Exploring Push and Pull Factors Influencing Students' Decisions to Study Tourism and Hospitality Management: A Bangladeshi Perspective

https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v7i2.3656
Published: Jan 8, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: The tourism and hospitality industry in Bangladesh is experiencing rapid growth and creating a strong demand for skilled professionals. However, little is known about why students choose to study this subject. This study aims to identify the push and pull factors that influence Bangladeshi students' decisions to pursue higher education in Tourism and Hospitality Management.

Methods: Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from undergraduate students studying Tourism and Hospitality Management at several universities in Bangladesh. A total of 312 valid responses were analyzed using multiple regression analysis with SPSS software to determine the factors influencing students’ academic choices.

Results: The regression model explains a substantial proportion of variance in students' academic decisions (Adjusted R² = 0.840). Work opportunities while studying emerged as the strongest predictor (? = 0.397, p < 0.001), followed by opportunities to go abroad and global career aspirations. In contrast, intrinsic career interest played a statistically insignificant role.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that pragmatic and career-oriented considerations dominate students' decisions to pursue tourism and hospitality education in Bangladesh, highlighting the importance of employment-related factors over intrinsic motivation.

Limitations: The study used a relatively small sample drawn from selected universities, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to all tourism and hospitality students in Bangladesh.

Contribution: This research contributes to the limited empirical literature on tourism and hospitality education in developing countries by providing quantitative evidence based on multiple linear regression analysis. It offers practical insights for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to better align academic programs with students' motivations and labor market demands.

Keywords:
1. Academic Choice
2. Bangladesh
3. Higher Education
4. Multiple Linear Regression
5. Push–Pull Factors
6. Tourism and Hospitality
Authors:
Bipasha Sukrana
European University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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How to Cite
Sukrana, B. (2025). Exploring Push and Pull Factors Influencing Students’ Decisions to Study Tourism and Hospitality Management: A Bangladeshi Perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 7(2), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v7i2.3656
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Issue & Section
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): December
Articles
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References

    Acharjee, S. K., Sukrana, B., & Ahmed, T. (2025). Understanding Budget Travelers' Responses to Price Hikes: Insights from Emerging Tourism Markets. Journal of Global Tourism and Technology Research, 6(1), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.54493/jgttr.1555496

    Al Azis, E. N., & Yusanti, G. (2021). Part-time working opportunities and the impact on students’ academic achievement. Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 2(3), 25-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.47631/mejress.v2i3.277

    Alrawadieh, Z., & Alrawadieh, Z. (2015). The study motivations and study preferences of students majoring in hospitality and tourism management-related programs: The case of students in Jordan. Journal of Tourismology, 1(1), 16-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2015.1.1.0002

    Amaro, D., Caldeira, A. M., & Seabra, C. (2024). Exploring higher education mobility through the lens of academic tourism: Portugal as a study case. Sustainability, 16(4), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041359

    Amirrudin, M., Nasution, K., & Supahar, S. (2021). Effect of variability on Cronbach alpha reliability in research practice. Jurnal Matematika, Statistika dan Komputasi, 17(2), 223-230. doi:https://doi.org/10.20956/jmsk.v17i2.11655

    Board, B. T. (2021). National tourism human capital development strategy 2021–2030. Retrieved from Dhaka, Bangladesh: https://tourismboard.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/tourismboard.portal.gov.bd/page/c86d3fa0_0a7c_4dae_bc05_35083dd7dc7c/2022-05-31-13-54-b2888a14505f1c53eaaf864f82e9e3b2.pdf

    Brooks, G. P., & Barcikowski, R. S. (2012). The PEAR method for sample sizes in multiple linear regression. General Linear Model Journal, 38(2), 1-16.

    Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., Foo, D. H. P., & Hon, Y. K. (2024). Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire. Restorative dentistry & endodontics, 49(1), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e3

    Cesário, F., Sabino, A., Moreira, A., Portugal, M., & Correia, A. (2022). Students’ motivation for a sustainable career in the hospitality industry in Portugal. Sustainability, 14(11), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116522

    Chen, T.-l., Shen, C.-c., & Gosling, M. (2021). To stay or not to stay? The causal effect of interns’ career intention on enhanced employability and retention in the hospitality and tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 28, 100305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100305

    Council, W. T. T. (2025). Economic Impact Research 2025: Global Trends. Retrieved from London, United Kingdom: https://wttc.org/news/global-travel-and-tourism

    Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408-424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5

    Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of tourism research, 4(4), 184-194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8

    Durão, M. S. F. (2021). Managing Retention, Careers and Quality of Working Life of Qualified HR in Tourism and Hospitality: The Case of Portugal. Universidade de Aveiro Portugal.

    Dursun, M. T., & Argan, M. T. (2017). Does personality affect career adaptability. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 4(10), 107-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0410014

    Hailat, K. Q., Alsmadi, S., Nassar, M., & Chung, S. B. (2022). An investigation of the push–pull factors influencing student selection of higher education: the case of Arabian Gulf students in the UK. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(4), e2657. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2657

    Hassan, A. (2022). Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and development perspectives: Springer.

    Hoc, H. T., Silhavy, R., Prokopova, Z., & Silhavy, P. (2022). Comparing multiple linear regression, deep learning and multiple perceptron for functional points estimation. IEEE access, 10, 112187-112198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3215987

    Huma, Z., & Khurram, A. (2024). Challenges of Women in Transport: A Case Study of Bus Hostesses in Pakistan.

    Izah, S. C., Sylva, L., & Hait, M. (2023). Cronbach's alpha: A cornerstone in ensuring reliability and validity in environmental health assessment. ES Energy & Environment, 23, 1057. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.30919/esee1057

    Jamnia, M., & Pan, W. (2017). Motivations to study among tourism and hospitality students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 29(1), 35-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2016.1189829

    Kahraman, O. C., & Alrawadieh, D. D. (2021). The impact of perceived education quality on tourism and hospitality students’ career choice: The mediating effects of academic self-efficacy. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 29, 100333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100333

    Le, A. H., Klieve, H., & McDonald, C. V. (2018). Tertiary students’ perceptions of hospitality careers in Vietnam. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 10(1), 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-018-0075-6

    Lee, M. J., Kim, S. S., & Lo, A. (2008). Perceptions of hospitality and tourism students towards study motivations and preferences: A study of Hong Kong students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 7(2), 45-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.72.178

    Lee, M. J., Olds, D. A., & Lee, C. (2010). Why students choose a hospitality and tourism program: A pilot study of US undergraduate students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 22(3), 20-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2010.10696981

    Leung, D., & Woo, L. (2025). Factors affecting Chinese students’ selection of tourism and hospitality management undergraduate programs. Journal of China tourism research, 21(3), 645-664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2024.2391047

    Liu, F., He, Q., & Wu, N. (2022). Factors influencing students’ career intentions in the hospitality and tourism industries: A meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120517

    McCormick, A. C., Moore, J. V., & Kuh, G. D. (2023). Working during college: Its relationship to student engagement and education outcomes Understanding the working college student (1st ed., pp. 179-212): Routledge.

    Monitor, T. B. (2023). Tourism allocated less budget despite increased contribution in GDP. The Bangladesh Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.bangladeshmonitor.com.bd/lead-news-details/tourism-allocated-less-budget-despite-increased-contribution-in-gdp

    Mqwebedu, M., Roberson, J. R., & Kleynhans, C. (2022). Perceptions of full-time final year hospitality students towards working in the hospitality industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11(2), 668-682. doi:https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.249

    Nikou, S., Kadel, B., & Gutema, D. M. (2025). Study destination preference and post-graduation intentions: a push-pull factor theory perspective. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 17(7), 76-96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-04-2023-0149

    Preko, A., & Anyigba, H. (2024). The tourism and hospitality career progression pathway. International Hospitality Review, 38(1), 54-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-02-2022-0005

    Quinlan, K. M., & Renninger, K. A. (2022). Rethinking employability: how students build on interest in a subject to plan a career. Higher Education, 84(4), 863-883. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00804-6

    Rahat, K., Amin, M., & Ahmed, M. (2024). Comparing tourists’ travel cost and consumer surplus to estimate the recreational values of Kuakata Sea Beach in Bangladesh. J Tourism Hospit, 13(1), 1-7.

    Rasal, M., Sukrana, B., & Al Naiem, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Bangladesh tourism & hospitality industry with recovery strategies. Abdullah, Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Bangladesh Tourism & Hospitality Industry with Recovery Strategies (August 2, 2021). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3897619

    Shamsudin, M. F., Hassim, A. A., & Abd Manaf, S. (2024). Mastering probability and non-probability methods for accurate research insights. Journal of Postgraduate Current Business Research, 9(1), 38-53.

    Shields, P. O. (2011). A case for wanderlust: travel behaviors of college students. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(4), 369-387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.571572

    Strickland, P. C., & Ratten, V. (2024). Study motivations of Bhutanese students in hospitality and tourism courses. Journal of Trade Science, 12(1), 22-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JTS-10-2023-0023

    Sukrana, B., Haque, T., & Jui, F. I. (2023). Factors Affecting Bangladeshi Travelers’ Selection of Hotels. International Journal of Science and Business, 25(1), 124-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2130

    Sukrana, B., Hassan, S., Jui, F. I., Shakur, M. S., Debnath, B., & Bari, A. (2025). Investigating the influence of the push and pull factors in eco-resort selection to promote sustainable tourism in Bangladesh. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100619

    Sukrana, B., Jui, F. I., & Khan, N. H. M. (2025). Factors influencing job satisfaction among tourism and hospitality undergraduate students: A path to a sustainable tourism industry in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 245-262. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v6i3.2610

    Sukrana, B., Rasal, M., & Al Naiem, A. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Bangladesh Tourism & Hospitality Industry with Recovery Strategies. Paper presented at the International Conference on Business and Management (ICBM), Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

    Sun, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, C., & Zuo, M. (2023). Multiple regression: Methodology and applications. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 49, 542-548. doi:https://doi.org/10.54097/hset.v49i.8611

    Talukder, M. B., Hoque, M., & Das, I. (2024). Opportunities of tourism and hospitality education in Bangladesh: career perspectives. I-Manager’s Journal on Management, 18(3), 21-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.26634/jmgt.18.3.20385

    Yang, F., Ayavoo, R., & Ab Aziz, N. (2023). Exploring students’ push and pull motivations to visit rural educational tourism sites in China. Sustainability, 15(20), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014739

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  2. Al Azis, E. N., & Yusanti, G. (2021). Part-time working opportunities and the impact on students’ academic achievement. Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 2(3), 25-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.47631/mejress.v2i3.277
  3. Alrawadieh, Z., & Alrawadieh, Z. (2015). The study motivations and study preferences of students majoring in hospitality and tourism management-related programs: The case of students in Jordan. Journal of Tourismology, 1(1), 16-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2015.1.1.0002
  4. Amaro, D., Caldeira, A. M., & Seabra, C. (2024). Exploring higher education mobility through the lens of academic tourism: Portugal as a study case. Sustainability, 16(4), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041359
  5. Amirrudin, M., Nasution, K., & Supahar, S. (2021). Effect of variability on Cronbach alpha reliability in research practice. Jurnal Matematika, Statistika dan Komputasi, 17(2), 223-230. doi:https://doi.org/10.20956/jmsk.v17i2.11655
  6. Board, B. T. (2021). National tourism human capital development strategy 2021–2030. Retrieved from Dhaka, Bangladesh: https://tourismboard.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/tourismboard.portal.gov.bd/page/c86d3fa0_0a7c_4dae_bc05_35083dd7dc7c/2022-05-31-13-54-b2888a14505f1c53eaaf864f82e9e3b2.pdf
  7. Brooks, G. P., & Barcikowski, R. S. (2012). The PEAR method for sample sizes in multiple linear regression. General Linear Model Journal, 38(2), 1-16.
  8. Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., Foo, D. H. P., & Hon, Y. K. (2024). Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire. Restorative dentistry & endodontics, 49(1), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2024.49.e3
  9. Cesário, F., Sabino, A., Moreira, A., Portugal, M., & Correia, A. (2022). Students’ motivation for a sustainable career in the hospitality industry in Portugal. Sustainability, 14(11), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116522
  10. Chen, T.-l., Shen, C.-c., & Gosling, M. (2021). To stay or not to stay? The causal effect of interns’ career intention on enhanced employability and retention in the hospitality and tourism industry. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 28, 100305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100305
  11. Council, W. T. T. (2025). Economic Impact Research 2025: Global Trends. Retrieved from London, United Kingdom: https://wttc.org/news/global-travel-and-tourism
  12. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408-424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
  13. Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of tourism research, 4(4), 184-194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8
  14. Durão, M. S. F. (2021). Managing Retention, Careers and Quality of Working Life of Qualified HR in Tourism and Hospitality: The Case of Portugal. Universidade de Aveiro Portugal.
  15. Dursun, M. T., & Argan, M. T. (2017). Does personality affect career adaptability. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 4(10), 107-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0410014
  16. Hailat, K. Q., Alsmadi, S., Nassar, M., & Chung, S. B. (2022). An investigation of the push–pull factors influencing student selection of higher education: the case of Arabian Gulf students in the UK. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(4), e2657. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2657
  17. Hassan, A. (2022). Tourism in Bangladesh: Investment and development perspectives: Springer.
  18. Hoc, H. T., Silhavy, R., Prokopova, Z., & Silhavy, P. (2022). Comparing multiple linear regression, deep learning and multiple perceptron for functional points estimation. IEEE access, 10, 112187-112198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3215987
  19. Huma, Z., & Khurram, A. (2024). Challenges of Women in Transport: A Case Study of Bus Hostesses in Pakistan.
  20. Izah, S. C., Sylva, L., & Hait, M. (2023). Cronbach's alpha: A cornerstone in ensuring reliability and validity in environmental health assessment. ES Energy & Environment, 23, 1057. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.30919/esee1057
  21. Jamnia, M., & Pan, W. (2017). Motivations to study among tourism and hospitality students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 29(1), 35-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2016.1189829
  22. Kahraman, O. C., & Alrawadieh, D. D. (2021). The impact of perceived education quality on tourism and hospitality students’ career choice: The mediating effects of academic self-efficacy. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 29, 100333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100333
  23. Le, A. H., Klieve, H., & McDonald, C. V. (2018). Tertiary students’ perceptions of hospitality careers in Vietnam. Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training, 10(1), 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40461-018-0075-6
  24. Lee, M. J., Kim, S. S., & Lo, A. (2008). Perceptions of hospitality and tourism students towards study motivations and preferences: A study of Hong Kong students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 7(2), 45-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.3794/johlste.72.178
  25. Lee, M. J., Olds, D. A., & Lee, C. (2010). Why students choose a hospitality and tourism program: A pilot study of US undergraduate students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 22(3), 20-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2010.10696981
  26. Leung, D., & Woo, L. (2025). Factors affecting Chinese students’ selection of tourism and hospitality management undergraduate programs. Journal of China tourism research, 21(3), 645-664. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2024.2391047
  27. Liu, F., He, Q., & Wu, N. (2022). Factors influencing students’ career intentions in the hospitality and tourism industries: A meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 12(12), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120517
  28. McCormick, A. C., Moore, J. V., & Kuh, G. D. (2023). Working during college: Its relationship to student engagement and education outcomes Understanding the working college student (1st ed., pp. 179-212): Routledge.
  29. Monitor, T. B. (2023). Tourism allocated less budget despite increased contribution in GDP. The Bangladesh Monitor. Retrieved from https://www.bangladeshmonitor.com.bd/lead-news-details/tourism-allocated-less-budget-despite-increased-contribution-in-gdp
  30. Mqwebedu, M., Roberson, J. R., & Kleynhans, C. (2022). Perceptions of full-time final year hospitality students towards working in the hospitality industry. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11(2), 668-682. doi:https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.249
  31. Nikou, S., Kadel, B., & Gutema, D. M. (2025). Study destination preference and post-graduation intentions: a push-pull factor theory perspective. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 17(7), 76-96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-04-2023-0149
  32. Preko, A., & Anyigba, H. (2024). The tourism and hospitality career progression pathway. International Hospitality Review, 38(1), 54-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-02-2022-0005
  33. Quinlan, K. M., & Renninger, K. A. (2022). Rethinking employability: how students build on interest in a subject to plan a career. Higher Education, 84(4), 863-883. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-021-00804-6
  34. Rahat, K., Amin, M., & Ahmed, M. (2024). Comparing tourists’ travel cost and consumer surplus to estimate the recreational values of Kuakata Sea Beach in Bangladesh. J Tourism Hospit, 13(1), 1-7.
  35. Rasal, M., Sukrana, B., & Al Naiem, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on Bangladesh tourism & hospitality industry with recovery strategies. Abdullah, Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Bangladesh Tourism & Hospitality Industry with Recovery Strategies (August 2, 2021). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3897619
  36. Shamsudin, M. F., Hassim, A. A., & Abd Manaf, S. (2024). Mastering probability and non-probability methods for accurate research insights. Journal of Postgraduate Current Business Research, 9(1), 38-53.
  37. Shields, P. O. (2011). A case for wanderlust: travel behaviors of college students. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(4), 369-387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.571572
  38. Strickland, P. C., & Ratten, V. (2024). Study motivations of Bhutanese students in hospitality and tourism courses. Journal of Trade Science, 12(1), 22-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JTS-10-2023-0023
  39. Sukrana, B., Haque, T., & Jui, F. I. (2023). Factors Affecting Bangladeshi Travelers’ Selection of Hotels. International Journal of Science and Business, 25(1), 124-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2130
  40. Sukrana, B., Hassan, S., Jui, F. I., Shakur, M. S., Debnath, B., & Bari, A. (2025). Investigating the influence of the push and pull factors in eco-resort selection to promote sustainable tourism in Bangladesh. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100619
  41. Sukrana, B., Jui, F. I., & Khan, N. H. M. (2025). Factors influencing job satisfaction among tourism and hospitality undergraduate students: A path to a sustainable tourism industry in Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 245-262. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v6i3.2610
  42. Sukrana, B., Rasal, M., & Al Naiem, A. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Bangladesh Tourism & Hospitality Industry with Recovery Strategies. Paper presented at the International Conference on Business and Management (ICBM), Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  43. Sun, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, C., & Zuo, M. (2023). Multiple regression: Methodology and applications. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 49, 542-548. doi:https://doi.org/10.54097/hset.v49i.8611
  44. Talukder, M. B., Hoque, M., & Das, I. (2024). Opportunities of tourism and hospitality education in Bangladesh: career perspectives. I-Manager’s Journal on Management, 18(3), 21-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.26634/jmgt.18.3.20385
  45. Yang, F., Ayavoo, R., & Ab Aziz, N. (2023). Exploring students’ push and pull motivations to visit rural educational tourism sites in China. Sustainability, 15(20), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014739