Psychological determinants of procrastination in the formation of students' independent learning activity

https://doi.org/10.35912/psychohealth.v1i1.3644
Published: Nov 11, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to examine the psychological determinants of procrastination in the process of developing students’ independent learning activities. It focuses on how procrastination, as a conscious delay in task completion, is linked to academic motivation, self-regulation, and time management.

Research Methodology: A qualitative-descriptive approach was employed, drawing on a review of contemporary psychological and educational literature. The analysis integrates cognitive, emotional, and social perspectives to understand the underlying causes of procrastination and its implications for independent learning.

Results: The findings reveal that procrastination is strongly associated with deficits in time management skills, low intrinsic motivation, and poor emotional regulation. Social influences, such as peer pressure and learning environment, also play a significant role. These factors collectively hinder the effectiveness of independent learning by reducing persistence, focus, and academic achievement.

Conclusions: Procrastination acts as a barrier to effective self-directed learning. Addressing cognitive distortions, fostering emotional resilience, and enhancing self-regulation are essential to reducing procrastination levels and improving independent learning outcomes.

Limitations: The study is limited by its reliance on literature-based analysis rather than empirical testing. Future research should employ longitudinal and experimental designs to measure causal relationships between procrastination and learning effectiveness.

Contribution: This article contributes to educational psychology by highlighting the interplay between psychological factors and learning behavior, offering practical recommendations to support students’ self-directed learning.

Keywords:
1. Academic Motivation
2. Independent Learning
3. Procrastination
4. Self-Regulation
5. Time Management
Authors:
Razakov Farhod Kuvandikovich
University of Innovative Technologies, Uzbekistan
View PDF
How to Cite
Kuvandikovich, R. F. . (2025). Psychological determinants of procrastination in the formation of students’ independent learning activity. Psychohealth: Scientific Journal of Psychology and Mental Health, 1(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.35912/psychohealth.v1i1.3644
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): May
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

    Blunt, A., & Pychyl, T. (2000). Task aversiveness and procrastination: A multidimensional approach to task aversiveness across stages of personal projects. Personality and individual differences, 24, 153-167. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00091-4

    Cahyaningrum, N. P., Prasetya, H., & Mustiawan, M. (2025). Storytelling Marketing Communication Dalam Membangun Engagement Pada Nano Influencer Tiktok @Tenscoffeeid. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 5(1), 101-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jasispol.v5i1.5004

    Cai, Z., & Meng, Q. (2025). Academic resilience and academic performance of university students: the mediating role of teacher support. Front Psychol, 16, 1463643. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1463643

    Duru, E., & Balkis, M. (2017). Procrastination, self-esteem, academic performance, and well-being: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 6(2), 97-119. doi:https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2017.2584

    Eckert, M., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., & Berking, M. (2016). Overcome procrastination: Enhancing emotion regulation skills reduce procrastination. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 10-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.001

    Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination (New York, Institute for Rational Living). Scientific Research, 1(7), 1-11.

    Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment: Springer Science & Business Media.

    Huang, P., Lin, Z., Wang, B., & Du, Z. (2025). A mixed methods exploration of the interrelationships among self-compassion, stress management, psychological capital, and life satisfaction in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 16 - 2025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1510987

    Husna, Y. N. (2025). The Role of Teacher Health and Work Environment on Teacher Certification Through Leader Image. Jurnal Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 75-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jahidik.v4i2.5446

    Johansson, F., Rozental, A., Edlund, K., Côté, P., Sundberg, T., Onell, C., . . . Skillgate, E. (2023). Associations Between Procrastination and Subsequent Health Outcomes Among University Students in Sweden. JAMA Netw Open, 6(1), e2249346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346

    Juárez, M. Á., González-Ortega, D., & Aguiar-Pérez, J. (2023). Digital Distractions from the Point of View of Higher Education Students. Sustainability, 15, 6044. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076044

    Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. Contemporary educational psychology, 33(4), 915-931. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001

    Konjala, W. Q., & Wulansari, P. (2024). The influence of compensation and motivation on the performance of civil servants at The Population and Civil Registry Office of Bandung District. Global Academy of Business Studies, 1(2), 131-147. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gabs.v1i2.3468

    Maharani, R. T., Yahya, Y., Putra, N. P., & Pramono, A. (2025). Effect of Supervision on Teacher Performance in PAUD Groups Playing Kasih Bunda, East Lampung. Jurnal Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 101-113. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jahidik.v4i2.5449

    Maskur, F., Basir, A., & Dewi, S. R. (2024). Influence of job satisfaction and management information systems on employee performance at PT. Pawnshop in Palopo City. Global Academy of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 13-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gams.v1i1.3372

    Masoumian, S., Mehravin, E., Ghadyani, Z., Moradi, N., Sobhani, S., & Ashouri, A. (2024). The Group-based Compassion-focused Intervention on Academic Procrastination, Anxiety, and Quality of Life of University Students: A Controlled Trial With 3-month Follow-up. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 29, 418-437. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.29.4.2497.5

    Nieto, S., Faure-Carvallo, A., Calderon, C., & Gustems, J. (2024). Procrastination Among University Students: A Study Investigating Sociodemographic and Psychological Factors. International Journal of Instruction, 17, 367-382. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17221a

    Pérez-Juárez, M. Á., González-Ortega, D., & Aguiar-Pérez, J. M. (2023). Digital Distractions from the Point of View of Higher Education Students. Sustainability, 15(7), 6044. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076044

    Pychyl, T., & Sirois, F. (2016). Procrastination, Emotion Regulation, and Well-Being (pp. 163-188).

    Rad, H. S., Samadi, S., Sirois, F. M., & Goodarzi, H. (2023). Mindfulness intervention for academic procrastination: A randomized control trial. Learning and Individual Differences, 101, 102244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102244

    Rahayu, W., Candra, H., & Sujadi, E. (2024). Academic Procrastination among College Students: Do Learning Awareness and Self-Management Play a Role? Edunesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 5, 1430-1448. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.51276/edu.v5i3.965

    Ridho, F. M., Fauzan, M., Faisal, A., & Hanafi, H. (2024). The Effectiveness of Health Communication in Preventing Stunting. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 3(2), 99-107. doi:10.35912/jasispol.v3i2.2609

    Riwukore, J. R., Marnisah, L., Fellyanus Habaora, F. H., & Yustini, T. (2022). Implementation of One Indonesian Data by the Central Statistics Agency of East Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 1(2), 117-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jasispol.v1i2.1194

    Rozental, A., Forsström, D., Hussoon, A., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2022). Procrastination Among University Students: Differentiating Severe Cases in Need of Support From Less Severe Cases. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13 - 2022. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.783570

    Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.

    Safari, Y., & Yousefpoor, N. (2022). The Role of Metacognitive Beliefs in Predicting Academic Procrastination Among Students in Iran: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Med Educ, 8(3), e32185. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/32185

    Salguero-Pazos, M. R., & Reyes-de-Cózar, S. (2023). Interventions to reduce academic procrastination: A systematic review. International Journal of Educational Research, 121, 102228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102228

    Sapariati, A., Widnyani, I. A. P. S., & Dewi, N. D. U. (2025). Normative Analysis Of Maternity Leave Policy Implementation For Women Workers’ Rights In Bali. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 5(1), 33-42. doi:10.35912/jasispol.v5i1.3817

    Sirait, A., Dewi, N. P., & Rumengan, A. E. (2024). Influence of transformational leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, and worker involvement on innovative work performance with sharing of knowledge as an intervening variable at the Office of PLP Class II Tanjung Uban, Ministry of Transportation. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies, 1(2), 111-127. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v1i2.2371

    Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short?term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 7(2), 115-127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011

    Sirois, F. M., Stride, C. B., & Pychyl, T. A. (2023). Procrastination and health: A longitudinal test of the roles of stress and health behaviours. Br J Health Psychol, 28(3), 860-875. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12658

    Sirois, F. M., Yang, S., & van Eerde, W. (2019). Development and validation of the General Procrastination Scale (GPS-9): A short and reliable measure of trait procrastination. Personality and individual differences, 146, 26-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.039

    Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. (1988). Procrastination assessment scale students. Dictionary of behavioral assessment techniques, 358-360. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503

    Soumeya, M., & Mahassin, I. (2024). Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, And Academic Procrastination. Educational Administration Theory and Practice journal, 30, 942-952. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i11.8893

    Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 65. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

    Suwardi, A. D., & Riyadi, S. (2024). The effect of financial performance targets and financial stability on financial report fraud practices with independent commissioners as moderating variables (Empirical study on companies’ sector consumer goods industry period 2018 - 2022). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies, 2(1), 21-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v2i3.2373

    Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020). How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations. Front Psychol, 11, 540910. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910

    Tao, X., Hanif, H., & Lieqin, W. (2025). The effects of self-regulated learning strategies on academic procrastination and academic success among college EFL students in China. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 16 - 2025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1562980

    Tasyah, A., Septiya, S., Putri, S. J., Fernanda, R. A., & Azani, P. C. (2021). Best practice kebijakan e-government dalam mengimplementasikan pelayanan publik di era new normal. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 1(1), 21-33. doi:10.35912/jasispol.v1i1.163

    Turdiev, B. (2024). The Priority Of Human Interests In Uzbekistan’s Ideospheric Development. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????, 3(15), 120-123. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13369668

    Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and psychological measurement, 52(4), 1003-1017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025

    Wa, A. R. M., Desriyantika, E., Hasbullah, H., Et, M. R., & Indrianni, S. (2024). The influence of motivation and work environment on employee performance in the national unity and political agency of Bandar Lampung City. Global Academy of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 59-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gams.v1i1.3375

    Wäschle, K., Allgaier, A., Lachner, A., Fink, S., & Nückles, M. (2014). Procrastination and self-efficacy: Tracing vicious and virtuous circles in self-regulated learning. Learning and Instruction, 29, 103-114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.09.005

    Wessel, J., Bradley, G. L., & Hood, M. (2019). Comparing effects of active and passive procrastination: A field study of behavioral delay. Personality and individual differences, 139, 152-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.020

    Ye, Z., Chi, S., Ma, X., & Pan, L. (2025). The impact of basic psychological needs on academic procrastination: the sequential mediating role of anxiety and self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 16 - 2025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1576619

    Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(2), 64-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2

    Zimmerman, B. J., & Pons, M. M. (1986). Development of a structured interview for assessing student use of self-regulated learning strategies. American educational research journal, 23(4), 614-628. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312023004614

  1. Blunt, A., & Pychyl, T. (2000). Task aversiveness and procrastination: A multidimensional approach to task aversiveness across stages of personal projects. Personality and individual differences, 24, 153-167. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00091-4
  2. Cahyaningrum, N. P., Prasetya, H., & Mustiawan, M. (2025). Storytelling Marketing Communication Dalam Membangun Engagement Pada Nano Influencer Tiktok @Tenscoffeeid. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 5(1), 101-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jasispol.v5i1.5004
  3. Cai, Z., & Meng, Q. (2025). Academic resilience and academic performance of university students: the mediating role of teacher support. Front Psychol, 16, 1463643. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1463643
  4. Duru, E., & Balkis, M. (2017). Procrastination, self-esteem, academic performance, and well-being: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 6(2), 97-119. doi:https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2017.2584
  5. Eckert, M., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., & Berking, M. (2016). Overcome procrastination: Enhancing emotion regulation skills reduce procrastination. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 10-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.10.001
  6. Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination (New York, Institute for Rational Living). Scientific Research, 1(7), 1-11.
  7. Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment: Springer Science & Business Media.
  8. Huang, P., Lin, Z., Wang, B., & Du, Z. (2025). A mixed methods exploration of the interrelationships among self-compassion, stress management, psychological capital, and life satisfaction in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 16 - 2025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1510987
  9. Husna, Y. N. (2025). The Role of Teacher Health and Work Environment on Teacher Certification Through Leader Image. Jurnal Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 75-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jahidik.v4i2.5446
  10. Johansson, F., Rozental, A., Edlund, K., Côté, P., Sundberg, T., Onell, C., . . . Skillgate, E. (2023). Associations Between Procrastination and Subsequent Health Outcomes Among University Students in Sweden. JAMA Netw Open, 6(1), e2249346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49346
  11. Juárez, M. Á., González-Ortega, D., & Aguiar-Pérez, J. (2023). Digital Distractions from the Point of View of Higher Education Students. Sustainability, 15, 6044. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076044
  12. Klassen, R. M., Krawchuk, L. L., & Rajani, S. (2008). Academic procrastination of undergraduates: Low self-efficacy to self-regulate predicts higher levels of procrastination. Contemporary educational psychology, 33(4), 915-931. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2007.07.001
  13. Konjala, W. Q., & Wulansari, P. (2024). The influence of compensation and motivation on the performance of civil servants at The Population and Civil Registry Office of Bandung District. Global Academy of Business Studies, 1(2), 131-147. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gabs.v1i2.3468
  14. Maharani, R. T., Yahya, Y., Putra, N. P., & Pramono, A. (2025). Effect of Supervision on Teacher Performance in PAUD Groups Playing Kasih Bunda, East Lampung. Jurnal Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 101-113. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jahidik.v4i2.5449
  15. Maskur, F., Basir, A., & Dewi, S. R. (2024). Influence of job satisfaction and management information systems on employee performance at PT. Pawnshop in Palopo City. Global Academy of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 13-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gams.v1i1.3372
  16. Masoumian, S., Mehravin, E., Ghadyani, Z., Moradi, N., Sobhani, S., & Ashouri, A. (2024). The Group-based Compassion-focused Intervention on Academic Procrastination, Anxiety, and Quality of Life of University Students: A Controlled Trial With 3-month Follow-up. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 29, 418-437. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.29.4.2497.5
  17. Nieto, S., Faure-Carvallo, A., Calderon, C., & Gustems, J. (2024). Procrastination Among University Students: A Study Investigating Sociodemographic and Psychological Factors. International Journal of Instruction, 17, 367-382. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17221a
  18. Pérez-Juárez, M. Á., González-Ortega, D., & Aguiar-Pérez, J. M. (2023). Digital Distractions from the Point of View of Higher Education Students. Sustainability, 15(7), 6044. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076044
  19. Pychyl, T., & Sirois, F. (2016). Procrastination, Emotion Regulation, and Well-Being (pp. 163-188).
  20. Rad, H. S., Samadi, S., Sirois, F. M., & Goodarzi, H. (2023). Mindfulness intervention for academic procrastination: A randomized control trial. Learning and Individual Differences, 101, 102244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102244
  21. Rahayu, W., Candra, H., & Sujadi, E. (2024). Academic Procrastination among College Students: Do Learning Awareness and Self-Management Play a Role? Edunesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 5, 1430-1448. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.51276/edu.v5i3.965
  22. Ridho, F. M., Fauzan, M., Faisal, A., & Hanafi, H. (2024). The Effectiveness of Health Communication in Preventing Stunting. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 3(2), 99-107. doi:10.35912/jasispol.v3i2.2609
  23. Riwukore, J. R., Marnisah, L., Fellyanus Habaora, F. H., & Yustini, T. (2022). Implementation of One Indonesian Data by the Central Statistics Agency of East Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 1(2), 117-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jasispol.v1i2.1194
  24. Rozental, A., Forsström, D., Hussoon, A., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2022). Procrastination Among University Students: Differentiating Severe Cases in Need of Support From Less Severe Cases. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13 - 2022. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.783570
  25. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
  26. Safari, Y., & Yousefpoor, N. (2022). The Role of Metacognitive Beliefs in Predicting Academic Procrastination Among Students in Iran: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Med Educ, 8(3), e32185. doi:https://doi.org/10.2196/32185
  27. Salguero-Pazos, M. R., & Reyes-de-Cózar, S. (2023). Interventions to reduce academic procrastination: A systematic review. International Journal of Educational Research, 121, 102228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102228
  28. Sapariati, A., Widnyani, I. A. P. S., & Dewi, N. D. U. (2025). Normative Analysis Of Maternity Leave Policy Implementation For Women Workers’ Rights In Bali. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 5(1), 33-42. doi:10.35912/jasispol.v5i1.3817
  29. Sirait, A., Dewi, N. P., & Rumengan, A. E. (2024). Influence of transformational leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, and worker involvement on innovative work performance with sharing of knowledge as an intervening variable at the Office of PLP Class II Tanjung Uban, Ministry of Transportation. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies, 1(2), 111-127. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v1i2.2371
  30. Sirois, F., & Pychyl, T. (2013). Procrastination and the priority of short?term mood regulation: Consequences for future self. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 7(2), 115-127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12011
  31. Sirois, F. M., Stride, C. B., & Pychyl, T. A. (2023). Procrastination and health: A longitudinal test of the roles of stress and health behaviours. Br J Health Psychol, 28(3), 860-875. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12658
  32. Sirois, F. M., Yang, S., & van Eerde, W. (2019). Development and validation of the General Procrastination Scale (GPS-9): A short and reliable measure of trait procrastination. Personality and individual differences, 146, 26-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.039
  33. Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. (1988). Procrastination assessment scale students. Dictionary of behavioral assessment techniques, 358-360. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
  34. Soumeya, M., & Mahassin, I. (2024). Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, And Academic Procrastination. Educational Administration Theory and Practice journal, 30, 942-952. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i11.8893
  35. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 65. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
  36. Suwardi, A. D., & Riyadi, S. (2024). The effect of financial performance targets and financial stability on financial report fraud practices with independent commissioners as moderating variables (Empirical study on companies’ sector consumer goods industry period 2018 - 2022). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies, 2(1), 21-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v2i3.2373
  37. Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020). How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations. Front Psychol, 11, 540910. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910
  38. Tao, X., Hanif, H., & Lieqin, W. (2025). The effects of self-regulated learning strategies on academic procrastination and academic success among college EFL students in China. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 16 - 2025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1562980
  39. Tasyah, A., Septiya, S., Putri, S. J., Fernanda, R. A., & Azani, P. C. (2021). Best practice kebijakan e-government dalam mengimplementasikan pelayanan publik di era new normal. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 1(1), 21-33. doi:10.35912/jasispol.v1i1.163
  40. Turdiev, B. (2024). The Priority Of Human Interests In Uzbekistan’s Ideospheric Development. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????, 3(15), 120-123. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13369668
  41. Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Briere, N. M., Senecal, C., & Vallieres, E. F. (1992). The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and psychological measurement, 52(4), 1003-1017. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164492052004025
  42. Wa, A. R. M., Desriyantika, E., Hasbullah, H., Et, M. R., & Indrianni, S. (2024). The influence of motivation and work environment on employee performance in the national unity and political agency of Bandar Lampung City. Global Academy of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(1), 59-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gams.v1i1.3375
  43. Wäschle, K., Allgaier, A., Lachner, A., Fink, S., & Nückles, M. (2014). Procrastination and self-efficacy: Tracing vicious and virtuous circles in self-regulated learning. Learning and Instruction, 29, 103-114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.09.005
  44. Wessel, J., Bradley, G. L., & Hood, M. (2019). Comparing effects of active and passive procrastination: A field study of behavioral delay. Personality and individual differences, 139, 152-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.020
  45. Ye, Z., Chi, S., Ma, X., & Pan, L. (2025). The impact of basic psychological needs on academic procrastination: the sequential mediating role of anxiety and self-control. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 16 - 2025. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1576619
  46. Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into practice, 41(2), 64-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
  47. Zimmerman, B. J., & Pons, M. M. (1986). Development of a structured interview for assessing student use of self-regulated learning strategies. American educational research journal, 23(4), 614-628. doi:https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312023004614