Social and cultural influences and their implications for sustainable tourism: A case study of Trinidad & Tobago's tourism and the growth of the LGBTQ traveler segment
Abstract:
Purpose: This study examined how social and cultural influences are affecting the government of Trinidad & Tobago's decision-making policies as it relates to the growth of the LGBTQ traveler tourism segment, which is currently threatening the sustainability and competitiveness of the country's tourism industry. This study also aimed to add to the literature on gay tourism in that nation and region as a whole.
Research methodology: Data for this research were collected from various sources, including existing literature on the industry's competitiveness, followed by a review of official government surveys, reports and other media documents, and academic research literature.
Results: The study's findings reveal that the leaders' lack of failure to understand the economic power of the LGBTQ traveler segment is short-sighted and has negative effects on the fragile nature of the industry's ability to compete globally, lack of long-term vision of the leaders.
Limitations: This study relied on secondary data, limiting direct views from individuals in the local communities due to the country being on lockdown since March of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Contribution: This study makes a few suggestions for further improvement, such as leaders in that nation deciphering existing buggery laws publicly, to show urgency and commitment to this vulnerable traveler segment; conducting robust discussions with various interest groups that are presenting barriers to changes that could result in a more robust industry, and finally, consider the use of images of members of the LGBTQ community in all marketing promotions.
Downloads
Andzenge, G. (2020, January 1st). CHTA President Predicts Rapid Return of Caribbean Tourism. Tourism. http://www.marketplaceexcellence.com
BBC (2018, April 12th): Latin America Country Profile: Trinidad and Tobago Country profile. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america20072231
Brereton, B., (1981). A history of modern Trinidad 1783-1962. Terra Verde Resource Centre, Trinidad and Tobago.
Bridgall, C. (2018, April 7th). HEAR US: Members of Christian Non-Governmental Organization Trinidad Cause March Outside the Parliament Building Calling for the Law that Criminalizes the Act of Buggery to Remain. Trinidad & Tobago Newsday Paper.
CIA. (2019, November 1st). CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/td.html.
Annual Statistical Report. (n.d.) Annual Statistics Report. Retrieved December 12th,
, CARIBBEAN TOURISM ANNUAL STATISTICAL REPORT2020 20FINAL.pdf
Dowlat, R., (2019, January 1st). 516 murders recorded in 2018. The Trinidad & Tobago Guardian Newspaper. https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/516-murders-recorded-in-2018- 747775.6eaa85ae6ahttps
Gaskins, J. jr., (2013). 'Buggery' and the Commonwealth Caribbean: A comparative
examination of the Bahamas, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Studies. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4824/3/16Gaskins_BuggeryCommonwealth Caribbean.pdf.
Georgescu, S. (2014). The Growth of LGBT Tourism. The network, Issue 3. Temple
School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University. www.sthm.temple.edu/about/documents/april2014_issue3.pdf
HRC Staff. (2018, September 21st). Trinidad and Tobago High Court Overturns Law
Criminalizing Same-Sex Relations. https://www.hrc.org/news/trinidad-and-tobago-high-court-overturns-law-criminalizing-same-sex-relatio
Joseph, T. (2000). The Birth and Growth of Trinidad carnival. Trinidad & Tobago Carnival Magazine.
Mitchell (2019, October 14th). T&T Tourism on Upward Trend. Government of Trinidad & Tobago, Ministry of Tourism. file:///C:/Users/Annette%20George/Desktop/T&T%20%20PressReleaseTMB.pdf
O'Brien, B. (2010, November 25th): Stirrings of a new LGBT movement in Trinidad and Tobago. Repeating Islands. http://repeatingislands.com/2010/11/25/stirrings-of-a-newlgbt-movement-in- Trinidad-and-Tobago/
Peltier, D., (2016, June 29th). LGBT Tourism is Still Resilient After a Year of Milestones and Setbacks. SKIFT. https://skift.com/2016/06/29/lgbt-tourism-isstill-resilient-after-a-year-of- milestones-and-setbacks/
Pike, J. (2014, January 23rd). CHTA President on LGBT Travel: The World is Ahead of Us. http://www.travelagentcentral.com/caribbean/chta-presidentlgbt-travel-world-ahead-us-4376
Prasad, P. C. (1987). The impact of tourism on small developing countries: An
introductory view from Fiji and the Pacific. The University of Tobago.
Rosenbloom, S. (2014, May 30th). The evolving work of Gay Travel. Download on 6/28/16 form NY Times. Nytimes.com/2014/06/01/travel/the-evolving-world-of-faytravel.html?_r=o
Scowsill, D. (2013, May2). LGBT sector growing three times faster than global Travel and Tourism. Download on 6/4/16 from, http://www.wttc.org/media-centre/pressreleases/press- releases/2013/lgbt-sector-growing-three-times-faster-than-global-tt-sayswttc-chief/
UNWTO (2012). Global report on LGBT Tourism: AM reports: volume three. Download on July 21st, 2019 from: www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284414581
UNWTO (2016). 2017 International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. World Tourism Organization. www.e-untwto.org
Watkins, E. (2014). Marriage equality crates new hotel market. Hotel News Now.
Downloaded on 01/20/2014 from: http://hotelnewsnow.com/Article/12976/Marriage-equality-creates-new-hotel-market/
Williams, E. (1962). History of the people of Trinidad and Tobago: The Thetford Press Limited, Great Britain.
Williams, E. (1969). Inward Hunger: the education of a Prime Minister. Billing and Sons
Limited. Guilford, London, Great Britain
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2019). The World Travel & Tourism Council's report reveals cities account for $691 billion in Travel & Tourism GDP and over 17 million jobs. WTTC. https://www.wttc.org/about/media-centre/press-releases/press-releases/2019/wttc- reportreveals-cities-account-for-691-billion-in-travel-tourism-gdp-and-over-17-million-jobs/
World Bank: World Bank Revises Growth Forecast for Trinidad and Tobago. (2019). World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/04/19/worldbank-revises-growth-forecast-for-Trinidad-and-Tobago
- Andzenge, G. (2020, January 1st). CHTA President Predicts Rapid Return of Caribbean Tourism. Tourism. http://www.marketplaceexcellence.com
- BBC (2018, April 12th): Latin America Country Profile: Trinidad and Tobago Country profile. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america20072231
- Brereton, B., (1981). A history of modern Trinidad 1783-1962. Terra Verde Resource Centre, Trinidad and Tobago.
- Bridgall, C. (2018, April 7th). HEAR US: Members of Christian Non-Governmental Organization Trinidad Cause March Outside the Parliament Building Calling for the Law that Criminalizes the Act of Buggery to Remain. Trinidad & Tobago Newsday Paper.
- CIA. (2019, November 1st). CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/td.html.
- 2018 Annual Statistical Report. (n.d.) Annual Statistics Report. Retrieved December 12th,
- 2019, CARIBBEAN TOURISM ANNUAL STATISTICAL REPORT2020 20FINAL.pdf
- Dowlat, R., (2019, January 1st). 516 murders recorded in 2018. The Trinidad & Tobago Guardian Newspaper. https://www.guardian.co.tt/news/516-murders-recorded-in-2018- 747775.6eaa85ae6ahttps
- Gaskins, J. jr., (2013). 'Buggery' and the Commonwealth Caribbean: A comparative
- examination of the Bahamas, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Studies. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4824/3/16Gaskins_BuggeryCommonwealth Caribbean.pdf.
- Georgescu, S. (2014). The Growth of LGBT Tourism. The network, Issue 3. Temple
- School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University. www.sthm.temple.edu/about/documents/april2014_issue3.pdf
- HRC Staff. (2018, September 21st). Trinidad and Tobago High Court Overturns Law
- Criminalizing Same-Sex Relations. https://www.hrc.org/news/trinidad-and-tobago-high-court-overturns-law-criminalizing-same-sex-relatio
- Joseph, T. (2000). The Birth and Growth of Trinidad carnival. Trinidad & Tobago Carnival Magazine.
- Mitchell (2019, October 14th). T&T Tourism on Upward Trend. Government of Trinidad & Tobago, Ministry of Tourism. file:///C:/Users/Annette%20George/Desktop/T&T%20%20PressReleaseTMB.pdf
- O'Brien, B. (2010, November 25th): Stirrings of a new LGBT movement in Trinidad and Tobago. Repeating Islands. http://repeatingislands.com/2010/11/25/stirrings-of-a-newlgbt-movement-in- Trinidad-and-Tobago/
- Peltier, D., (2016, June 29th). LGBT Tourism is Still Resilient After a Year of Milestones and Setbacks. SKIFT. https://skift.com/2016/06/29/lgbt-tourism-isstill-resilient-after-a-year-of- milestones-and-setbacks/
- Pike, J. (2014, January 23rd). CHTA President on LGBT Travel: The World is Ahead of Us. http://www.travelagentcentral.com/caribbean/chta-presidentlgbt-travel-world-ahead-us-4376
- Prasad, P. C. (1987). The impact of tourism on small developing countries: An
- introductory view from Fiji and the Pacific. The University of Tobago.
- Rosenbloom, S. (2014, May 30th). The evolving work of Gay Travel. Download on 6/28/16 form NY Times. Nytimes.com/2014/06/01/travel/the-evolving-world-of-faytravel.html?_r=o
- Scowsill, D. (2013, May2). LGBT sector growing three times faster than global Travel and Tourism. Download on 6/4/16 from, http://www.wttc.org/media-centre/pressreleases/press- releases/2013/lgbt-sector-growing-three-times-faster-than-global-tt-sayswttc-chief/
- UNWTO (2012). Global report on LGBT Tourism: AM reports: volume three. Download on July 21st, 2019 from: www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284414581
- UNWTO (2016). 2017 International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development. World Tourism Organization. www.e-untwto.org
- Watkins, E. (2014). Marriage equality crates new hotel market. Hotel News Now.
- Downloaded on 01/20/2014 from: http://hotelnewsnow.com/Article/12976/Marriage-equality-creates-new-hotel-market/
- Williams, E. (1962). History of the people of Trinidad and Tobago: The Thetford Press Limited, Great Britain.
- Williams, E. (1969). Inward Hunger: the education of a Prime Minister. Billing and Sons
- Limited. Guilford, London, Great Britain
- World Travel and Tourism Council. (2019). The World Travel & Tourism Council's report reveals cities account for $691 billion in Travel & Tourism GDP and over 17 million jobs. WTTC. https://www.wttc.org/about/media-centre/press-releases/press-releases/2019/wttc- reportreveals-cities-account-for-691-billion-in-travel-tourism-gdp-and-over-17-million-jobs/
- World Bank: World Bank Revises Growth Forecast for Trinidad and Tobago. (2019). World Bank: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/04/19/worldbank-revises-growth-forecast-for-Trinidad-and-Tobago