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Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): February

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The Relationship Between Mental Focus and Overall Athletic Performance Among Young Football Players

https://doi.org/10.35912/mssj.v1i1.3958

Abstract

Purpose: This study examined whether an 8-week mindfulness training program could enhance the technical, tactical, physical, and cognitive performance of young football players, addressing the common issue of mental deficits contributing to performance errors in youth academies.

Research Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 88 Iraqi football players aged 12–18 years. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group receiving regular physical training plus three weekly mindfulness meditation and performance-testing sessions, and a control group receiving only physical training. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and four weeks after completion. Performance indicators included passing accuracy, dribbling success, sprint speed, endurance, decision error rate, tactical awareness, reaction time, focus duration, and overall performance. Mixed-variance ANOVA was applied at a 0.05 significance level.

Results: Baseline equivalence was confirmed (p > 0.70). The experimental group showed significant improvements compared to the control group, including higher gains in passing accuracy (7.4% vs. 1.7%), dribbling (3.9% vs. 1.0%), sprint speed (5.5% vs. 0.7%), endurance (7.8% vs. 0.1%), and overall performance (7.0% vs. 1.2%). Effects persisted at follow-up, with 85% participant retention. Younger players (12–14 years) demonstrated the greatest benefits.

Conclusions: Mindfulness training significantly enhances multiple dimensions of youth football performance, with sustained effects beyond the intervention period.

Limitations: The study was limited to male Iraqi players from a single setting.

Contributions: The findings support integrating cognitive training into youth football programs to optimize performance during critical stages of brain development.

Keywords

Cognitive-Training Performance Physical Training Players Sports Younger

How to Cite

Abdyasir, H. A. (2026). The Relationship Between Mental Focus and Overall Athletic Performance Among Young Football Players. Metabolic and Sport Science Journal, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.35912/mssj.v1i1.3958
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References

  1. Akramova, N. (2025). The importance of corporate culture in enhancing the governance of joint-stock companies. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 2(2), 131-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v2i2.3027
  2. Bovolon, L., Perrone, S., Lega, C., Girelli, L., Mattavelli, S., & Petilli, M. A. (2025). Playing sports to shape attention: enhanced feature-based selective attention in invasion sports players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 80, 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102929
  3. Friebe, D., Sieland, J., Both, H., Giesche, F., Haser, C., Hülsdünker, T., . . . Banzer, W. (2024). Validity of a motor–cognitive dual?task agility test in elite youth football players. European journal of sport science, 24(8), 1056-1066. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12153
  4. Ganji, S., Sepehri Rahnama, H., Németh, S., Jantal, D., Vadasz, K., & Prokai, J. (2025). The effects of motor–cognitive warm-up protocols on sport-specific skills in 8-year-old football players. Sports, 13(12), 416. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13120416
  5. Harris, D. J., Wilson, M. R., Chillingsworth, K., Mitchell, G., Smith, S., Arthur, T., . . . Vine, S. J. (2023). Can cognitive training capitalise on near transfer effects? Limited evidence of transfer following online inhibition training in a randomised-controlled trial. PloS one, 18(11), 17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293657
  6. Hasanov, R. (2024). Issues of modernizing education, healthcare, and employment sectors to ensure a prosperous life. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 2(1), 47-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v2i1.3029
  7. Inns, J., Petancevski, E. L., Novak, A. R., & Fransen, J. (2023). Decision-making assessments in youth team invasion game athletes: a systematic scoping review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(6), 2360-2381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231185779
  8. Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Lindwall, M., Tornberg, R., & Böröy, J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) on sport-specific dispositional mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-rated athletic performance in a multiple-sport population: an RCT study. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1518-1529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01098-7
  9. Klotzbier, T. J., & Schott, N. (2024). Skillful and strategic navigation in soccer–a motor-cognitive dual-task approach for the evaluation of a dribbling task under different cognitive load conditions. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1356892. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356892
  10. Knöbel, S., Reinhard, M., Borchert, A., Gatzmaga, N., Musculus, L., & Lautenbach, F. (2025). Associations between executive functions, coaches’ evaluation, and performance development in youth soccer. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33159-4
  11. Lakens, D. (2022). Sample size justification. Collabra: psychology, 8(1), 33267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33267
  12. Lindsay, R. S., Larkin, P., Kittel, A., & Spittle, M. (2023). Mental imagery training programs for developing sport-specific motor skills: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 28(4), 444-465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1991297
  13. Logan, N. E., Henry, D. A., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2023). Trained athletes and cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(4), 725-749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2084764
  14. Mao, F., Yin, A., Zhao, S., & Fang, Q. (2024). Effects of football training on cognitive performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1449612
  15. Moreira, P. E. D., Albuquerque, M. R., de Sousa Fortes, L., & Praça, G. M. (2024). How do cognitive and motor dual-tasks during small-sided games impact the tactical performance of youth soccer players? Journal of Human Kinetics, 97, 249. doi:https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/192202
  16. Moreira, P. E. D., Dieguez, G. T. d. O., Bredt, S. d. G. T., & Praça, G. M. (2021). The acute and chronic effects of dual-task on the motor and cognitive performances in athletes: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1732. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041732
  17. Muxamedjanovna, Y. D. (2025). Main mechanisms for stimulating reserves for industrial production growth. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 2(2), 69-78. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v2i2.2786
  18. Niering, M., Heckmann, J., Seifert, J., Ueding, E., von Elling, L., Bruns, A., & Beurskens, R. (2025). Effects of combined plyometric and sprint training on sprint performance in youth soccer players. Physiologia, 5(1), 5. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia5010005
  19. Özalp, M., & Demirdel, E. (2022). Does secondary cognitive task affect knee force production sense in young male soccer players? Spor Hekimli?i Dergisi, 57(3), 142-146. doi:https://doi.org/10.47447/tjsm.0641
  20. Pears, S., & Sutton, S. (2021). Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions for promoting physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health psychology review, 15(1), 159-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1727759
  21. Ramírez Lucas, J. M., Párraga Montilla, J. A., Cabrera Linares, J. C., & Latorre Román, P. Á. (2025). Enhancing physical and cognitive performance in youth football: the role of specific dual-task training. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(4), 404. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040404
  22. Reinebo, G., Alfonsson, S., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Rozental, A., & Lundgren, T. (2024). Effects of psychological interventions to enhance athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(2), 347-373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01931-z
  23. Schalbetter, S. M., Von Arx, A. S., Cruz-Ochoa, N., Dawson, K., Ivanov, A., Mueller, F. S., . . . Mattei, D. (2022). Adolescence is a sensitive period for prefrontal microglia to act on cognitive development. Science advances, 8(9), eabi6672. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi6672
  24. Scharfen, H.-E., & Memmert, D. (2019). The relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 817. doi:Cognitive–motor integration training enhances executive function and coordination in youth athletes.
  25. Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Akçay, N., Akgul, M. S., Kilit, B., Lopes, T. R., & de Lima-Junior, D. (2025). Effects of mental fatigue on psychophysiological responses, kinematic variables and technical actions in small-sided soccer games: A time course analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1654701. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1654701
  26. Thorell, L. B., Buren, J., Ström Wiman, J., Sandberg, D., & Nutley, S. B. (2024). Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 2503-2526. doi:https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5zaxm
  27. Triggs, A. O., Causer, J., McRobert, A. P., & Andrew, M. (2025). Perceptual-cognitive skills and talent development environments in soccer: A scoping review. PloS one, 20(7), 1-31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327721
  28. Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(8), 1569-1588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0
  29. Walton, C. C., Keegan, R. J., Martin, M., & Hallock, H. (2018). The potential role for cognitive training in sport: more research needed. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1121. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01121
  30. Zadkhosh, S. M. (2019). The effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on cognitive skills in young soccer players. EQOL Journal, 11(1), 5-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.190601
  31. Zheng, T., Kong, R., Liang, X., Huang, Z., Luo, X., Zhang, X., & Xiao, Y. (2025). Effects of plyometric training on jump, sprint, and change of direction performance in adolescent soccer player: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PloS one, 20(4), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356892
  32. Zhu, R., Zheng, M., Liu, S., Guo, J., & Cao, C. (2024). Effects of perceptual-cognitive training on anticipation and decision-making skills in team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 14(10), 919. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100919
  1. Akramova, N. (2025). The importance of corporate culture in enhancing the governance of joint-stock companies. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 2(2), 131-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v2i2.3027
  2. Bovolon, L., Perrone, S., Lega, C., Girelli, L., Mattavelli, S., & Petilli, M. A. (2025). Playing sports to shape attention: enhanced feature-based selective attention in invasion sports players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 80, 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102929
  3. Friebe, D., Sieland, J., Both, H., Giesche, F., Haser, C., Hülsdünker, T., . . . Banzer, W. (2024). Validity of a motor–cognitive dual?task agility test in elite youth football players. European journal of sport science, 24(8), 1056-1066. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12153
  4. Ganji, S., Sepehri Rahnama, H., Németh, S., Jantal, D., Vadasz, K., & Prokai, J. (2025). The effects of motor–cognitive warm-up protocols on sport-specific skills in 8-year-old football players. Sports, 13(12), 416. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13120416
  5. Harris, D. J., Wilson, M. R., Chillingsworth, K., Mitchell, G., Smith, S., Arthur, T., . . . Vine, S. J. (2023). Can cognitive training capitalise on near transfer effects? Limited evidence of transfer following online inhibition training in a randomised-controlled trial. PloS one, 18(11), 17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293657
  6. Hasanov, R. (2024). Issues of modernizing education, healthcare, and employment sectors to ensure a prosperous life. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 2(1), 47-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v2i1.3029
  7. Inns, J., Petancevski, E. L., Novak, A. R., & Fransen, J. (2023). Decision-making assessments in youth team invasion game athletes: a systematic scoping review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(6), 2360-2381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231185779
  8. Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Lindwall, M., Tornberg, R., & Böröy, J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) on sport-specific dispositional mindfulness, emotion regulation, and self-rated athletic performance in a multiple-sport population: an RCT study. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1518-1529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01098-7
  9. Klotzbier, T. J., & Schott, N. (2024). Skillful and strategic navigation in soccer–a motor-cognitive dual-task approach for the evaluation of a dribbling task under different cognitive load conditions. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1356892. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356892
  10. Knöbel, S., Reinhard, M., Borchert, A., Gatzmaga, N., Musculus, L., & Lautenbach, F. (2025). Associations between executive functions, coaches’ evaluation, and performance development in youth soccer. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33159-4
  11. Lakens, D. (2022). Sample size justification. Collabra: psychology, 8(1), 33267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33267
  12. Lindsay, R. S., Larkin, P., Kittel, A., & Spittle, M. (2023). Mental imagery training programs for developing sport-specific motor skills: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 28(4), 444-465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1991297
  13. Logan, N. E., Henry, D. A., Hillman, C. H., & Kramer, A. F. (2023). Trained athletes and cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(4), 725-749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2022.2084764
  14. Mao, F., Yin, A., Zhao, S., & Fang, Q. (2024). Effects of football training on cognitive performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1449612
  15. Moreira, P. E. D., Albuquerque, M. R., de Sousa Fortes, L., & Praça, G. M. (2024). How do cognitive and motor dual-tasks during small-sided games impact the tactical performance of youth soccer players? Journal of Human Kinetics, 97, 249. doi:https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/192202
  16. Moreira, P. E. D., Dieguez, G. T. d. O., Bredt, S. d. G. T., & Praça, G. M. (2021). The acute and chronic effects of dual-task on the motor and cognitive performances in athletes: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1732. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041732
  17. Muxamedjanovna, Y. D. (2025). Main mechanisms for stimulating reserves for industrial production growth. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic, 2(2), 69-78. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v2i2.2786
  18. Niering, M., Heckmann, J., Seifert, J., Ueding, E., von Elling, L., Bruns, A., & Beurskens, R. (2025). Effects of combined plyometric and sprint training on sprint performance in youth soccer players. Physiologia, 5(1), 5. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia5010005
  19. Özalp, M., & Demirdel, E. (2022). Does secondary cognitive task affect knee force production sense in young male soccer players? Spor Hekimli?i Dergisi, 57(3), 142-146. doi:https://doi.org/10.47447/tjsm.0641
  20. Pears, S., & Sutton, S. (2021). Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions for promoting physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health psychology review, 15(1), 159-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2020.1727759
  21. Ramírez Lucas, J. M., Párraga Montilla, J. A., Cabrera Linares, J. C., & Latorre Román, P. Á. (2025). Enhancing physical and cognitive performance in youth football: the role of specific dual-task training. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(4), 404. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040404
  22. Reinebo, G., Alfonsson, S., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Rozental, A., & Lundgren, T. (2024). Effects of psychological interventions to enhance athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(2), 347-373. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01931-z
  23. Schalbetter, S. M., Von Arx, A. S., Cruz-Ochoa, N., Dawson, K., Ivanov, A., Mueller, F. S., . . . Mattei, D. (2022). Adolescence is a sensitive period for prefrontal microglia to act on cognitive development. Science advances, 8(9), eabi6672. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi6672
  24. Scharfen, H.-E., & Memmert, D. (2019). The relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 817. doi:Cognitive–motor integration training enhances executive function and coordination in youth athletes.
  25. Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Akçay, N., Akgul, M. S., Kilit, B., Lopes, T. R., & de Lima-Junior, D. (2025). Effects of mental fatigue on psychophysiological responses, kinematic variables and technical actions in small-sided soccer games: A time course analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1654701. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1654701
  26. Thorell, L. B., Buren, J., Ström Wiman, J., Sandberg, D., & Nutley, S. B. (2024). Longitudinal associations between digital media use and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 2503-2526. doi:https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5zaxm
  27. Triggs, A. O., Causer, J., McRobert, A. P., & Andrew, M. (2025). Perceptual-cognitive skills and talent development environments in soccer: A scoping review. PloS one, 20(7), 1-31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327721
  28. Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The effects of mental fatigue on physical performance: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47(8), 1569-1588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0
  29. Walton, C. C., Keegan, R. J., Martin, M., & Hallock, H. (2018). The potential role for cognitive training in sport: more research needed. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1121. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01121
  30. Zadkhosh, S. M. (2019). The effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on cognitive skills in young soccer players. EQOL Journal, 11(1), 5-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.190601
  31. Zheng, T., Kong, R., Liang, X., Huang, Z., Luo, X., Zhang, X., & Xiao, Y. (2025). Effects of plyometric training on jump, sprint, and change of direction performance in adolescent soccer player: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PloS one, 20(4), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356892
  32. Zhu, R., Zheng, M., Liu, S., Guo, J., & Cao, C. (2024). Effects of perceptual-cognitive training on anticipation and decision-making skills in team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 14(10), 919. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100919

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Authors

Hussein Ali Abdyasir
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf, Iraq

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Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): February
Section: Articles
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