Autonomy & accountability in 4IR: Ethical implications of AI driven automation in Sustainable Business

https://doi.org/10.35912/gams.v2i1.3540
Published: Oct 15, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how AI in Industry 4.0 is impacting work and business, posing ethical concerns. It addresses labor market disruptions, organizational transformation, sustainability, algorithmic bias, data privacy, and job displacement ethics. The report examines how AI adoption might help inclusive economic development and SDGs.

Research Methodology: The research uses mixed methodologies, incorporating qualitative and quantitative data. Secondary sources include 2019–2025 academic journal articles, government papers, industrial publications, and international databases. The research uses a systematic literature review, thematic analysis, statistical evidence from robotics adoption databases, and case studies in manufacturing, logistics, and service industries to discover patterns. The integration of theory and practice employs descriptive-exploratory approaches.

Results: Results indicate rising global use of industrial robots and AI, with South Korea, Singapore, and Germany exhibiting the highest robot density. AI automates monotonous activities and creates hybrid professions that demand digital and analytical talents. AI-adopting companies are becoming more flexible and data-driven. However, ethical issues such algorithmic bias in recruiting and decision-making, surveillance technology privacy threats, and low-skilled worker job displacement persist.

Conclusions: AI has promise to improve productivity, efficiency, and sustainability, but requires strong governance, ethical frameworks, and ongoing reskilling. Without controls, inequities and ethical problems may grow

Limitations: The study depends on secondary data and literature evaluation, with minimal original field research for context-specific insights.

Contribution: This study advances ethics, management, sustainability, and offers practical AI recommendations for stakeholders.

Keywords:
1. Artificial Intelligence
2. Ethical Challenges
3. Industry 4.0
4. Sustainable Development
5. Workforce Transformation
Authors:
1 . Moutusi Tanha
University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
2 . Sohel Parvez
University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
3 . Kabbya Das Papon
University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
4 . Md. Erfanul Hoque
International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh
5 . Muhammad Al Amin
Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh
6 . Shatirtho Sarkar
University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
7 . Sultan Mahmud
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
8 . Md Zakir Hossain
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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How to Cite
Tanha, M. ., Parvez, S. ., Papon , K. D. ., Hoque , M. E. ., Al Amin, M. ., Sarkar, S., Mahmud, S. ., & Hossain, M. Z. (2025). Autonomy & accountability in 4IR: Ethical implications of AI driven automation in Sustainable Business. Global Academy of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(1), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.35912/gams.v2i1.3540
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Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): August
Articles
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  1. Adekanmbi, F. P., & Ukpere, W. (2023). The impact of innovative work behavior, perceived Leadership 4.0, and corporate social responsibility on sustaining banking industry performance in Nigeria within the 4IR Era. Banks and Bank Systems, 18(4), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.18(4).2023.01
  2. Agbehadji, I. E., Awuzie, B. O., & Ngowi, A. B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic waves: 4IR technology utilisation in multi-sector economy. Sustainability, 13(18), 10168. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810168
  3. Akinrinola, O., Okoye, C. C., Ofodile, O. C., & Ugochukwu, C. E. (2024). Navigating and reviewing ethical dilemmas in AI development: Strategies for transparency, fairness, and accountability. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 18(3), 050-058. doi:https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.3.0088
  4. Alkatiri, R., Mokodompit, N. E., & Paramata, S. H. (2025). Pelatihan Pembuatan Tepung Pisang di Desa Bongo III, Kecamatan Wonosari, Kabupaten Boalemo. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Ekonomi, 4(2), 85-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jpe.v4i1.4881
  5. Ambroise, L., Prim-Allaz, I., & Teyssier, C. (2018). Financial performance of servitized manufacturing firms: A configuration issue between servitization strategies and customer-oriented organizational design. Industrial Marketing Management, 71, 54-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.11.007
  6. Ametepey, S. O., Aigbavboa, C., Thwala, W. D., & Addy, H. (2024). The Impact of AI in Sustainable Development Goal Implementation: A Delphi Study. Sustainability, 16(9), 3858. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093858
  7. Ardito, L., Petruzzelli, A. M., Panniello, U., & Garavelli, A. C. (2019). Towards Industry 4.0: Mapping digital technologies for supply chain management-marketing integration. Business process management journal, 25(2), 323-346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-04-2017-0088
  8. Arksey, H., & O'malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology, 8(1), 19-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
  9. Baderan, U. S., Lantowa, F. D., Makur, D. S., & Idji, A. (2025). Manajemen Administrasi dan Keuangan di Desa Bajo, Kecamatan Tilamuta, Kabupaten Boalemo. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Ekonomi, 4(2), 69-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jpe.v4i1.4828
  10. Belinski, R., Peixe, A. M., Frederico, G. F., & Garza-Reyes, J. A. (2020). Organizational learning and Industry 4.0: findings from a systematic literature review and research agenda. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 27(8), 2435-2457. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-04-2020-0158
  11. Binz, C., & Truffer, B. (2017). Global Innovation Systems—A conceptual framework for innovation dynamics in transnational contexts. Research policy, 46(7), 1284-1298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.05.012
  12. Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018). Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(2), 239-257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.55
  13. Büchi, G., Cugno, M., & Castagnoli, R. (2020). Smart factory performance and Industry 4.0. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119790. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119790
  14. Cascio, W. F., & Montealegre, R. (2016). How technology is changing work and organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 349-375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062352
  15. Chashi, K., & Mwanza, B. G. (2022). The Influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Human Resource within the Zambian Banking Sector. Available at SSRN 4190617. doi:https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4190617
  16. Chirita, M., & Sarpe, D.-A. (2024). Navigating the Challenges and Ethics of AI in Shaping the Future of Work for Sustainable Industry 4.0. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: I, Economics & Applied Informatics, 30(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.35219/eai15840409453
  17. Choi, D., Chung, C. Y., Seyha, T., & Young, J. (2020). Factors affecting organizations’ resistance to the adoption of blockchain technology in supply networks. Sustainability, 12(21), 8882. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218882
  18. Dagada, R. (2024). The advancement of 4IR technologies and increasing cyberattacks in South Africa. Southern African Journal of Security, 2, 27 pages-27 pages. doi:https://doi.org/10.25159/3005-4222/15157
  19. de Paz-Báñez, M. A., Asensio-Coto, M. J., Sánchez-López, C., & Aceytuno, M.-T. (2020). Is There Empirical Evidence on How the Implementation of a Universal Basic Income (UBI) Affects Labour Supply? A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 12(22), 9459. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229459
  20. Enholm, I. M., Papagiannidis, E., Mikalef, P., & Krogstie, J. (2022). Artificial intelligence and business value: A literature review. Information systems frontiers, 24(5), 1709-1734. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10186-w
  21. Gaitan, V. G., Popa, V., Turcu, C., Gaitan, N. C., & Ungureanu, I. (2008). The uniform engineering of distributed control systems using the OPC specification. Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8(2), 71-77. doi:https://doi.org/10.4316/aece.2008.02013
  22. Gereffi, G. (2017). Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world Global value chains and global production networks (pp. 9-37): Routledge.
  23. Hoosain, M. S., Paul, B. S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2020). The impact of 4IR digital technologies and circular thinking on the United Nations sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 12(23), 10143. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310143
  24. Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., & Sokolov, B. (2019). The impact of digital technology and Industry 4.0 on the ripple effect and supply chain risk analytics. International Journal of Production Research, 57(3), 829-846. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1488086
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  26. Jaiyeoba, O. O., & Iloanya, J. (2019). E-learning in tertiary institutions in Botswana: apathy to adoption. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 36(2), 157-168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-05-2018-0058
  27. Lee, J., Bagheri, B., & Kao, H.-A. (2015). A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing letters, 3, 18-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001
  28. Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Loures, E. d. F. R., & Ramos, L. F. P. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0-a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55(12), 3609-3629. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1308576
  29. Liu, H., Wei, S., Ke, W., Wei, K. K., & Hua, Z. (2016). The configuration between supply chain integration and information technology competency: A resource orchestration perspective. Journal of operations management, 44, 13-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2016.03.009
  30. Liu, X., Chen, Z., Chen, Z., & Yao, Y. (2022). The time-varying spillover effect of China’s stock market during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 603, 127821. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2022.127821
  31. Machmud, J., Imbran, H., & Baderan, U. S. (2025). Pengembangan Kapasitas BUMDES di Desa Bongo III, Kecamatan Wonosari, Kabupaten Boalemo. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Ekonomi, 4(2), 77-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jpe.v4i1.4876
  32. Makwinja, V. M. (2020). Inclusive and multicultural education: The dynamics of higher education institutions in Botswana–Inequality and exclusion of students Developing and Supporting Multiculturalism and Leadership Development: International Perspectives on Humanizing Higher Education (Vol. 30, pp. 85-99): Emerald Publishing Limited.
  33. Marcucci, G., Antomarioni, S., Ciarapica, F. E., & Bevilacqua, M. (2022). The impact of Operations and IT-related Industry 4.0 key technologies on organizational resilience. Production Planning & Control, 33(15), 1417-1431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1874702
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  35. Mhlanga, D. (2022). Stakeholder capitalism, the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), and sustainable development: Issues to be resolved. Sustainability, 14(7), 3902. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073902
  36. Mkansi, M., & Landman, N. (2021). The future of work in Africa in the era of 4IR–The South African perspective. Africa Journal of Management, 7(sup1), 17-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23322373.2021.1930750
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  39. Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L., & Rynes, S. L. (2003). Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis. Organization Studies, 24(3), 403-441. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840603024003910
  40. Peckham, J. B. (2021). The ethical implications of 4IR. Journal of Ethics in Entrepreneurship and Technology, 1(1), 30-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JEET-04-2021-0016
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