Factors causing vaccine hesitancy among parents in Bulacan
Abstract:
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the significant factors that cause vaccine hesitancy among parents in Bulacan
Research methodology: A non-experimental quantitative descriptive research study was used as a research design by using a formulated questionnaire based on the developed tool created by the World Health Organization-Strategic Advisory Group on Experts (SAGE) on Immunization and distributed among the 400 respondents in Bulacan. The respondents were purposively chosen.
Results: The result showed that the majority of the parents are hesitant to vaccinate their child, considering that the most common factor causing their decision to have vaccine hesitancy is the scientific evidence of the risk and benefits of vaccination. In addition, there is a weak negative correlation (-0.103) between the economic status of the parents and their vaccine hesitancy regarding the cost of the vaccine. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between the educational attainment of the parents and their vaccine hesitancy is interpreted as a negligible correlation (0.098).
Limitations: By COVID-19, the survey questionnaire was conducted through the online platform called Google Form which the study was only limited to parents who have access to the internet.
Contribution: The findings of the study are beneficial to the province of Bulacan for them to further assess and evaluate the vaccination programs in the province, and this also helps in developing plans on how to reduce vaccine hesitancy among parents in Bulacan.
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Barack, C. O., & Munga, G. B. (2021). Covid-19 and border restriction policies: the dilemma of trans-border truck drivers in East Africa. Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies, 1(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i1.466
Basta, N., & Moodie, E. (2021). Philippines – COVID19 vaccine tracker. https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/ country/philippines/
Bertoncello, C., Ferro, A., Fonzo, M., Zanovello, S., Napoletano, G., Russo, F., Baldo, V., & Cocchio, S. (2020). Socioeconomic Determinants in Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal in Italy. Vaccines, 8(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020276
Business Research Methodology (2020). Descriptive Research. https://research-methodology.net/descriptive-research/
Capuyan, J. (2020). Expanded program on immunization. Department of Health Cordillera Center for Health Development. http://caro.doh.gov.ph/expanded-program-on-immunization/
Center for Disease Control. (2014). Vaccine testing and The Approval Process.https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html
Damnjanović, K., Graeber, J., Ilić, S., Lam, W. Y., Lep, Ž., Morales, S., Pulkkinen, T., & Vingerhoets, L. (2018). Parental decision-making on childhood vaccination. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUN), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00735
Delgado, K., Venero, J., Vu, T. (2021) Vaccine Hesitancy: Characteristics of the Refusal of Childhood Vaccination in a Peruvian Population. Cureus 13(3). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14105
Department of Health. (2020). DOH CONDUCTS HOUSE-TO-HOUSE PATAK POLIO IN CALABARZON.https://ro4a.doh.gov.ph/transparency/140-featured-article/702-doh-conducts-house-to-house-patak-polio-in-calabarzon
Department of Health. (2020). DOH IDENTIFIES VACCINE HESITANCY AS ONE OF THE REASONS FOR MEASLES OUTBREAK.https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/16721
Department of Health. (2020). EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION. https://www.doh.gov.ph/expanded-program-on-immunization
Desmon, S. (2021). How to convince the COVID-19 vaccine hesitant. Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs. http://ccp.jhu.edu/2021/01/21/covid-19-vaccine-hesitant/
Facciola, A., Visalli, G., Orlando, A., Bertuccio, M. P., Spataro, P., Squeri, R., Picerno, I., & Di Pietro, A. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy: An overview on parents’ opinions about vaccination and possible reasons of vaccine refusal. Journal of Public Health Research, 8(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2019.1436
Fatima, K. & Syed, N. (2018). Dengvaxia controversy: Impact non vaccine hesitancy. Journal of Global Health, 8(2),8-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6214489/
Glen, S. (2016). Tukey Test / Tukey Procedure / Honest Significant Difference. https://www.statisticshowto.com/tukey-test-honest-significant-difference/?fbclid=IwAR3QS2K_OCYp6HvT8H6wGuSIOCxvp2ABO-vW457_mTzFt8zrNRDFhXuV8V0
Harmsen, I. A., Ruiter, R. A. C., Paulussen, T. G. W., Mollema, L., Kok, G., & de Melker, H. E. (2012). Factors That Influence Vaccination Decision-Making by Parents Who Visit an Anthroposophical Child Welfare Center: A Focus Group Study. Advances in Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/175694
Khan, M. M. R., & Al Amin, M. M. H. (2021). A study on digital transformation in the healthcare sector of Bangladesh: Current scenario and the future roadmap. Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies, 1(2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i2.747
Lane, Sarah., Dumolard., L. (2018). Vaccine Hesitancy around the Globe: Analysis of Three years of WHO/ UNICEF joint Reporting Form Data-2015-2017. 36(26), 3861-3867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063
Larson, H. J., Hartigan-Go, K., & de Figueiredo, A. (2019). Vaccine confidence plummets in the Philippines following dengue vaccine scare: why it matters to pandemic preparedness. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 15(3), 625–627.https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1522468
Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N. E., Wilson, R., Eskola, J., Liang, X., Gellin, B., Goldstein, S., Larson, H., Manzo, M. L., Reingold, A., Tshering, K., Duclos, P., Guirguis, S., & Hickler, B. (2015). Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165–4175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., El-Mohandes, A. (2020). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
MacDonald, N. E., Eskola, J., Liang, X., Chaudhuri, M., Dube, E., Gellin, B., Schuster, M. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161-4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
McCombes, S. (2020). Descriptive Research Design | Definition, Methods and Examples. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
McGee MD, Li., & Suh JD, J. (2019). Communication Strategies to Address Vaccine Hesitancy in Healthcare Settings and on Social Media. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 10(2), 7. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1397&context=childrenatrisk
McNeil, D. A., Mueller, M., MacDonald, S., McDonald, S., Saini, V., Kellner, J. D., & Tough, S. (2019). Maternal perceptions of childhood vaccination: Explanations of reasons for and against vaccination. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6338-0
Migriño, J., Jr, Gayados, B., Birol, K., De Jesus, L., Lopez, C. W., Mercado, W. C., Tolosa, J. C., Torreda, J., & Tulagan, G. (2020). Factors affecting vaccine hesitancy among families with children 2 years old and younger in two urban communities in Manila, Philippines. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal: WPSAR, 11(2), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2019.10.2.006
Mwesigwa, D. (2021). Towards enhancing local citizen participation in Uganda. Dynamics of Politics and Democracy, 1(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.35912/dpd.v1i1.449
Mwesigwa, D., Wahid, K. A., & Sohheng, N. (2021). A case study on the quality of healthcare in Uganda: Examining the effectiveness, safety, patient-centred and timeliness of district healthcare facilities. Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies, 1(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i2.741
Nicomedes, C., & Avila, R. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of affective disorders, 276, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.046
Paul, E., Steptoe, A., Fancourt, D. (2021). Attitude towards Vaccine and Intention to Vaccinate against COVID-19: Implication for Public Health Communications. The Lancet Regional Health, 1(100012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2018.). Bulacan Quickstat - june 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/content/bulacan-quickstat-june -2018
Republic Act No. 10152 | GOVPH. (2011). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/06/21/republic-act-no-10152/
SAGE Research Methods Databasets. (2014). Learn to Use the Eta Coefficient Test in R With Data From the NIOSH Quality of Worklife Survey (2014). https://methods.sagepub.com/base/download/DatasetStudentGuide/eta-coefficient-niosh-qwl-2014-r
Shen, S., & Dubey, V. (2019). Addressing vaccine hesitancy. Canadian Family Physician, 65(3), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/20.216
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2019). #VaccinesWork: UNICEF stresses importance of immunization on World Immunization Week. https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/vaccineswork-unicef-stresses-importance-immunization-world-immunization-week
World Health Organization. (2014). Considerations regarding consent in vaccinating children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years old. 1–8. https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/consent_note_en.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1IUKIk-
World Health Organization. (2014). Considerations regarding consent in vaccinating children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years old. 1–8. https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/consent_note_en.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1IUKIk-EJ6GFtbkAi32QC0uDYWgRJbVpnRym_Qq3-CwciuIr9v80Xgkn8
World Health Organization. (2014). Report of the Sage Working Group on. 64. https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitancy_final.pdf
World Health Organization. (2016). Smallpox vaccines. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines
World Health Organization. (2019). Overcoming challenges in the immunization programme with vaccine heroes. https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/overcoming-challenges-in-the-immunization-programme-with-vaccine-heroes
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2020 global summary. https://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/countries?countrycriteria[country][]=PHL#
Young, J. (2020). Frequency Distribution. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/frequencydistribution.asp
- Barack, C. O., & Munga, G. B. (2021). Covid-19 and border restriction policies: the dilemma of trans-border truck drivers in East Africa. Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies, 1(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i1.466
- Basta, N., & Moodie, E. (2021). Philippines – COVID19 vaccine tracker. https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/ country/philippines/
- Bertoncello, C., Ferro, A., Fonzo, M., Zanovello, S., Napoletano, G., Russo, F., Baldo, V., & Cocchio, S. (2020). Socioeconomic Determinants in Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal in Italy. Vaccines, 8(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020276
- Business Research Methodology (2020). Descriptive Research. https://research-methodology.net/descriptive-research/
- Capuyan, J. (2020). Expanded program on immunization. Department of Health Cordillera Center for Health Development. http://caro.doh.gov.ph/expanded-program-on-immunization/
- Center for Disease Control. (2014). Vaccine testing and The Approval Process.https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/basics/test-approve.html
- Damnjanovi?, K., Graeber, J., Ili?, S., Lam, W. Y., Lep, Ž., Morales, S., Pulkkinen, T., & Vingerhoets, L. (2018). Parental decision-making on childhood vaccination. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUN), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00735
- Delgado, K., Venero, J., Vu, T. (2021) Vaccine Hesitancy: Characteristics of the Refusal of Childhood Vaccination in a Peruvian Population. Cureus 13(3). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14105
- Department of Health. (2020). DOH CONDUCTS HOUSE-TO-HOUSE PATAK POLIO IN CALABARZON.https://ro4a.doh.gov.ph/transparency/140-featured-article/702-doh-conducts-house-to-house-patak-polio-in-calabarzon
- Department of Health. (2020). DOH IDENTIFIES VACCINE HESITANCY AS ONE OF THE REASONS FOR MEASLES OUTBREAK.https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/16721
- Department of Health. (2020). EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION. https://www.doh.gov.ph/expanded-program-on-immunization
- Desmon, S. (2021). How to convince the COVID-19 vaccine hesitant. Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs. http://ccp.jhu.edu/2021/01/21/covid-19-vaccine-hesitant/
- Facciola, A., Visalli, G., Orlando, A., Bertuccio, M. P., Spataro, P., Squeri, R., Picerno, I., & Di Pietro, A. (2019). Vaccine hesitancy: An overview on parents’ opinions about vaccination and possible reasons of vaccine refusal. Journal of Public Health Research, 8(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2019.1436
- Fatima, K. & Syed, N. (2018). Dengvaxia controversy: Impact non vaccine hesitancy. Journal of Global Health, 8(2),8-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6214489/
- Glen, S. (2016). Tukey Test / Tukey Procedure / Honest Significant Difference. https://www.statisticshowto.com/tukey-test-honest-significant-difference/?fbclid=IwAR3QS2K_OCYp6HvT8H6wGuSIOCxvp2ABO-vW457_mTzFt8zrNRDFhXuV8V0
- Harmsen, I. A., Ruiter, R. A. C., Paulussen, T. G. W., Mollema, L., Kok, G., & de Melker, H. E. (2012). Factors That Influence Vaccination Decision-Making by Parents Who Visit an Anthroposophical Child Welfare Center: A Focus Group Study. Advances in Preventive Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/175694
- Khan, M. M. R., & Al Amin, M. M. H. (2021). A study on digital transformation in the healthcare sector of Bangladesh: Current scenario and the future roadmap. Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies, 1(2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i2.747
- Lane, Sarah., Dumolard., L. (2018). Vaccine Hesitancy around the Globe: Analysis of Three years of WHO/ UNICEF joint Reporting Form Data-2015-2017. 36(26), 3861-3867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063
- Larson, H. J., Hartigan-Go, K., & de Figueiredo, A. (2019). Vaccine confidence plummets in the Philippines following dengue vaccine scare: why it matters to pandemic preparedness. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 15(3), 625–627.https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1522468
- Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N. E., Wilson, R., Eskola, J., Liang, X., Gellin, B., Goldstein, S., Larson, H., Manzo, M. L., Reingold, A., Tshering, K., Duclos, P., Guirguis, S., & Hickler, B. (2015). Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165–4175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
- Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., El-Mohandes, A. (2020). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
- MacDonald, N. E., Eskola, J., Liang, X., Chaudhuri, M., Dube, E., Gellin, B., Schuster, M. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161-4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
- McCombes, S. (2020). Descriptive Research Design | Definition, Methods and Examples. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
- McGee MD, Li., & Suh JD, J. (2019). Communication Strategies to Address Vaccine Hesitancy in Healthcare Settings and on Social Media. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 10(2), 7. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1397&context=childrenatrisk
- McNeil, D. A., Mueller, M., MacDonald, S., McDonald, S., Saini, V., Kellner, J. D., & Tough, S. (2019). Maternal perceptions of childhood vaccination: Explanations of reasons for and against vaccination. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6338-0
- Migriño, J., Jr, Gayados, B., Birol, K., De Jesus, L., Lopez, C. W., Mercado, W. C., Tolosa, J. C., Torreda, J., & Tulagan, G. (2020). Factors affecting vaccine hesitancy among families with children 2 years old and younger in two urban communities in Manila, Philippines. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal: WPSAR, 11(2), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2019.10.2.006
- Mwesigwa, D. (2021). Towards enhancing local citizen participation in Uganda. Dynamics of Politics and Democracy, 1(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.35912/dpd.v1i1.449
- Mwesigwa, D., Wahid, K. A., & Sohheng, N. (2021). A case study on the quality of healthcare in Uganda: Examining the effectiveness, safety, patient-centred and timeliness of district healthcare facilities. Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies, 1(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.35912/jgas.v1i2.741
- Nicomedes, C., & Avila, R. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of affective disorders, 276, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.046
- Paul, E., Steptoe, A., Fancourt, D. (2021). Attitude towards Vaccine and Intention to Vaccinate against COVID-19: Implication for Public Health Communications. The Lancet Regional Health, 1(100012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012
- Philippine Statistics Authority. (2018.). Bulacan Quickstat - june 2018. https://psa.gov.ph/content/bulacan-quickstat-june -2018
- Republic Act No. 10152 | GOVPH. (2011). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/06/21/republic-act-no-10152/
- SAGE Research Methods Databasets. (2014). Learn to Use the Eta Coefficient Test in R With Data From the NIOSH Quality of Worklife Survey (2014). https://methods.sagepub.com/base/download/DatasetStudentGuide/eta-coefficient-niosh-qwl-2014-r
- Shen, S., & Dubey, V. (2019). Addressing vaccine hesitancy. Canadian Family Physician, 65(3), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/20.216
- United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2019). #VaccinesWork: UNICEF stresses importance of immunization on World Immunization Week. https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/vaccineswork-unicef-stresses-importance-immunization-world-immunization-week
- World Health Organization. (2014). Considerations regarding consent in vaccinating children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years old. 1–8. https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/consent_note_en.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1IUKIk-
- World Health Organization. (2014). Considerations regarding consent in vaccinating children and adolescents between 6 and 17 years old. 1–8. https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/policies_strategies/consent_note_en.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1IUKIk-EJ6GFtbkAi32QC0uDYWgRJbVpnRym_Qq3-CwciuIr9v80Xgkn8
- World Health Organization. (2014). Report of the Sage Working Group on. 64. https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitancy_final.pdf
- World Health Organization. (2016). Smallpox vaccines. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/smallpox-vaccines
- World Health Organization. (2019). Overcoming challenges in the immunization programme with vaccine heroes. https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/overcoming-challenges-in-the-immunization-programme-with-vaccine-heroes
- World Health Organization. (2020). WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2020 global summary. https://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/countries?countrycriteria[country][]=PHL#
- Young, J. (2020). Frequency Distribution. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/frequencydistribution.asp