Annals of Management and Organization Research

Underpaid and overworked: The challenges of private schools’ teachers in Ado-Ekiti Metropolis, Nigeria

Stephen Sunday Ojo — 2025-08-19

Purpose: It is therefore necessary to evaluate the challenges that private school instructors encounter as a result of heavy workload and low salary.

Research methodology: The research is a cross-sectional survey, descriptive in nature. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the selected sample using a multi-stage sampling technique. Simple frequency and percentages were employed to describe the data.

Results: Pay and working conditions offered to private school teachers do not reflect their abilities. Teachers in private education experience accumulation by dispossession as a result of the privatization of educational systems and frequently lack long-term job security. The findings reveal that the workload is excessive compared to remuneration, with limited benefits and minimal professional growth opportunities.

Conclusions: The study concludes that the disparity between teachers’ efforts and rewards contributes to dissatisfaction and instability in the private education sector. These conditions may undermine the quality of teaching and long-term sustainability of the profession.

Limitations: The paper only describes the experiences of private school teachers and therefore could not ascertain the degree of relationship between challenges faced by private teachers in working under conditions of being underpaid and overworked.

Contribution: The study will be useful in understanding factors underlying the working conditions of private school teachers. It contributes to knowledge in the fields of industrial relations, human resources management, and the education industry, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to improve teacher welfare and retention.

The nexus between agricultural exports and food security in Zimbabwe

Talent Kondo — 2025-08-19

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between agricultural exports and food security in Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2023.

Research Methodology: A time-series analysis was conducted using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine both short-run and long-run dynamics. Diagnostic tests, such as ADF, multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and serial correlation, were performed to ensure robustness.

Results: The findings revealed that agricultural exports had a positive and statistically significant effect on food security. A 1% increase in agricultural exports leads to a 0.007% increase in food security. Other variables, such as rainfall, capital expenditure, and consumption expenditure, positively influenced food security, whereas rural and urban population growth negatively impacted it.

Conclusions: Agricultural exports play a critical role in enhancing food security in Zimbabwe by generating foreign currency and promoting investment in the agricultural sector. However, demographic pressures and climate-related risks remain significant challenges.

Limitations: The study is limited by data availability, as annual data may overlook short-term changes. Additionally, some potentially influential variables were excluded because of data constraints.

Contribution: This study contributes empirical evidence to policy debates on balancing export-oriented agriculture with domestic food needs. It offers actionable insights for government ministries and institutions involved in agricultural planning, advocating greater support for capital investment, infrastructure, and farmer education to ensure sustainable food security outcomes.