The effectiveness of Kersen Leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L.) on mice (Mus musculus L.) spermatozoa after D-Galactose induction

https://doi.org/10.35912/aas.v1i1.2144
Published: Aug 5, 2024

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aimed to test the effectiveness of kersen leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L.) on mouse spermatozoa (Mus musculus L.) after d-galactose induction.

Research Methodology: This study was conducted between September and October 2023 at the Zoology Laboratory of the University of Lampung. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) including five treatment groups. Each treatment included five mice: positive control (K0), negative control (K-) induced D-galactose 150 mg/kg body weight, treatment 1 (P1)-induced D-galactose 150 mg/kg body weight, Kersen leaf extract 35 mg/kg body weight, (P2) induced D-galactose 150 mg/kg body weight, and Kersen leaf extract 70 mg/kg body weight, and (P3) induced D-galactose 150 mg/kg body weight and Kersen leaf extract 105 mg/kg body weight for 35 days. Normal and homogeneous data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether the treatment's effect was significant. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Duncan's multiple interval post hoc test (=5%) was used to identify the most effective treatment.

Results: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the total, viability, motility, and morphology of normal spermatozoa increased after induction with Kersen leaf extract at a dose of 105 mg/kg BB.

Limitations: This study provides readers with knowledge on natural antioxidants that prevent free radicals.

Contribution: This study provides readers with knowledge on natural antioxidants that prevent free radicals.

Keywords:
1. Kersen leaf
2. Free radicals
3. Mice spermatozoa
Authors:
1 . Lucy Adi Tama
University of Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
2 . Hendri Busman
University of Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
3 . Sutyarso Sutyarso
University of Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
4 . Nuning Nurcahyani
University of Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Adi Tama, L., Busman, H., Sutyarso, S., & Nurcahyani, N. (2024). The effectiveness of Kersen Leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L.) on mice (Mus musculus L.) spermatozoa after D-Galactose induction. Annals of Animal Studies, 1(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.35912/aas.v1i1.2144
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Vol. 1 No. 1: February
Articles
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References

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    Aitken, R. J., & Roman, S. D. (2008). Antioxidant Systems and Oxidative Stress in the Testes. Molecular Mechanisms in Spermatogenesis, 1(1): 15-24.

    Alahmar, A. T. (2019). Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility: an Updated Review. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 12(1), 4-18.

    Awuy, F. D., Purwanto, D. S., & Mewo, Y. M. (2021). The Effect of Vitamin C Administration on the Quality of Sperm Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. E-Biomedics Journal, 9(2): 240-247.

    Badami, N.R.N. (2017). Influence of Kersen Leaf Water Extract (Muntigia calabura) on Spermatogenesis Score on D-Galactose-induced Balb/C Mus musculus Muscle. Thesis. Islamic University of Indonesia.

    Baszary, C. D. U., Kakisina, P., & Linda, L. (2021). Motility And Viability Of Spermatozoa Mice (Mus muscullus) Diabetes Mellitus Type-Ii After Giving Sagu Flour Diet (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.). Biofaal Journal, 2(1): 42-46.

    Berawi, K. N., Wahyudo, R., & Pratama, A. A. (2019). The Therapeutic Potential of Moringa oleifera (Kelor) in Degenerative Diseases. University of Lampung Medical Journal, 3(1): 210-214.

    Christijanti, W., Utami, N. R., & Iswara, A. (2010). The Effect of Antioxidant Vitamin C and E Administration on the Quality of White Mouse Sperm Exposed to Allethrin. Biosaintifika, 2(1): 18-26.

    Dahlan, M. S., & Tjokronegoro, A. (2012). Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implication. Jurnal kedokteran YARSI, 10(1).: 50-9.

    David, K. B., Isaac, A. T., Ajayi, A. F., Adebola, A. O., Isaac, J. A., Peter, A. B., . . . Oyekunle, O. S. (2022). Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves Extract on Testicular Functions of D-Galactose Induced Ageing Male Albino Rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 17: 1-13.

    Dewanto, H. N., & Isnaeni, W. (2017). Effect of Rambutan Fruit Peel Extract on Sperm Quality of Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Life Science, 6(2): 62-68.

    Dja'afara, A. L., Wantouw, B., & Tendean, L. (2015). Effect of Coffee Administration on Spermatozoa Quality of Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. eBiomedik, 3(2).

    E, S., RI, A., & Purwantara, B. (2014). Spermatozoa Resistance to Freezing Process in Various Breeds of Superior Bulls. Journal of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, 19(3).

    Fitriani, E. K., & Widya, S. (2010). The Effect Of Cigarette Smoke Exposure Causes Fertility Of Male Mice (Mus musculus). Jurnal Natural, 10(2): 12-17.

    Freitas, M. J., Vijayaraghavan, S., & Fardilha, M. (2017). Signaling Mechanisms In Mammalian Sperm Motility. Biology Of Reproduction, 96(1): 2-12.

    George, S. K., Jiao, Y., Bishop, C. E., & Lu, B. (2012). Oxidative Stress Is Involved In Age-Dependent Spermatogenic Damage Of Immp2l Mutant Mice. Free Radical Biology And Medicine, 52(11-12): 2223-2233.

    Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Mistretta, A., Marventano, S., Nolfo, F., Calabrese, G., . . . Scuderi, A. (2013). red-Orange: Experimental Models And Epidemiological Evidence Of Its Benefits On Human Health. Oxidative Medicine And Cellular Longevity, 1-11.

    Hafez, D. A. (2010). Effect Of Extracts Of Ginger Goots And Cinnamon Bark on Fertility Of Male Diabetic Rats. J Am Sci, 6(10): 940-947.

    Haron, M. N., & Mohamed, M. (2016). Effect Of Honey on The Reproductive System Of Male Rat Offspring Exposed To Prenatal Restraint Stress. Andrologia, 48(5): 525-531.

    Karim, D. (2011). Effect of Electric Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Motility, Number of Sperm Cells and Testicular MDA Levels of Male Mice (Mus musculus, L.). University of North Sumatra, (1): 60-1.

    Khan, M., Mundasada, S., & Ramadas, D. (2015). Antioxidant Activity: Root, Leaves, and Fruits Aqueous Extracts of Muntingia calabura. J Innov Pharm Biol Sci, 2(4), 363-368.

    Kuntorini, E. M., Fitriana, S., & Astuti, M. D. (2013). Anatomical Structure and Antioxidant Activity Test of Kersen (Muntingia calabura) Leaf Methanol Extract. Proceedings of SEMIRATA 2013, 1(1).

    Kunwar, A., & Priyadarsini, K. (2011). Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and The Importance of Antioxidants In Human Health . J Med Allied Sci, 1(2), 53-60.

    Latif, R. (2013). Chocolate/Cocoa and Human Health : a Review. Neth J Med, 71(2), 63-68.

    Lü, J. M., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q., & Chen, C. (2010). Chemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Antioxidants: Experimental Approaches and Model Systems. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 14(4):840-860.

    Malini, D. M., Ratningsih, N., Fitriani, N., & Rahmi, D. (2020). Potential Regeneration of Sertoli Cells and Leydig Cells in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Model After Administration of Ethanol Extract of Jengkol Fruit Peel (Archidendron pauciflorum). Journal of Pro-Life, 7(2): 157-170.

    Nakada, K., Sato, A., Yoshida, K., Morita, T., Tanaka, H., Inoue, S.-I., . . . Hayashi, J.-I. (2006). Mitochondria-related Male Infertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(41): 15148-15153.

    Narayana, K. (2008). An Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Gentamycin Induces Oxidative stress, Reduces Antioxidant Reserve and Impairs Spermatogenesis in Rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 33(1): 85-96.

    Nishanthini, A., Ruba, A. A., & Mohan, V. (2012). Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Leaf of Suaeda monoica Forssk ex. Gmel (Chenopodiaceae). International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences, 5: 34-43.

    Pamungkas, W. (2013). Vitamin E Application In Feed: Importance And Significance in Improving Fish Reproductive, Immune System, And Meat Quality. Aquaculture Media, 8(2): 145–150.

    Pereira, R., Sá, R., Barros, A., & Sousa, M. (2017). Major Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Sperm Motility. Asian Journal of Andrology, 19(1): 5-14.

    Permatasari, A. A. A. P. And Widhiantara, I. G. (2017). In Hyperlipidemic Mice (Mus musculus), Testosterone Therapy Increases the Number of Leydig Cells as Well as Spermatogenesis. Journal Of Scientific Media, 1(2).

    Quratulainy, S. (2006). Vitamin E Administration and the Number of Spermatozoa in Balb/C Strain Male Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Thesis. Faculty of Medicine University of Diponegoro. Semarang.

    Rumanta M., Surjowo T., and Sudarwati S. (2001). Methoxoacetic Acid affects the Reproductive Organs of Male Swiss Webster Mice (Mus musculus). Proc. ITB, 33(2):61.

    Sadowska-Bartosz, I., & Bartosz, G. (2015). Prevention of Protein Glycation by Natural Compounds. Molecules, 20(2): 3309-3334.

    Saleh, R. A., & Agarwal, A. (2002). Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility : From Research bBnch to Clinical Practice. Journal of andrology, 23(6): 737-752.

    Sari, W. N., Saebani, S., & Dhanardhono, T. (2018). Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (2, 6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol) Administration Per Oral Graded Dose on Histopathological Features of Wistar Rat Hepar. Journal of Medicine University of Diponegoro, 7(2): 1344-1357..

    Setyaningsih V. (2011). The Effect of Oral Rosella (Hibiscus subdariffa L) Infusion on the Quality of Spermatozoa in DDT-Treated Male Mice (Mus musculus). Thesis. Depok: The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Indonesia.

    Situmorang N. (2021). The effect of D-Galactose Administration on the Body Weight of Female Mice. METHODS Scientific Magazine, 11(2): 133-137.

    Situmorang, N. and Zulham, Z. (2020). Malondialdehyde (MDA) (an Oxidant that Speeds up the Aging Process). Journal of Nursing and Physiotherapy (JKF), 2(2): 117–123.

    Sukmaningsih, A. (2009). Decrease in the Number of spermatozoa and spermatids of Testicular Seminiferous Tubules in Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Journal of Biology, 13(2): 31-35.

    Sukmaningsih, S., Ermayanti, I. G. A. M., Wiratmini, N. I., & Sudatri, N. W. 2009. Spermatogenesis Disruption After Monosodium Glutamate Administration in Mice (Mus musculus L.). Journal of Biology, XV(2): 49-52.

    Sulistyoningrum, E. (2017). D-gGlactose-Induced Animal Model of male reproductive Aging. JKKI: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia, (8): 19-28.

    Surjowardojo, P., Sarwiyono, I. T., & Ridhowi, A. (2014). Quantitative and Qualitative Phytochemicals Analysis of Muntingia calabura. Journal Biol Agric Health, (4): 84-88..

    Susmiarsih, T. (2010). Genetic Role of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Spermatozoa Motility. Health Magazine Pharm. Med, 2(2): 178-180.

    Sutyarso, S., Annida, S., Kanedi, M., Busman, H., & Nurcahyani, N. (2018). Reduction of Reproductive Aging Rate of Male Mice (Mus musculus. Linn) by Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinale) in Feed. Journal of Experimental Biology and Biodiversity, 5(1): 1-10.

    Syabania, M., Pambudi, D. B., Wirasti, W., & Rahmatullah, S. (2021). Characteristics and Evaluation of Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaf Extract Granule with Wet Granulation Method. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the National Health Seminar. (1): 1737-1746.

    Tian, J., Ishibashi, K., Ishibashi, K., Reiser, K., Grebe, R., Biswal, S., . . . Handa, J. T. (2005). Advanced Glycation Endproduct-Induced Aging of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid: a Comprehensive Transcriptional Response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(33), 11846-11851.

    Umbayev, B., Askarova, S., Almabayeva, A., Saliev, T., Masoud, A.-R., & Bulanin, D. (2020). Galactose-Induced Skin Aging: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 1-15

    Valli, H., Phillips, B. T., Shetty, G., Byrne, J. A., Clark, A. T., Meistrich, M. L., & Orwig, K. E. (2014). Germline Stem cells: Toward the Regeneration of Spermatogenesis. Fertility and sterility, 101(1): 3-13.

    Verstraeten, S. V., Oteiza, P. I., & Fraga, C. G. (2004). Membrane Effects of Cocoa procyanidins in Liposomes and Jurkat T cells. Biological research, 37(2): 293-300.

    Zulaikhah, S. T. (2017). The Role of Antioxidants to prevent Free Radicals in the Body . Sains Medika Journal of Medical & Health, 8(1): 39-45

  1. Ahangarpour, A., Oroojan, A. A., & Heidari, H. (2014). Effects of Exendin-4 on Male Reproductive Parameters of D-galactose Induced Aging Mouse Model. The World Journal of Men's health, 32(3): 176.
  2. Aitken, R. J., & Roman, S. D. (2008). Antioxidant Systems and Oxidative Stress in the Testes. Molecular Mechanisms in Spermatogenesis, 1(1): 15-24.
  3. Alahmar, A. T. (2019). Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility: an Updated Review. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 12(1), 4-18.
  4. Awuy, F. D., Purwanto, D. S., & Mewo, Y. M. (2021). The Effect of Vitamin C Administration on the Quality of Sperm Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. E-Biomedics Journal, 9(2): 240-247.
  5. Badami, N.R.N. (2017). Influence of Kersen Leaf Water Extract (Muntigia calabura) on Spermatogenesis Score on D-Galactose-induced Balb/C Mus musculus Muscle. Thesis. Islamic University of Indonesia.
  6. Baszary, C. D. U., Kakisina, P., & Linda, L. (2021). Motility And Viability Of Spermatozoa Mice (Mus muscullus) Diabetes Mellitus Type-Ii After Giving Sagu Flour Diet (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.). Biofaal Journal, 2(1): 42-46.
  7. Berawi, K. N., Wahyudo, R., & Pratama, A. A. (2019). The Therapeutic Potential of Moringa oleifera (Kelor) in Degenerative Diseases. University of Lampung Medical Journal, 3(1): 210-214.
  8. Christijanti, W., Utami, N. R., & Iswara, A. (2010). The Effect of Antioxidant Vitamin C and E Administration on the Quality of White Mouse Sperm Exposed to Allethrin. Biosaintifika, 2(1): 18-26.
  9. Dahlan, M. S., & Tjokronegoro, A. (2012). Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: Pathophysiology and Clinical Implication. Jurnal kedokteran YARSI, 10(1).: 50-9.
  10. David, K. B., Isaac, A. T., Ajayi, A. F., Adebola, A. O., Isaac, J. A., Peter, A. B., . . . Oyekunle, O. S. (2022). Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves Extract on Testicular Functions of D-Galactose Induced Ageing Male Albino Rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 17: 1-13.
  11. Dewanto, H. N., & Isnaeni, W. (2017). Effect of Rambutan Fruit Peel Extract on Sperm Quality of Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Life Science, 6(2): 62-68.
  12. Dja'afara, A. L., Wantouw, B., & Tendean, L. (2015). Effect of Coffee Administration on Spermatozoa Quality of Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. eBiomedik, 3(2).
  13. E, S., RI, A., & Purwantara, B. (2014). Spermatozoa Resistance to Freezing Process in Various Breeds of Superior Bulls. Journal of Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, 19(3).
  14. Fitriani, E. K., & Widya, S. (2010). The Effect Of Cigarette Smoke Exposure Causes Fertility Of Male Mice (Mus musculus). Jurnal Natural, 10(2): 12-17.
  15. Freitas, M. J., Vijayaraghavan, S., & Fardilha, M. (2017). Signaling Mechanisms In Mammalian Sperm Motility. Biology Of Reproduction, 96(1): 2-12.
  16. George, S. K., Jiao, Y., Bishop, C. E., & Lu, B. (2012). Oxidative Stress Is Involved In Age-Dependent Spermatogenic Damage Of Immp2l Mutant Mice. Free Radical Biology And Medicine, 52(11-12): 2223-2233.
  17. Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Mistretta, A., Marventano, S., Nolfo, F., Calabrese, G., . . . Scuderi, A. (2013). red-Orange: Experimental Models And Epidemiological Evidence Of Its Benefits On Human Health. Oxidative Medicine And Cellular Longevity, 1-11.
  18. Hafez, D. A. (2010). Effect Of Extracts Of Ginger Goots And Cinnamon Bark on Fertility Of Male Diabetic Rats. J Am Sci, 6(10): 940-947.
  19. Haron, M. N., & Mohamed, M. (2016). Effect Of Honey on The Reproductive System Of Male Rat Offspring Exposed To Prenatal Restraint Stress. Andrologia, 48(5): 525-531.
  20. Karim, D. (2011). Effect of Electric Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Motility, Number of Sperm Cells and Testicular MDA Levels of Male Mice (Mus musculus, L.). University of North Sumatra, (1): 60-1.
  21. Khan, M., Mundasada, S., & Ramadas, D. (2015). Antioxidant Activity: Root, Leaves, and Fruits Aqueous Extracts of Muntingia calabura. J Innov Pharm Biol Sci, 2(4), 363-368.
  22. Kuntorini, E. M., Fitriana, S., & Astuti, M. D. (2013). Anatomical Structure and Antioxidant Activity Test of Kersen (Muntingia calabura) Leaf Methanol Extract. Proceedings of SEMIRATA 2013, 1(1).
  23. Kunwar, A., & Priyadarsini, K. (2011). Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and The Importance of Antioxidants In Human Health . J Med Allied Sci, 1(2), 53-60.
  24. Latif, R. (2013). Chocolate/Cocoa and Human Health : a Review. Neth J Med, 71(2), 63-68.
  25. Lü, J. M., Lin, P. H., Yao, Q., & Chen, C. (2010). Chemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Antioxidants: Experimental Approaches and Model Systems. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 14(4):840-860.
  26. Malini, D. M., Ratningsih, N., Fitriani, N., & Rahmi, D. (2020). Potential Regeneration of Sertoli Cells and Leydig Cells in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes Model After Administration of Ethanol Extract of Jengkol Fruit Peel (Archidendron pauciflorum). Journal of Pro-Life, 7(2): 157-170.
  27. Nakada, K., Sato, A., Yoshida, K., Morita, T., Tanaka, H., Inoue, S.-I., . . . Hayashi, J.-I. (2006). Mitochondria-related Male Infertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(41): 15148-15153.
  28. Narayana, K. (2008). An Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Gentamycin Induces Oxidative stress, Reduces Antioxidant Reserve and Impairs Spermatogenesis in Rats. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 33(1): 85-96.
  29. Nishanthini, A., Ruba, A. A., & Mohan, V. (2012). Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Compounds and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Leaf of Suaeda monoica Forssk ex. Gmel (Chenopodiaceae). International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences, 5: 34-43.
  30. Pamungkas, W. (2013). Vitamin E Application In Feed: Importance And Significance in Improving Fish Reproductive, Immune System, And Meat Quality. Aquaculture Media, 8(2): 145–150.
  31. Pereira, R., Sá, R., Barros, A., & Sousa, M. (2017). Major Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Sperm Motility. Asian Journal of Andrology, 19(1): 5-14.
  32. Permatasari, A. A. A. P. And Widhiantara, I. G. (2017). In Hyperlipidemic Mice (Mus musculus), Testosterone Therapy Increases the Number of Leydig Cells as Well as Spermatogenesis. Journal Of Scientific Media, 1(2).
  33. Quratulainy, S. (2006). Vitamin E Administration and the Number of Spermatozoa in Balb/C Strain Male Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Thesis. Faculty of Medicine University of Diponegoro. Semarang.
  34. Rumanta M., Surjowo T., and Sudarwati S. (2001). Methoxoacetic Acid affects the Reproductive Organs of Male Swiss Webster Mice (Mus musculus). Proc. ITB, 33(2):61.
  35. Sadowska-Bartosz, I., & Bartosz, G. (2015). Prevention of Protein Glycation by Natural Compounds. Molecules, 20(2): 3309-3334.
  36. Saleh, R. A., & Agarwal, A. (2002). Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility : From Research bBnch to Clinical Practice. Journal of andrology, 23(6): 737-752.
  37. Sari, W. N., Saebani, S., & Dhanardhono, T. (2018). Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (2, 6-Di-Tert-Butyl-4-Methylphenol) Administration Per Oral Graded Dose on Histopathological Features of Wistar Rat Hepar. Journal of Medicine University of Diponegoro, 7(2): 1344-1357..
  38. Setyaningsih V. (2011). The Effect of Oral Rosella (Hibiscus subdariffa L) Infusion on the Quality of Spermatozoa in DDT-Treated Male Mice (Mus musculus). Thesis. Depok: The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Indonesia.
  39. Situmorang N. (2021). The effect of D-Galactose Administration on the Body Weight of Female Mice. METHODS Scientific Magazine, 11(2): 133-137.
  40. Situmorang, N. and Zulham, Z. (2020). Malondialdehyde (MDA) (an Oxidant that Speeds up the Aging Process). Journal of Nursing and Physiotherapy (JKF), 2(2): 117–123.
  41. Sukmaningsih, A. (2009). Decrease in the Number of spermatozoa and spermatids of Testicular Seminiferous Tubules in Mice (Mus musculus) Exposed to Cigarette Smoke. Journal of Biology, 13(2): 31-35.
  42. Sukmaningsih, S., Ermayanti, I. G. A. M., Wiratmini, N. I., & Sudatri, N. W. 2009. Spermatogenesis Disruption After Monosodium Glutamate Administration in Mice (Mus musculus L.). Journal of Biology, XV(2): 49-52.
  43. Sulistyoningrum, E. (2017). D-gGlactose-Induced Animal Model of male reproductive Aging. JKKI: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia, (8): 19-28.
  44. Surjowardojo, P., Sarwiyono, I. T., & Ridhowi, A. (2014). Quantitative and Qualitative Phytochemicals Analysis of Muntingia calabura. Journal Biol Agric Health, (4): 84-88..
  45. Susmiarsih, T. (2010). Genetic Role of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Spermatozoa Motility. Health Magazine Pharm. Med, 2(2): 178-180.
  46. Sutyarso, S., Annida, S., Kanedi, M., Busman, H., & Nurcahyani, N. (2018). Reduction of Reproductive Aging Rate of Male Mice (Mus musculus. Linn) by Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinale) in Feed. Journal of Experimental Biology and Biodiversity, 5(1): 1-10.
  47. Syabania, M., Pambudi, D. B., Wirasti, W., & Rahmatullah, S. (2021). Characteristics and Evaluation of Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaf Extract Granule with Wet Granulation Method. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the National Health Seminar. (1): 1737-1746.
  48. Tian, J., Ishibashi, K., Ishibashi, K., Reiser, K., Grebe, R., Biswal, S., . . . Handa, J. T. (2005). Advanced Glycation Endproduct-Induced Aging of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid: a Comprehensive Transcriptional Response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(33), 11846-11851.
  49. Umbayev, B., Askarova, S., Almabayeva, A., Saliev, T., Masoud, A.-R., & Bulanin, D. (2020). Galactose-Induced Skin Aging: The Role of Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 1-15
  50. Valli, H., Phillips, B. T., Shetty, G., Byrne, J. A., Clark, A. T., Meistrich, M. L., & Orwig, K. E. (2014). Germline Stem cells: Toward the Regeneration of Spermatogenesis. Fertility and sterility, 101(1): 3-13.
  51. Verstraeten, S. V., Oteiza, P. I., & Fraga, C. G. (2004). Membrane Effects of Cocoa procyanidins in Liposomes and Jurkat T cells. Biological research, 37(2): 293-300.
  52. Zulaikhah, S. T. (2017). The Role of Antioxidants to prevent Free Radicals in the Body . Sains Medika Journal of Medical & Health, 8(1): 39-45