Purpose: This study investigates the effects of socio-cultural conservation strategies on sustainable tourism development in communal group ranches in Laikipia County, Kenya. This study examines how social inclusion, cultural preservation, local entrepreneurship, and product diversification contribute to sustainable tourism outcomes. Methods: An embedded mixed-method design was applied, combining surveys of 392 respondents—including ranch members, leaders, and tourists—with qualitative interviews. Quantitative analysis used SPSS (v.22) for descriptive statistics, regression, and ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: The findings show that socio-cultural strategies collectively have a significant effect on sustainable tourism (R = 0.345, R² = 0.119, F = 8.771, p < 0.001). Social inclusion of minority groups was the only significant predictor (? = 0.239, p = 0.001). Cultural preservation, entrepreneurship, and product diversification have positive but insignificant effects, which are likely constrained by governance, infrastructure, and financial barriers. Qualitative evidence confirmed community pride in cultural events and crafts but also revealed limited benefit distribution and weak inclusion of marginalized groups. Conclusion: Socio-cultural conservation strategies positively influence sustainable tourism, but with modest explanatory power. Effective governance, stronger policy frameworks, and targeted financial support are required to enhance the role of women in agriculture. Limitations: The findings are specific to Laikipia County and may not be generalizable. Self-reported data may also introduce biases. Contribution: This study provides empirical evidence of conservation-tourism linkages in Africa, highlighting the central role of social inclusion. It offers practical insights for policymakers, conservationists, and development actors seeking to align cultural heritage with sustainable tourism and SDGs.

Purpose: This study examines the influence of the four types of knowledge declarative, procedural, judgment, and wisdom knowledge—in achieving sustainable business outcomes in a dynamic and complex environment. It also highlights how these knowledge forms jointly shape decision-making, operational practices, and long-term sustainability among farmers in Plateau State. Methods: This study adopted a heuristic qualitative methodology. A total of 27 farmers in Mushere, Bokkos, Plateau State were interviewed through semi-structured interviews, field observations, and follow-up phone calls. The data were coded, and heuristics were induced over multiple rounds to generate insight and meaning. Results: The findings revealed that the four types of knowledge significantly influence sustainable business outcomes. Declarative knowledge provides factual information on sustainability concepts, while procedural knowledge translates these facts into practical actions that support sustainability objectives. Judgment knowledge offers strategic insight for making sound decisions, and wisdom knowledge ensures that decisions align with sustainability principles. Furthermore, the combination of these four forms of knowledge produces dynamic capabilities needed to achieve sustainable business outcomes. Conclusion: The study concludes that cognitive knowledge plays an essential and multifaceted role in achieving sustainable economic, social, environmental, and governance outcomes. Each type of knowledge contributes uniquely yet interdependently to sustainability practices among farmers in Plateau State. Limitation: This study used a heuristic qualitative methodology with a small sample size and was resource- and time-consuming due to extensive travel. It was also limited to examining four types of knowledge in Plateau State. Contribution: The study provides useful insights for business leaders, entrepreneurs, researchers, and policymakers on how the forms of knowledge facilitate sustainable business outcomes and strengthen dynamic capabilities.

Purpose: The study aims to explore the influence of key factors on Muslim tourists' behavioral intentions to visit halal tourism destinations such as Bangladesh. It also aims to develop a framework for understanding the motivation and satisfaction criteria that guide Muslim tourists in selecting destinations, contributing to sustainable tourism development. Research Methods: This descriptive study examines the relationship between influencing factors and Muslim tourists' behavioral intentions to visit halal tourism destinations. Using non-probability convenience sampling, data is collected from a sample of 300 respondents. The study employed a PLS-SEM approach to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Results: The findings reveal strong positive correlations between the availability of halal food (HF) and halal accommodation (HA) facilities and Muslim tourists' behavioral intentions to visit halal tourism destinations. Conversely, the analysis indicates that there is no significant positive relationship between halal transportation (HT) and halal place (HP) and Muslim tourists' behavioral intentions to visit these destinations. Limitations: The study focuses on a small number of samples, and it considers a developing country, which does not represent the diverse Muslim tourists. It can be extended further using the samples of developed countries as well. Contribution: The research offers theoretical and managerial implications for tourism authorities and service providers aiming to cater to the needs of Muslim tourists while fostering sustainable tourism practices.

Purpose: The tourism and hospitality industry in Bangladesh is experiencing rapid growth and creating a strong demand for skilled professionals. However, little is known about why students choose to study this subject. This study aims to identify the push and pull factors that influence Bangladeshi students' decisions to pursue higher education in Tourism and Hospitality Management. Methods: Data were collected through a structured questionnaire from undergraduate students studying Tourism and Hospitality Management at several universities in Bangladesh. A total of 312 valid responses were analyzed using multiple regression analysis with SPSS software to determine the factors influencing students’ academic choices. Results: The regression model explains a substantial proportion of variance in students' academic decisions (Adjusted R² = 0.840). Work opportunities while studying emerged as the strongest predictor (? = 0.397, p < 0.001), followed by opportunities to go abroad and global career aspirations. In contrast, intrinsic career interest played a statistically insignificant role. Conclusion: The findings indicate that pragmatic and career-oriented considerations dominate students' decisions to pursue tourism and hospitality education in Bangladesh, highlighting the importance of employment-related factors over intrinsic motivation. Limitations: The study used a relatively small sample drawn from selected universities, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to all tourism and hospitality students in Bangladesh. Contribution: This research contributes to the limited empirical literature on tourism and hospitality education in developing countries by providing quantitative evidence based on multiple linear regression analysis. It offers practical insights for educators, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to better align academic programs with students' motivations and labor market demands.