283-305.
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2005). ENTREPRENEURIAL PASSION: THE NATURE OF EMOTIONS IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Proceedings.
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of management review, 34(3), 511-532.
Cassar, G. (2006). Entrepreneur opportunity costs and intended venture growth. Journal of business venturing, 21(5), 610-632.
Chen, C., Zhang, J., Tian, H., & Bu, X. (2022). The impact of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial success and psychological well-being: a person-centered investigation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
Commission, E. (2024). Entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Consults, M. (2021). CJA2021: ABU student emerges Campus Journalist of the Year.
Despotidou, L., & Prastacos, G. P. (2012). Professionalism in business: Insights from ancient philosophy Leadership through the Classics: Learning Management and Leadership from Ancient East and West Philosophy (pp. 437-455): Springer.
Ebitu, E. T., Glory, B., & Alfred, U. J. (2016). An appraisal of Nigeria’s micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs): Growth, challenges and prospects. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(5), 21-36.
Etim, O., Akpan, J., Augustine, B., & Michael, E. (2022). Small business mortality and survival strategies in Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, 3(2), 121-160.
Fesharaki, F. (2019). Entrepreneurial passion, self-efficacy, and spiritual intelligence among Iranian SME owner–managers. Psychological Studies, 64(4), 429-435.
Fisher, R., Maritz, A., & Lobo, A. (2014). Evaluating entrepreneurs’ perception of success: Development of a measurement scale. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 20(5), 478-492.
Gieure, C., del Mar Benavides-Espinosa, M., & Roig-Dobón, S. (2020). The entrepreneurial process: The link between intentions and behavior. Journal of Business Research, 112, 541-548.
Gompers, P., Kovner, A., Lerner, J., & Scharfstein, D. S. (2006). Skill vs. luck in entrepreneurship and venture capital: Evidence from serial entrepreneurs: National bureau of economic research Cambridge, Mass., USA.
Haleem, A., & Javaid, M. (2022). Enablers, barriers, and critical success factors for effective adoption of color-jet 3D printing technology. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management, 7(04), 599-625.
Hatak, I., Chang, M., Harms, R., & Wiklund, J. (2021). ADHD symptoms, entrepreneurial passion, and entrepreneurial performance. Small business economics, 57, 1693-1713.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Hu, W., Xu, Y., Zhao, F., & Chen, Y. (2022). Entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial success—the role of psychological capital and entrepreneurial policy support. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 792066.
Hunter, J. E. (1986). Cognitive ability, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(3), 340-362.
Ibrahim, N., & Mas’ud, A. (2016). Moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills, environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention: A PLS approach. Management Science Letters, 6(3), 225-236.
Ilo, B. M., Soyebo, Y. A., & Olowofela, O. E. (2023). Monetary policy and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) performance in Nigeria. Modern Management Review, 28(2), 25-37.
Iyortsuun, A. S., Nmadu, M. T., Dakung, R., & Gajere, M. C. (2019). Entrepreneurial passion and venture performance: a proposed framework. Management Research Review, 42(10), 1133-1147.
Jardim, J. (2021). Entrepreneurial skills to be successful in the global and digital world: Proposal for a frame of reference for entrepreneurial education. Education Sciences, 11(7), 356.
Leadership. (2022). Using Digital Skills To Create A New Dawn. Retrieved from https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/p/1284225/using-digital-skills-to-create-a-new-dawn.html
Li, C., Murad, M., Shahzad, F., Khan, M. A. S., Ashraf, S. F., & Dogbe, C. S. K. (2020). Entrepreneurial passion to entrepreneurial behavior: role of entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and proactive personality. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 516989.
Lim, C. H., & Teoh, K. B. (2021). Factors influencing the SME business success in Malaysia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(1), 41-54.
Lohor, F. K., & Nguwap, S. T. (2018). Assessing entrepreneurs characteristics among small businesses in jos south local government area of plateau state. Nigerian Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 4(2), 94-104.
Marimuthu, M., Arokiasamy, L., & Ismail, M. (2009). Human capital development and its impact on firm performance: Evidence from developmental economics.
Marvel, M. R., Davis, J. L., & Sproul, C. R. (2016). Human capital and entrepreneurship research: A critical review and future directions. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 40(3), 599-626.
Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Moeller, J., & Chandan, G. G. (2021). Entrepreneurial passion: A review, synthesis, and agenda for future research. Applied psychology, 70(2), 816-860.
Nightingale, E. (2019). The strangest secret: Sound Wisdom.
Odalonu, B. H. (2022). Governance and Poverty Reduction: An Appraisal of Government Policies and Programs of Poverty Reduction in Nigeria (2015-2019). African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 8(2), 10-38.
Odia, J., & Odia, A. (2013). Developing entrepreneurial skills and transforming challenges into opportunities in Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(3), 289-298.
Ogenyi, U. E., Zhou, D., Ju, Z., & Liu, H. (2020). Adaptive collision-free reaching skill learning from demonstration. Paper presented at the Robotics and Rehabilitation Intelligence: First International Conference, ICRRI 2020, Fushun, China, September 9–11, 2020, Proceedings, Part II 1.
Okoli, C. I., & Nwosu, C. (2021). Managers’ Rating of Human Relation Skills Needed by Business Education Graduates for Sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises in Imo State. NAU JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, 6(1).
Olabiyi, O. S., Ojo, B. A., & Olayinka, F. O. (2021). Managing Students Learning Challenges Through Integration of STEM Education for Developing 21ST Century Skills in Changing Global Workforce.
Olakitan, O. O., & Ayobami, A. P. (2011). An investigation of personality on entrepreneurial success. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(2), 95-103.
Oyeku, O. M., Oduyoye, O., Asikhia, O., Kabuoh, M., & Elemo, G. (2014). On entrepreneurial success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A conceptual and theoretical framework. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(16), 14-23.
Page, M. T., & Okeke, C. (2022). Stolen dreams: how corruption negates government assistance to Nigeria?s small businesses: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Park, Y. S., Konge, L., & Artino Jr, A. R. (2020). The positivism paradigm of research. Academic medicine, 95(5), 690-694.
Pervin, M. T., & Sarker, B. K. (2021). Benefits and challenges in adopting social media for SMEs: A case from Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 171-185.
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). What makes entrepreneurs entrepreneurial?
Stenholm, P., & Nielsen, M. S. (2019). Understanding the emergence of entrepreneurial passion: The influence of perceived emotional support and competences. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(6), 1368-1388.
Stephen, I. A., Ayodele, O. M., & Oluremi, O. A. (2017). Enhancing the performance of agro-based SMES: The role of entrepreneurship competencies. Covenant Journal of Entrepreneurship.
Suherna, S., & Nasiatin, T. (2023). Relationship between Customer Management Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and Marketing Performance in Banten. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 345-355.
Suleiman, Y., Olalekan, B. H., Adekunle, G. M., Ishola, M. A., & Abdulrasheed, J. (2020). Scale Validity and Reliability of Social Media and Entrepreneurial Skill Development among Tertiary Institution Students in Nigeria. Journal of Technology Management and Business, 7(1), 10-24.
Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of business venturing, 26(3), 341-358.
Vallerand, R. J., Salvy, S. J., Mageau, G. A., Elliot, A. J., Denis, P. L., Grouzet, F. M., & Blanchard, C. (2007). On the role of passion in performance. Journal of personality, 75(3), 505-534.
Vorontsova, O. (2016). The analysis of the impact of Causation and Effectuation approaches on decision-making of IT startups.
Wale-Oshinowo, B. A., Lebura, S., Ibidunni, A. S., & Jevwegaga, H. (2017). Understanding survival strategies in micro and small enterprises in nigeria: A Brief Review of the Literature. Covenant Journal of Entrepreneurship.
- Abdullah, Y. A., & Mansor, M. N. B. (2018). The moderating effect of business environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and small business performance in Iraq. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(4), 1-11.
- Ackerman, P. L., & Humphreys, L. G. (1990). Individual differences theory in industrial and organizational psychology. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 1(2), 223-282.
- Anderson, N. C., Conn, D. R., Gamas, K. C., Borkhuis, B., & Lantto, J. J. (2018). Capacity, passion, relevance, and presence: A conceptual framework for the interpretation and study of success. Journal of Research Initiatives, 4(1), 11.
- Anochiwa, L. (2021). A contribution to the human capital investment debate vis-à-vis economic growth: the case for Nigeria. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(1), 15-28.
- Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital.
- Becker, G. S. (1994). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. NBER Books.
- Bender, S., Jarmin, R. S., Kreuter, F., & Lane, J. (2020). Privacy and confidentiality Big data and social science (pp. 313-331): Chapman and Hall/CRC.
- Bharti, S. S. (2021). Socio-Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Small and Medium-scale Enterprises (SMEs) in India. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 3(2), 129-139.
- Biraglia, A., & Kadile, V. (2017). The role of entrepreneurial passion and creativity in developing entrepreneurial intentions: Insights from American homebrewers. Journal of small business management, 55(1), 170-188.
- Borodako, K., Berbeka, J., Rudnicki, M., & ?apczy?ski, M. (2019). The contribution of human capital to the performance of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 1(2), 141-153.
- Brown, I. T. (2002). Individual and technological factors affecting perceived ease of use of web?based learning technologies in a developing country. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 9(1), 1-15.
- Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2001). From initial idea to unique advantage: The entrepreneurial challenge of constructing a resource base. Academy of management perspectives, 15(1), 64-78.
- Cardon, M. S., & Kirk, C. P. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self–efficacy to persistence relationship. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027-1050.
- Cardon, M. S., Post, C., & Forster, W. R. (2017). Team entrepreneurial passion: Its emergence and influence in new venture teams. Academy of Management Review, 42(2), 283-305.
- Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2005). ENTREPRENEURIAL PASSION: THE NATURE OF EMOTIONS IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Proceedings.
- Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of management review, 34(3), 511-532.
- Cassar, G. (2006). Entrepreneur opportunity costs and intended venture growth. Journal of business venturing, 21(5), 610-632.
- Chen, C., Zhang, J., Tian, H., & Bu, X. (2022). The impact of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial success and psychological well-being: a person-centered investigation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
- Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
- Commission, E. (2024). Entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
- Consults, M. (2021). CJA2021: ABU student emerges Campus Journalist of the Year.
- Despotidou, L., & Prastacos, G. P. (2012). Professionalism in business: Insights from ancient philosophy Leadership through the Classics: Learning Management and Leadership from Ancient East and West Philosophy (pp. 437-455): Springer.
- Ebitu, E. T., Glory, B., & Alfred, U. J. (2016). An appraisal of Nigeria’s micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs): Growth, challenges and prospects. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(5), 21-36.
- Etim, O., Akpan, J., Augustine, B., & Michael, E. (2022). Small business mortality and survival strategies in Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, 3(2), 121-160.
- Fesharaki, F. (2019). Entrepreneurial passion, self-efficacy, and spiritual intelligence among Iranian SME owner–managers. Psychological Studies, 64(4), 429-435.
- Fisher, R., Maritz, A., & Lobo, A. (2014). Evaluating entrepreneurs’ perception of success: Development of a measurement scale. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 20(5), 478-492.
- Gieure, C., del Mar Benavides-Espinosa, M., & Roig-Dobón, S. (2020). The entrepreneurial process: The link between intentions and behavior. Journal of Business Research, 112, 541-548.
- Gompers, P., Kovner, A., Lerner, J., & Scharfstein, D. S. (2006). Skill vs. luck in entrepreneurship and venture capital: Evidence from serial entrepreneurs: National bureau of economic research Cambridge, Mass., USA.
- Haleem, A., & Javaid, M. (2022). Enablers, barriers, and critical success factors for effective adoption of color-jet 3D printing technology. Journal of Industrial Integration and Management, 7(04), 599-625.
- Hatak, I., Chang, M., Harms, R., & Wiklund, J. (2021). ADHD symptoms, entrepreneurial passion, and entrepreneurial performance. Small business economics, 57, 1693-1713.
- Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
- Hu, W., Xu, Y., Zhao, F., & Chen, Y. (2022). Entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial success—the role of psychological capital and entrepreneurial policy support. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 792066.
- Hunter, J. E. (1986). Cognitive ability, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 29(3), 340-362.
- Ibrahim, N., & Mas’ud, A. (2016). Moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between entrepreneurial skills, environmental factors and entrepreneurial intention: A PLS approach. Management Science Letters, 6(3), 225-236.
- Ilo, B. M., Soyebo, Y. A., & Olowofela, O. E. (2023). Monetary policy and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) performance in Nigeria. Modern Management Review, 28(2), 25-37.
- Iyortsuun, A. S., Nmadu, M. T., Dakung, R., & Gajere, M. C. (2019). Entrepreneurial passion and venture performance: a proposed framework. Management Research Review, 42(10), 1133-1147.
- Jardim, J. (2021). Entrepreneurial skills to be successful in the global and digital world: Proposal for a frame of reference for entrepreneurial education. Education Sciences, 11(7), 356.
- Leadership. (2022). Using Digital Skills To Create A New Dawn. Retrieved from https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/p/1284225/using-digital-skills-to-create-a-new-dawn.html
- Li, C., Murad, M., Shahzad, F., Khan, M. A. S., Ashraf, S. F., & Dogbe, C. S. K. (2020). Entrepreneurial passion to entrepreneurial behavior: role of entrepreneurial alertness, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and proactive personality. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 516989.
- Lim, C. H., & Teoh, K. B. (2021). Factors influencing the SME business success in Malaysia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(1), 41-54.
- Lohor, F. K., & Nguwap, S. T. (2018). Assessing entrepreneurs characteristics among small businesses in jos south local government area of plateau state. Nigerian Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 4(2), 94-104.
- Marimuthu, M., Arokiasamy, L., & Ismail, M. (2009). Human capital development and its impact on firm performance: Evidence from developmental economics.
- Marvel, M. R., Davis, J. L., & Sproul, C. R. (2016). Human capital and entrepreneurship research: A critical review and future directions. Entrepreneurship theory and Practice, 40(3), 599-626.
- Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Moeller, J., & Chandan, G. G. (2021). Entrepreneurial passion: A review, synthesis, and agenda for future research. Applied psychology, 70(2), 816-860.
- Nightingale, E. (2019). The strangest secret: Sound Wisdom.
- Odalonu, B. H. (2022). Governance and Poverty Reduction: An Appraisal of Government Policies and Programs of Poverty Reduction in Nigeria (2015-2019). African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 8(2), 10-38.
- Odia, J., & Odia, A. (2013). Developing entrepreneurial skills and transforming challenges into opportunities in Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(3), 289-298.
- Ogenyi, U. E., Zhou, D., Ju, Z., & Liu, H. (2020). Adaptive collision-free reaching skill learning from demonstration. Paper presented at the Robotics and Rehabilitation Intelligence: First International Conference, ICRRI 2020, Fushun, China, September 9–11, 2020, Proceedings, Part II 1.
- Okoli, C. I., & Nwosu, C. (2021). Managers’ Rating of Human Relation Skills Needed by Business Education Graduates for Sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises in Imo State. NAU JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, 6(1).
- Olabiyi, O. S., Ojo, B. A., & Olayinka, F. O. (2021). Managing Students Learning Challenges Through Integration of STEM Education for Developing 21ST Century Skills in Changing Global Workforce.
- Olakitan, O. O., & Ayobami, A. P. (2011). An investigation of personality on entrepreneurial success. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(2), 95-103.
- Oyeku, O. M., Oduyoye, O., Asikhia, O., Kabuoh, M., & Elemo, G. (2014). On entrepreneurial success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A conceptual and theoretical framework. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(16), 14-23.
- Page, M. T., & Okeke, C. (2022). Stolen dreams: how corruption negates government assistance to Nigeria?s small businesses: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Park, Y. S., Konge, L., & Artino Jr, A. R. (2020). The positivism paradigm of research. Academic medicine, 95(5), 690-694.
- Pervin, M. T., & Sarker, B. K. (2021). Benefits and challenges in adopting social media for SMEs: A case from Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 171-185.
- Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). What makes entrepreneurs entrepreneurial?
- Stenholm, P., & Nielsen, M. S. (2019). Understanding the emergence of entrepreneurial passion: The influence of perceived emotional support and competences. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(6), 1368-1388.
- Stephen, I. A., Ayodele, O. M., & Oluremi, O. A. (2017). Enhancing the performance of agro-based SMES: The role of entrepreneurship competencies. Covenant Journal of Entrepreneurship.
- Suherna, S., & Nasiatin, T. (2023). Relationship between Customer Management Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and Marketing Performance in Banten. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 345-355.
- Suleiman, Y., Olalekan, B. H., Adekunle, G. M., Ishola, M. A., & Abdulrasheed, J. (2020). Scale Validity and Reliability of Social Media and Entrepreneurial Skill Development among Tertiary Institution Students in Nigeria. Journal of Technology Management and Business, 7(1), 10-24.
- Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytical review. Journal of business venturing, 26(3), 341-358.
- Vallerand, R. J., Salvy, S. J., Mageau, G. A., Elliot, A. J., Denis, P. L., Grouzet, F. M., & Blanchard, C. (2007). On the role of passion in performance. Journal of personality, 75(3), 505-534.
- Vorontsova, O. (2016). The analysis of the impact of Causation and Effectuation approaches on decision-making of IT startups.
- Wale-Oshinowo, B. A., Lebura, S., Ibidunni, A. S., & Jevwegaga, H. (2017). Understanding survival strategies in micro and small enterprises in nigeria: A Brief Review of the Literature. Covenant Journal of Entrepreneurship.