Effects of financial inadequacies on the quality of secondary education: Hurungwe, Zimbabwe

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2203
Published: Feb 14, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: The study aims to identify the effects of inadequate funding on the quality of secondary education in Hurungwe District, Zimbabwe.

Research methodology: The study had a mixed approach to collecting data. A triangulation of methods was adopted to collect by using both primary and secondary methods. A pragmatist view of the study was taken.

Results: Low secondary education budget allocation, inconsistent and delayed government levy payments, declining donor funding, an unfavorable economic climate where parents cannot afford levies resulting in high school dropout rates, inadequate teaching and learning resources, low pass rates, and low affiliation payments are the main causes of underfunding.

Limitations: lack of a proper data recording and management system at the district offices to provide actual statistics of revenue and expenditure for schools.

Contribution: Influencing policy on secondary school funding in Zimbabwe so that schools can be informed on how to come up with sustainable funding ways in order to improve the quality of education.

Keywords:
1. inadequate financial resources
2. quality of education
3. secondary education funding
Authors:
1 . Farisai Mugabe Dzoserai
Chinhoyi University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe
2 . Nelia Eta Marima
Chinhoyi University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe
3 . Nothando Msipah
Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
View PDF
How to Cite
Dzoserai, F. M. ., Marima, N. E., & Msipah, N. (2025). Effects of financial inadequacies on the quality of secondary education: Hurungwe, Zimbabwe. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2203
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): February
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

    Adebayo, K. A., Ntokozo, N., & Grace, N. Z. (2020). Availability of educational resources and student academic performances in South Africa. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(8), 3768-3781. 10.13189/ujer.2020.080858.

    Ansong, D., Renwick, C. B., Okumu, M., Ansong, E., & Wabwire, C. J. (2018). Gendered geographical inequalities in junior high school enrollment: Do infrastructure, human, and financial resources matter? Journal of Economic Studies, 45(2), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-10-2016-0211.

    Baker, D. (2012). Revisiting the Age-Old Question: Does Money Matter in Education? Rutgers University: Albert Shanker Institute. http. www. shanker institute. org/resource/does-money-matter.

    Becker, G. S. (1994). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. NBER Books.

    Boateng, N. A. (2024). Does public expenditure management matter for education outcomes? Development Southern Africa, 31(4), 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2014.906299.

    Bowen, H. R. (1943). The interpretation of voting in the allocation of economic resources. The quarterly journal of economics, 58(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885754.

    Bui, T. A., Nguyen, C. V., Nguyen, K. D., Nguyen, H. H., & Pham, P. T. (2020). The effect of tuition fee reduction and education subsidy on school enrollment: Evidence from Vietnam. Children and youth services review, 108, 104536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104536.

    Changamire, V. (2017). A review of the literature on civil society funding for education: Models for Zimbabwe.

    Chikoko, V., & Mthembu, P. (2020). Financing primary and secondary education in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of literature. South African Journal of Education, 40(4).

    Dustmann, C., & Micklewright, J. (2021). Intra-household transfers and the part-time work of children. Available at SSRN 269392.

    Elujekwute, E. C., Okigbo, F., & Elujekwute, L. A. (2021). INFLUENCE OF FUNDING ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOUTH-EAST STATES OF NIGERIA. 4(1).

    Farayibi, A. O., & Folarin, O. (2021). Does government education expenditure affect educational outcomes? New evidence from sub?Saharan African countries. African Development Review, 33(3), 546-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12588.

    Grimshaw, A. (2020). TCF Study Finds U.S. Schools Underfunded by Nearly $150 Billion Annually. Retrieved from https://tcf.org/content/about-tcf/tcf-study-finds-u-s-schools-underfunded-nearly-150-billion-annually/#:%7E:text=The%20United%20States%20is%20underfunding,The%20Century%20Foundation%20(TCF

    Hurungwe. (2022). Hurungwe District Education: 2022 Annual report: Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Hurungwe District Database.

    Hurungwe. (2023). Hurungwe District Education: 2023 Annual report: Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Hurungwe District Database.

    Kalemba, C. (2022). Effect of high pupil-teacher ratio on the quality of the teaching/learning process of mathematics in selected public secondary schools of Lusaka district. The University of Zambia.

    Kayonda, H. N., Lombo, L. S., Lombo, G., & Viviar, N. E. (2021). Causes and Consequences of School Dropout in Kinshasa: Students’ Perspectives before and after Dropping out. Journal of African Education, 2(3), 177.

    Koc, N., & Celik, B. (2015). The impact of number of students per teacher on student achievement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 177, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.335.

    Kooli, C., & Muftah, H. A. (2020). Impact of the legal context on protecting and guaranteeing women’s rights at work in the MENA region. Journal of International Women's Studies, 21(6), 98-121.

    Kushebayev, Z., & Nygymetov, G. (2022). The Impact of State Expenditure on Education and on Student Academic Achievement. Economics: the strategy and practice, 17, 201-211. 10.51176/1997-9967-2022-4-201-211.

    Maffea, J. (2020). Lack of resources in classrooms.

    Maushe, F. (2014). In search for the right to education: the role of the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) in promoting access to education in Zimbabwe.

    Mavima, P. (2022). Beam payment delays expose thousands of learners. Retrieved from https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/beam-payment-delays-expose-thousands-of-learners/

    Miranda, A., & Rodriguez, M. C. (2022). Contexts of educational aspirations and school grades of rural students. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(3), 172-188. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.07.

    MoPSE. (2017). Curriculum Framework for Primary and Secondary Education 2015-2022. Retrieved from https://www.secondarybookpress.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Ministry-of-Primary-and-Secondary-Education-syllabus.pdf

    Musah, A., Aawaar, G., & Musah, G. (2024). Effect of public education financing on educational quality in sub-Saharan africa: an autoregressive distributed lag approach. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2295166. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2295166.

    Mutigwa, A. (2018). The Funding of Secondary Education: Towards Sustainable Development in Zimbabwe. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.

    Nachinguru, G. A., & Mwila, P. M. (2023). Financial Resource Management: Status and Challenges in Public Secondary Schools in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania. International Journal of Social Science, Management and Economics Research, 1(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.61421/IJSSMER.2023.1101.

    Obi, Z. C., & Obi, C. O. (2024). Impact of government expenditure on education: The Nigerian experience. International Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, 2(2104), 42-48.

    Ohia, A. (2018). Students’ access to quality of learning resources for enhanced performance in secondary schools in Abia State, Nigeria. International journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 8 (7), 148, 155. 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i7/4330.

    Oparinde, O., Atolagbe, A., & Umaru, H. (2018). Revenue Generating Methods and School Plant Development in Osun State-owned Colleges of Education, Nigeria.

    Peregrino, L. P., Javillonar, M. G., Caballes, D. G., Necio, C. R., & Ramirez, A. B. (2022). Assessment of school Learning Continuity Plan (LCP) implementation: Basis for policy formulation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i3.967.

    Sánchez, M. V., & Sbrana, G. (2019). Determinants of education attainment and development goals in Yemen. Prepared for the Project Assessing Development Strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region, UNDP-RBAS, UN-DESA and World Bank.

    Schlaffer, J., & Burge, G. (2023). The asymmetric effects of school facilities on academic achievement: Evidence from Texas bond votes. The social science journal, 60(2), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1735853.

    Sehrawat, M., & Giri, A. K. (2024). The relationship between financial development indicators and human development in India. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(12), 1194-1208. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2013-0268.

    Thenga, C. M. (2022). Managing school funds in selected secondary schools in Gauteng province. University of South Africa.

    UNICEF. (2019). Country Office Annual Report 2019 Zimbabwe. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/90451/file/Zimbabwe-2019-COAR.pdf

    UNICEF. (2021). Zimbabwe Annual Report 2021 Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/5591/file/Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202021.pdf

    UNICEF. (2022). 2022 Education Budget Brief An analysis of public investments in advancing the right to education. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/esa/media/11846/file/Unicef_Zimbabwe_Education_Budget_Brief_2022.pdf

    veritaszim.net. (2022). The 2022 Citizens’ Budget. Retrieved from https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/2022_Citizens_Budget.pdf

    ZimStat. (2022). 2022 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report on Population Figures. Retrieved from https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Census2022_Preliminary_Report.pdf

  1. Adebayo, K. A., Ntokozo, N., & Grace, N. Z. (2020). Availability of educational resources and student academic performances in South Africa. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(8), 3768-3781. 10.13189/ujer.2020.080858.
  2. Ansong, D., Renwick, C. B., Okumu, M., Ansong, E., & Wabwire, C. J. (2018). Gendered geographical inequalities in junior high school enrollment: Do infrastructure, human, and financial resources matter? Journal of Economic Studies, 45(2), 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-10-2016-0211.
  3. Baker, D. (2012). Revisiting the Age-Old Question: Does Money Matter in Education? Rutgers University: Albert Shanker Institute. http. www. shanker institute. org/resource/does-money-matter.
  4. Becker, G. S. (1994). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education. NBER Books.
  5. Boateng, N. A. (2024). Does public expenditure management matter for education outcomes? Development Southern Africa, 31(4), 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2014.906299.
  6. Bowen, H. R. (1943). The interpretation of voting in the allocation of economic resources. The quarterly journal of economics, 58(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885754.
  7. Bui, T. A., Nguyen, C. V., Nguyen, K. D., Nguyen, H. H., & Pham, P. T. (2020). The effect of tuition fee reduction and education subsidy on school enrollment: Evidence from Vietnam. Children and youth services review, 108, 104536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104536.
  8. Changamire, V. (2017). A review of the literature on civil society funding for education: Models for Zimbabwe.
  9. Chikoko, V., & Mthembu, P. (2020). Financing primary and secondary education in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of literature. South African Journal of Education, 40(4).
  10. Dustmann, C., & Micklewright, J. (2021). Intra-household transfers and the part-time work of children. Available at SSRN 269392.
  11. Elujekwute, E. C., Okigbo, F., & Elujekwute, L. A. (2021). INFLUENCE OF FUNDING ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOUTH-EAST STATES OF NIGERIA. 4(1).
  12. Farayibi, A. O., & Folarin, O. (2021). Does government education expenditure affect educational outcomes? New evidence from sub?Saharan African countries. African Development Review, 33(3), 546-559. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12588.
  13. Grimshaw, A. (2020). TCF Study Finds U.S. Schools Underfunded by Nearly $150 Billion Annually. Retrieved from https://tcf.org/content/about-tcf/tcf-study-finds-u-s-schools-underfunded-nearly-150-billion-annually/#:%7E:text=The%20United%20States%20is%20underfunding,The%20Century%20Foundation%20(TCF
  14. Hurungwe. (2022). Hurungwe District Education: 2022 Annual report: Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Hurungwe District Database.
  15. Hurungwe. (2023). Hurungwe District Education: 2023 Annual report: Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Hurungwe District Database.
  16. Kalemba, C. (2022). Effect of high pupil-teacher ratio on the quality of the teaching/learning process of mathematics in selected public secondary schools of Lusaka district. The University of Zambia.
  17. Kayonda, H. N., Lombo, L. S., Lombo, G., & Viviar, N. E. (2021). Causes and Consequences of School Dropout in Kinshasa: Students’ Perspectives before and after Dropping out. Journal of African Education, 2(3), 177.
  18. Koc, N., & Celik, B. (2015). The impact of number of students per teacher on student achievement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 177, 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.335.
  19. Kooli, C., & Muftah, H. A. (2020). Impact of the legal context on protecting and guaranteeing women’s rights at work in the MENA region. Journal of International Women's Studies, 21(6), 98-121.
  20. Kushebayev, Z., & Nygymetov, G. (2022). The Impact of State Expenditure on Education and on Student Academic Achievement. Economics: the strategy and practice, 17, 201-211. 10.51176/1997-9967-2022-4-201-211.
  21. Maffea, J. (2020). Lack of resources in classrooms.
  22. Maushe, F. (2014). In search for the right to education: the role of the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) in promoting access to education in Zimbabwe.
  23. Mavima, P. (2022). Beam payment delays expose thousands of learners. Retrieved from https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/beam-payment-delays-expose-thousands-of-learners/
  24. Miranda, A., & Rodriguez, M. C. (2022). Contexts of educational aspirations and school grades of rural students. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 8(3), 172-188. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2022.8.3.07.
  25. MoPSE. (2017). Curriculum Framework for Primary and Secondary Education 2015-2022. Retrieved from https://www.secondarybookpress.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Ministry-of-Primary-and-Secondary-Education-syllabus.pdf
  26. Musah, A., Aawaar, G., & Musah, G. (2024). Effect of public education financing on educational quality in sub-Saharan africa: an autoregressive distributed lag approach. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2295166. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2295166.
  27. Mutigwa, A. (2018). The Funding of Secondary Education: Towards Sustainable Development in Zimbabwe. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
  28. Nachinguru, G. A., & Mwila, P. M. (2023). Financial Resource Management: Status and Challenges in Public Secondary Schools in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania. International Journal of Social Science, Management and Economics Research, 1(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.61421/IJSSMER.2023.1101.
  29. Obi, Z. C., & Obi, C. O. (2024). Impact of government expenditure on education: The Nigerian experience. International Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, 2(2104), 42-48.
  30. Ohia, A. (2018). Students’ access to quality of learning resources for enhanced performance in secondary schools in Abia State, Nigeria. International journal of academic research in business and social sciences, 8 (7), 148, 155. 10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i7/4330.
  31. Oparinde, O., Atolagbe, A., & Umaru, H. (2018). Revenue Generating Methods and School Plant Development in Osun State-owned Colleges of Education, Nigeria.
  32. Peregrino, L. P., Javillonar, M. G., Caballes, D. G., Necio, C. R., & Ramirez, A. B. (2022). Assessment of school Learning Continuity Plan (LCP) implementation: Basis for policy formulation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i3.967.
  33. Sánchez, M. V., & Sbrana, G. (2019). Determinants of education attainment and development goals in Yemen. Prepared for the Project Assessing Development Strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region, UNDP-RBAS, UN-DESA and World Bank.
  34. Schlaffer, J., & Burge, G. (2023). The asymmetric effects of school facilities on academic achievement: Evidence from Texas bond votes. The social science journal, 60(2), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2020.1735853.
  35. Sehrawat, M., & Giri, A. K. (2024). The relationship between financial development indicators and human development in India. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(12), 1194-1208. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2013-0268.
  36. Thenga, C. M. (2022). Managing school funds in selected secondary schools in Gauteng province. University of South Africa.
  37. UNICEF. (2019). Country Office Annual Report 2019 Zimbabwe. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/media/90451/file/Zimbabwe-2019-COAR.pdf
  38. UNICEF. (2021). Zimbabwe Annual Report 2021 Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/media/5591/file/Zimbabwe%20Annual%20Report%202021.pdf
  39. UNICEF. (2022). 2022 Education Budget Brief An analysis of public investments in advancing the right to education. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/esa/media/11846/file/Unicef_Zimbabwe_Education_Budget_Brief_2022.pdf
  40. veritaszim.net. (2022). The 2022 Citizens’ Budget. Retrieved from https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/2022_Citizens_Budget.pdf
  41. ZimStat. (2022). 2022 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report on Population Figures. Retrieved from https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Census2022_Preliminary_Report.pdf