Economic growth dynamics in Kupang City: The role of poverty, human development index, and inflation

https://doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v7i1.2712
Published: Jun 18, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study analyzes the impact of poverty, the Human Development Index (HDI), and inflation on economic growth in Kupang City from 2014 to 2023.

Method: This study applies a quantitative method using multiple linear regression. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Kupang City. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 29.00 to examine the relationships between the variables.

Results: Simultaneous poverty, HDI, and inflation have a significant effect on economic growth. However, poverty has a partially negative but insignificant effect, indicating that structural issues, such as access to resources, income inequality, and informal sector dynamics, also shape regional economic performance. HDI has a negative and significant impact, suggesting that improvements in education and health are not yet fully aligned with labor market absorption. Inflation has a positive but statistically insignificant effect, implying that short-term price movements do not directly determine growth in Kupang.

Conclusions: Inclusive and integrated economic strategies are essential for achieving sustainable growth in Kupang City.

Limitations: This study is limited by its use of secondary data and a purely quantitative approach, which may not capture institutional or behavioral nuances. Future studies should consider mixed methods to obtain more comprehensive insights.

Contribution: This study provides empirical evidence to support regional development policies focused on poverty alleviation, better alignment of human capital with economic needs, and inflation management.

Keywords:
1. Economic Growth
2. Human Development Index
3. Inflation
4. Kupang City
5. Poverty
Authors:
1 . Enike Tje Yustin Dima
Widya Mandira Catholic University, Kupang, Indonesia
2 . Frederic Winston Nalle
Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
View PDF
How to Cite
Dima, E. T. Y., & Nalle, F. W. (2025). Economic growth dynamics in Kupang City: The role of poverty, human development index, and inflation. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 7(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v7i1.2712
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): June
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

    Anggoro, M. H. (2015). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertumbuhan angkatan kerja terhadap tingkat pengangguran di kota Surabaya. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JUPE), 3(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.26740/jupe.v3n3.p%25p

    Arifin, J. (2020). Budaya kemiskinan dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Sosio Informa, 6(2), 114-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v6i2.2372

    Arka, S., & Yasa, I. K. O. A. (2015). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan disparitas pendapatan antardaerah terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat Provinsi Bali. Jurnal ekonomi kuantitatif terapan, 8(1), 44328.

    Bauer, P. T. (2019). The vicious circle of poverty The gap between rich and poor (pp. 321-337): Routledge.

    Biggeri, M., & Mauro, V. (2018). Towards a more ‘sustainable’human development index: Integrating the environment and freedom. Ecological indicators, 91, 220-231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.045

    Bonab, A. F. (2019). A review of inflation and economic growth. Journal of Management and Accounting Studies, 5(02), 1-4. doi:https://doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol5iss02pp1-4

    BPS. (2022). Agustus 2022: Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) sebesar 5,86 persen dan Rata-rata upah buruh sebesar 3,07 juta rupiah per bulan. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2022/11/07/1916/agustus-2022--tingkat-pengangguran-

    Chikalipah, S., & Makina, D. (2019). Economic growth and human development: Evidence from Zambia. Sustainable Development, 27(6), 1023-1033. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1953

    ?ižiks, J., & Grabusts, P. (2019). Data Processing Using The Ibm Spss Modeler Tool. Paper presented at the HUMAN. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. Proceedings of the Students International Scientific and Practical Conference.

    Desai, M. (1975). The Phillips curve: A revisionist interpretation. Economica, 42(165), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2552982

    Dewi, D. C. (2014). Kebijakan Pertanian Yang Memarjinalkan Petani Dan Meruntuhkan Kedaulatan Pangan. Publisia: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 18(1), 44-58.

    Dima, E. T. Y. (2022). Analisis Struktur Sektor Unggulan Dan Perekonomian. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen dan Ekonomi, 1(2), 233-243. doi:https://doi.org/10.56248/jamane.v1i2.33

    Guerrini, L. (2006). The Solow–Swan model with a bounded population growth rate. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 42(1), 14-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2005.05.001

    Hasdiana, S., Iswanto, A., Laming, R. F., & Lenas, M. J. (2023). Analisis tingkat inflasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. POINT: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 5(2), 200-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.46918/point.v5i2.2090

    Hidayat, S., & Woyanti, N. (2021). Pengaruh PDRB per kapita, belanja daerah, rasio ketergantungan, kemiskinan, dan teknologi terhadap ipm di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, Dan Akuntansi, 23(4), 122-137.

    Kadji, Y. (2012). Kemiskinan dan Konsep teoritisnya. Guru Besar Kebijakan Publik Fakultas Ekonmi Dan Bisnis UNG, 17.

    Karmeli, E. (2008). Krisis Ekonomi Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics, 2(2).

    Karyati, Y. (2021). Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk Miskin, Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, dan Tingkat Pendidikan terhadap Jumlah Stunting di 10 Wilayah Tertinggi Indonesia Tahun 2010-2019. Jurnal Riset Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 101-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.29313/jrieb.v1i2.401

    Lawler, K., & Pavlenko, I. (2020). The Phillips curve: A case study of theory and practice. ?????? ??i??????? ???i????????? ??i????????? i?. ?????? ????????. ???i?: ??????i??(4 (211)), 28-38.

    Ledo, D. (2022). Pengembangan Industri Kecil untuk Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rakyat. Rubinstein, 1(1), 19-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.31253/rubin.v1i1.1759

    Lucas, A., Morley, R., & Cole, T. (1988). Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia. British medical journal, 297(6659), 1304-1308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6659.1304

    Ma’Ruf, A., & Wihastuti, L. (2008). Pertumbuhan ekonomi indonesia: determinan dan prospeknya. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 44-55.

    McGillivray, M. (1991). The human development index: Yet another redundant composite development indicator? World Development, 19(10), 1461-1468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(91)90088-Y

    Moloi, T., Marwala, T., Moloi, T., & Marwala, T. (2020). The Dual-Sector Model. Artificial Intelligence in Economics and Finance Theories, 33-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42962-1_4

    Nairizi, M. A. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Kemiskinan, Pengangguran, Dan Inflasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Jendela Inovasi Daerah, 6(1), 38-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.56354/jendelainovasi.v6i1.131

    Nalle, F., & Ismail, M. (2024). Epistemological criticism of the concept of individualism in conventional economies. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 12(1), 67-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v12i1.30759

    Nalle, F. W., Duli, D. K., & Mau, M. (2022). Peran Sektor Unggulan dalam Mewujudkan Pembangunan Ekonomi Inklusif di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa Dan Pertanian, 7(3), 71. doi:https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v7i3.23764

    Nalle, F. W., Kadir, R. D., & Masniadi, R. (2024). Dynamics of the Agricultural Sector and Food Security in the Border Areas East Nusa Tenggara Province–Timor Leste. Eko-Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah, 19(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.32424/1.erjpe.2024.19.2.4000

    Nalle, F. W., & Pangastuti, M. D. (2022). Poverty level analysis in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Inovasi: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 18(4).

    Nalle, F. W., & Pangastuti, M. D. (2023). Determinants of Regional Financial Performance and Poverty Level In North Central Timor Regency. Eko-Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah, 18(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.32424/1.erjpe.2023.18.2.3466

    Nalle, F. W., Pangastuti, M. D., & Utami, Y. R. S. S. S. B. (2022). Analisis determinan faktor penentu usia harapan hidup di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. INOVASI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan dan Manajemen, 18(3), 459-472.

    Nalle, F. W., Sengkoen, Y., Seran, R. B., & Rahmarini, W. A. (2023). Regional development disparity and mapping of economic potential in East Nusa Tenggara province. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 9(2), 669-688. doi:https://doi.org/10.29210/020232354

    Nalle, F. W., Seran, S., & Bria, F. (2022). Analisis Determinan Kemiskinan Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 13(2), 206-220. doi:https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v13i2.4962

    Nelson, E. (2013). Friedman's monetary economics in practice. Journal of International Money and Finance, 38, 59-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.05.005

    Nurkse, R. (2009). Ragnar Nurkse: Trade and Development (Vol. 1): Anthem Press.

    Pangastuti, M. D. (2019). Partisipasi Anggaran, Prestasi Manajer Dan Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi Sebagai Variabel Intervening Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Indonesia. Ekopem: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 1(02), 11-19.

    Pangastuti, M. D. (2023). Pelatihan pembukuan akuntansi bagi usaha mikro kecil menengah (UMKM) untuk meningkatkan kinerja keuangan di kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Bakti Cendana, 6(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.32938/bc.6.1.2023.1-11

    Pangastuti, M. D., & Nalle, F. W. (2023). Strategi Peningkatan Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pajak, 23(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.29040/jap.v23i2.5886

    Pangastuti, M. D., Nalle, F. W., Rado, B. G., & Kolo, A. (2023). Determinants of performance improvement of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in the border market of North Timor Central District –Timor Leste. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 11(1), 45-64. doi:https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v11i1.23538

    Parker, S. C., & Van Praag, C. M. (2006). Schooling, capital constraints, and entrepreneurial performance: The endogenous triangle. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 24(4), 416-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1198/073500106000000215

    Reder, M. W. (1967). Gary Becker's Human Capital: A Review Article. 2(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/144593

    Reynolds, L. G. (1965). Wages and employment in a labor-surplus economy. The American economic review, 55(1/2), 19-39.

    Rien, J. A. J. (2024). Analisa Daya Beli Masyarakat Terhadap Tingkat Inflasi Barang dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomo Mikro. Emanasi: Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman dan Sosial, 7(2), 27-40.

    Riza, F., & Wiriyanata, W. (2021). Analysis of the viability of fiscal and monetary policies on the recovery of household Consumption expenditures because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Jambura Equilibrium Journal, 3(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.37479/jej.v3i1.10166

    Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.

    Salim, A., Fadilla, F., & Purnamasari, A. (2021). Pengaruh inflasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi indonesia. Ekonomica Sharia: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Pengembangan Ekonomi Syariah, 7(1), 17-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.36908/esha.v7i1.268

    Santosa, A. B. (2017). Analisis inflasi di Indonesia.

    Sari, C. N. P. (2019). Analisis pengaruh inflasi dan investasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di pulau jawa tahun 2006-2016.

    Sari, G. K. (2024). Peran PBB Melalui MDGs Dalam Peningkatan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Indonesia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 1(2), 102-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.56916/jmrd.v1i2.727

    Somba, A., Engka, D. S., & Sumual, J. I. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Pengangguran Dan Kemiskinan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 21(5).

    Syahputra, R. (2017). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Jurnal samudra ekonomika, 1(2), 183-191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1234/jse.v1i2.334

    Tahir, R., Sukoco, I., Suryanto, S., & Rivani, R. (2024). Study of Trade and Distribution of Basic Needs in Bandung City. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 26(3).

    Tay, R. (2017). Correlation, variance inflation and multicollinearity in regression model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 12, 2006-2015. doi:https://doi.org/10.11175/easts.12.2006

    Tekgüç, H. (2018). Declining poverty and inequality in Turkey: The effect of social assistance and home ownership. South European Society and Politics, 23(4), 547-570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1548120

    Thesia, D. Y., & Karmini, N. L. (2022). Pengaruh Pendapatan Per Kapita, Pertumbuhan UMKM Dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Bali. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 11(03), 271. doi:https://doi.org/10.24843/EEB.2022.v11.i03.p03

    Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2009). Economic development: Pearson education.

    Uyanto, S. S. (2020). Power comparisons of five most commonly used autocorrelation tests. Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research, 119-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.18187/pjsor.v16i1.2691

    Wadana, R. K., & Prijanto, W. J. (2021). Analisis pengaruh infrastruktur, tingkat kemiskinan dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Provinsi Bali 2015-2020. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 2(06), 875-885. doi:https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v2i6.303

    Yusiana, E., & Nur'azkiya, L. (2021). Dampak Kebijakan Harga dan Impor Beras terhadap Pengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Jurnal Agrimanex: Agribusiness, Rural Management, and Development Extension, 2(1), 59-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.35706/agrimanex.v2i1.5566

  1. Anggoro, M. H. (2015). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertumbuhan angkatan kerja terhadap tingkat pengangguran di kota Surabaya. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JUPE), 3(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.26740/jupe.v3n3.p%25p
  2. Arifin, J. (2020). Budaya kemiskinan dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Sosio Informa, 6(2), 114-132. doi:https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v6i2.2372
  3. Arka, S., & Yasa, I. K. O. A. (2015). Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan disparitas pendapatan antardaerah terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat Provinsi Bali. Jurnal ekonomi kuantitatif terapan, 8(1), 44328.
  4. Bauer, P. T. (2019). The vicious circle of poverty The gap between rich and poor (pp. 321-337): Routledge.
  5. Biggeri, M., & Mauro, V. (2018). Towards a more ‘sustainable’human development index: Integrating the environment and freedom. Ecological indicators, 91, 220-231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.045
  6. Bonab, A. F. (2019). A review of inflation and economic growth. Journal of Management and Accounting Studies, 5(02), 1-4. doi:https://doi.org/10.24200/jmas.vol5iss02pp1-4
  7. BPS. (2022). Agustus 2022: Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) sebesar 5,86 persen dan Rata-rata upah buruh sebesar 3,07 juta rupiah per bulan. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2022/11/07/1916/agustus-2022--tingkat-pengangguran-
  8. Chikalipah, S., & Makina, D. (2019). Economic growth and human development: Evidence from Zambia. Sustainable Development, 27(6), 1023-1033. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1953
  9. ?ižiks, J., & Grabusts, P. (2019). Data Processing Using The Ibm Spss Modeler Tool. Paper presented at the HUMAN. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. Proceedings of the Students International Scientific and Practical Conference.
  10. Desai, M. (1975). The Phillips curve: A revisionist interpretation. Economica, 42(165), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2552982
  11. Dewi, D. C. (2014). Kebijakan Pertanian Yang Memarjinalkan Petani Dan Meruntuhkan Kedaulatan Pangan. Publisia: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 18(1), 44-58.
  12. Dima, E. T. Y. (2022). Analisis Struktur Sektor Unggulan Dan Perekonomian. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen dan Ekonomi, 1(2), 233-243. doi:https://doi.org/10.56248/jamane.v1i2.33
  13. Guerrini, L. (2006). The Solow–Swan model with a bounded population growth rate. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 42(1), 14-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmateco.2005.05.001
  14. Hasdiana, S., Iswanto, A., Laming, R. F., & Lenas, M. J. (2023). Analisis tingkat inflasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. POINT: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen, 5(2), 200-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.46918/point.v5i2.2090
  15. Hidayat, S., & Woyanti, N. (2021). Pengaruh PDRB per kapita, belanja daerah, rasio ketergantungan, kemiskinan, dan teknologi terhadap ipm di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis, Dan Akuntansi, 23(4), 122-137.
  16. Kadji, Y. (2012). Kemiskinan dan Konsep teoritisnya. Guru Besar Kebijakan Publik Fakultas Ekonmi Dan Bisnis UNG, 17.
  17. Karmeli, E. (2008). Krisis Ekonomi Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics, 2(2).
  18. Karyati, Y. (2021). Pengaruh Jumlah Penduduk Miskin, Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, dan Tingkat Pendidikan terhadap Jumlah Stunting di 10 Wilayah Tertinggi Indonesia Tahun 2010-2019. Jurnal Riset Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 101-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.29313/jrieb.v1i2.401
  19. Lawler, K., & Pavlenko, I. (2020). The Phillips curve: A case study of theory and practice. ?????? ??i??????? ???i????????? ??i????????? i?. ?????? ????????. ???i?: ??????i??(4 (211)), 28-38.
  20. Ledo, D. (2022). Pengembangan Industri Kecil untuk Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rakyat. Rubinstein, 1(1), 19-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.31253/rubin.v1i1.1759
  21. Lucas, A., Morley, R., & Cole, T. (1988). Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia. British medical journal, 297(6659), 1304-1308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6659.1304
  22. Ma’Ruf, A., & Wihastuti, L. (2008). Pertumbuhan ekonomi indonesia: determinan dan prospeknya. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 44-55.
  23. McGillivray, M. (1991). The human development index: Yet another redundant composite development indicator? World Development, 19(10), 1461-1468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(91)90088-Y
  24. Moloi, T., Marwala, T., Moloi, T., & Marwala, T. (2020). The Dual-Sector Model. Artificial Intelligence in Economics and Finance Theories, 33-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42962-1_4
  25. Nairizi, M. A. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Kemiskinan, Pengangguran, Dan Inflasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Jendela Inovasi Daerah, 6(1), 38-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.56354/jendelainovasi.v6i1.131
  26. Nalle, F., & Ismail, M. (2024). Epistemological criticism of the concept of individualism in conventional economies. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 12(1), 67-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v12i1.30759
  27. Nalle, F. W., Duli, D. K., & Mau, M. (2022). Peran Sektor Unggulan dalam Mewujudkan Pembangunan Ekonomi Inklusif di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa Dan Pertanian, 7(3), 71. doi:https://doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v7i3.23764
  28. Nalle, F. W., Kadir, R. D., & Masniadi, R. (2024). Dynamics of the Agricultural Sector and Food Security in the Border Areas East Nusa Tenggara Province–Timor Leste. Eko-Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah, 19(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.32424/1.erjpe.2024.19.2.4000
  29. Nalle, F. W., & Pangastuti, M. D. (2022). Poverty level analysis in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Inovasi: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 18(4).
  30. Nalle, F. W., & Pangastuti, M. D. (2023). Determinants of Regional Financial Performance and Poverty Level In North Central Timor Regency. Eko-Regional: Jurnal Pembangunan Ekonomi Wilayah, 18(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.32424/1.erjpe.2023.18.2.3466
  31. Nalle, F. W., Pangastuti, M. D., & Utami, Y. R. S. S. S. B. (2022). Analisis determinan faktor penentu usia harapan hidup di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. INOVASI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan dan Manajemen, 18(3), 459-472.
  32. Nalle, F. W., Sengkoen, Y., Seran, R. B., & Rahmarini, W. A. (2023). Regional development disparity and mapping of economic potential in East Nusa Tenggara province. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia), 9(2), 669-688. doi:https://doi.org/10.29210/020232354
  33. Nalle, F. W., Seran, S., & Bria, F. (2022). Analisis Determinan Kemiskinan Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 13(2), 206-220. doi:https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v13i2.4962
  34. Nelson, E. (2013). Friedman's monetary economics in practice. Journal of International Money and Finance, 38, 59-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.05.005
  35. Nurkse, R. (2009). Ragnar Nurkse: Trade and Development (Vol. 1): Anthem Press.
  36. Pangastuti, M. D. (2019). Partisipasi Anggaran, Prestasi Manajer Dan Pengaruh Komitmen Organisasi Sebagai Variabel Intervening Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Indonesia. Ekopem: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 1(02), 11-19.
  37. Pangastuti, M. D. (2023). Pelatihan pembukuan akuntansi bagi usaha mikro kecil menengah (UMKM) untuk meningkatkan kinerja keuangan di kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Bakti Cendana, 6(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.32938/bc.6.1.2023.1-11
  38. Pangastuti, M. D., & Nalle, F. W. (2023). Strategi Peningkatan Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Pajak, 23(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.29040/jap.v23i2.5886
  39. Pangastuti, M. D., Nalle, F. W., Rado, B. G., & Kolo, A. (2023). Determinants of performance improvement of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in the border market of North Timor Central District –Timor Leste. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 11(1), 45-64. doi:https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v11i1.23538
  40. Parker, S. C., & Van Praag, C. M. (2006). Schooling, capital constraints, and entrepreneurial performance: The endogenous triangle. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 24(4), 416-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1198/073500106000000215
  41. Reder, M. W. (1967). Gary Becker's Human Capital: A Review Article. 2(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/144593
  42. Reynolds, L. G. (1965). Wages and employment in a labor-surplus economy. The American economic review, 55(1/2), 19-39.
  43. Rien, J. A. J. (2024). Analisa Daya Beli Masyarakat Terhadap Tingkat Inflasi Barang dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomo Mikro. Emanasi: Jurnal Ilmu Keislaman dan Sosial, 7(2), 27-40.
  44. Riza, F., & Wiriyanata, W. (2021). Analysis of the viability of fiscal and monetary policies on the recovery of household Consumption expenditures because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Jambura Equilibrium Journal, 3(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.37479/jej.v3i1.10166
  45. Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  46. Salim, A., Fadilla, F., & Purnamasari, A. (2021). Pengaruh inflasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi indonesia. Ekonomica Sharia: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Pengembangan Ekonomi Syariah, 7(1), 17-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.36908/esha.v7i1.268
  47. Santosa, A. B. (2017). Analisis inflasi di Indonesia.
  48. Sari, C. N. P. (2019). Analisis pengaruh inflasi dan investasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di pulau jawa tahun 2006-2016.
  49. Sari, G. K. (2024). Peran PBB Melalui MDGs Dalam Peningkatan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Indonesia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 1(2), 102-107. doi:https://doi.org/10.56916/jmrd.v1i2.727
  50. Somba, A., Engka, D. S., & Sumual, J. I. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Pengangguran Dan Kemiskinan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Di Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 21(5).
  51. Syahputra, R. (2017). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Jurnal samudra ekonomika, 1(2), 183-191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1234/jse.v1i2.334
  52. Tahir, R., Sukoco, I., Suryanto, S., & Rivani, R. (2024). Study of Trade and Distribution of Basic Needs in Bandung City. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 26(3).
  53. Tay, R. (2017). Correlation, variance inflation and multicollinearity in regression model. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 12, 2006-2015. doi:https://doi.org/10.11175/easts.12.2006
  54. Tekgüç, H. (2018). Declining poverty and inequality in Turkey: The effect of social assistance and home ownership. South European Society and Politics, 23(4), 547-570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1548120
  55. Thesia, D. Y., & Karmini, N. L. (2022). Pengaruh Pendapatan Per Kapita, Pertumbuhan UMKM Dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Bali. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 11(03), 271. doi:https://doi.org/10.24843/EEB.2022.v11.i03.p03
  56. Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2009). Economic development: Pearson education.
  57. Uyanto, S. S. (2020). Power comparisons of five most commonly used autocorrelation tests. Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research, 119-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.18187/pjsor.v16i1.2691
  58. Wadana, R. K., & Prijanto, W. J. (2021). Analisis pengaruh infrastruktur, tingkat kemiskinan dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Provinsi Bali 2015-2020. Jurnal Syntax Transformation, 2(06), 875-885. doi:https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v2i6.303
  59. Yusiana, E., & Nur'azkiya, L. (2021). Dampak Kebijakan Harga dan Impor Beras terhadap Pengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Jurnal Agrimanex: Agribusiness, Rural Management, and Development Extension, 2(1), 59-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.35706/agrimanex.v2i1.5566