Self-Efficacy in Mathematics: A predictor in the Mathematics performance of grade 8 learners

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2228
Published: Feb 13, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the respondents’ mathematics self-efficacy and their mathematics performance. It also pursues predicting the academic performance in mathematics of Grade 8 learners through their mathematics self-efficacy.

Research methodology: The study was conducted on 159 Grade 8 students at Matucay National High School and examined the relationship between the learners' mathematics performance and their self-efficacy towards mathematics and looked for its impact on their academic performance using regression analysis.

Results: The study reveals that students have average performance in mathematics and moderate confidence in their mathematics self-efficacy. The study also found that students' mathematics self-efficacy predicts their academic performance in mathematics. Thus, it is suggested that the students’ mathematics self-efficacy should be boosted to have a higher academic achievement.

Limitations: The study investigates the link between students' mathematics self-efficacy and academic performance, emphasizing the need for effective teaching strategies to enhance students' perception of mathematics as a fun and interesting subject.

Contribution: The study analyzed grade 8 students, examining if academic self-efficacy predicts academic performance. Results of the study may vary based on grade level and subject learning area.

Keywords:
1. Mathematics Performance
2. Predictor
3. Regression Analysis
4. Academic Self-efficacy
5. Self-efficacy
Authors:
Noveen S. Campanilla
Matucay National High School, Philippines
View PDF
How to Cite
Campanilla, N. S. (2025). Self-Efficacy in Mathematics: A predictor in the Mathematics performance of grade 8 learners. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(2), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2228
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): February
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

    Adenike, A. O., & Oyesoji, A. A. (2020). The relationship among predictors of child, family, school, society and the government and academic achievement of senior secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 842-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.196.

    Agustiani, H., Cahyad, S., & Musa, M. (2016). Self-efficacy and self-regulated learning as predictors of students academic performance. The Open Psychology Journal, 9(1). https://doi.org/ 10.2174/1874350101609010001

    Akomolafe, M. J., Ogunmakin, A. O., & Fasooto, G. M. (2023). The role of academic self-efficacy, academic motivation, and academic self-concept in predicting secondary school students' academic performance. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(2), 335-342. 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n2p335.

    Akram, B., & Ghazanfar, L. (2024). Self-efficacy and academic performance of the students of Gujrat University, Pakistan. Academic Research International, 5(1), 283.

    Alci, B. (2015). The influence of self-efficacy and motivational factors on academic performance in general chemistry course: A modeling study. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(4), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2014.2003.

    Almagro, R. E., & Edig, M. M. (2024). Mathematics learning is motivated by computer attitude and social media engagement. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(2), 79-97. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i2.1575.

    Aryana, M. (2020). Relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement amongst pre-university students. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(20), 2474-2477.

    Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.

    Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986(23-28).

    Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman

    Bart, W. M., Can, I., & Hokanson, B. (2020). Exploring the Relation between High Creativity and High Achievement among 8th and 11th Graders. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 7(3), 712-720.

    Beatson, N. J., Berg, D. A., & Smith, J. K. (2018). The impact of mastery feedback on undergraduate students’ self-efficacy beliefs. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 59, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.03.002.

    Bhagat, V. (2023). Extroversion and academic performance of medical students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(3), 55-58.

    Câmpean, A., Boco?, M., Roman, A., Rad, D., Cri?an, C., Maier, M., . . . Mara, D. (2024). Examining Teachers’ Perception on the Impact of Positive Feedback on School Students. Education Sciences, 14(3), 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030257.

    Caratiquit, K. D., & Caratiquit, L. J. C. (2023). ChatGPT as an academic support tool on the academic performance among students: The mediating role of learning motivation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i1.1558.

    Chemers, M. M., Hu, L.-t., & Garcia, B. F. (2021). Academic self-efficacy and first-year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of educational psychology, 93(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55.

    Chukwuka, G. K., & Pius, E. G. (2024). Collaborative/competitive learning styles and students’ academic performance in cost accounting in federal universities in South-south, Nigeria. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i3.1689.

    Cuevas, Ma & Berou, Mark. (2016). Students’ Mathematics Self-Efficacy and Anxiety as Correlates to Academic Performance. University of Bohol Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 4. https://doi.org/10.15631/ubmrj.v4i1.64

    DIGITAL 2024: THE PHILIPPINES. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-philippines

    Fun, L. F. (2021). Effikasi Diri dan Performansi Akademik: Studi Meta Analisis. Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi), 5(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.28932/humanitas.v5i2.3581 .

    Ganzon, W. J., & Edig, M. M. (2022). Time Management And Self-Directed Learning As Predictors Of Academic Performance Of Students In Mathematics. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 57-75. ttps://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.1212.

    Hall, G. C. N. (2009). Social Psychology Multicultural Psychology: Routledge.

    Inoncillo, F. (2024). Mathematics Test Anxiety and Numerical Anxiety as Predictors of Achievement in Mathematics. Volume III, 186-203.

    Khaneghahi, S., Nasripour, F., & MahmoudZehi, M. A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between e-learning and mobile learning on students' academic self-handicapping during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i3.1051.

    Macaso, K. M. J., & Dagohoy, R. G. (2022). Predictors of Performance in Mathematics of Science, Technology And Engineering Students of a Public Secondary School in The Philippines. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(4), 311-326. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i4.990.

    Majer, J. M. (2019). Self-efficacy and academic success among ethnically diverse first-generation community college students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2(4), 243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017852.

    Marchi?, I. (2023). Relation between students’ attitude towards mathematics and their problem solving skills. PedActa, 3(2), 59-66.

    Maropamabi, G. (2024). Role of self-efficacy and self-esteem in academic performance. European Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 8-22.

    Mazana, Y. M., Suero Montero, C., & Olifage, C. R. (2019). Investigating students' attitude towards learning mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(1), 207-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iejme/3997.

    Mensah, J., Okyere, M., & Kuranchie, A. (2023). Student attitude towards mathematics and performance: Does the teacher attitude matter. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(3), 132-139.

    Mohammed, T. Y., Philip, K. Y., & Labaran, K. (2024). The influence of social media on students of second-cycle institutions in Tamale and its implications. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 205-217. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i3.1939.

    Muenks, Katherine & Yang, Ji & Wigfield, Allan. (2017). Associations Between Grit, Motivation, and Achievement in High School Students. Motivation Science. 4. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000076.

    Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Arora, A. (2012). TIMSS 2011 International Results in Mathematics. Retrieved from https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/downloads/t11_ir_mathematics_fullbook.pdf

    Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., & Kumar, V. (2019). Self-esteem, gender and academic achievement of undergraduate students. American Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1), 26-37.

    Ogunmakin, Abel & Akomolafe, Moyosola. (2023). Academic Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Ondo State, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 4. 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n11p570.

    PISA 2012. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results.htm

    PISA 2022. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/philippines-a0882a2d/

    Ramos?Sánchez, L., & Nichols, L. (2017). Self?efficacy of first?generation and non?first?generation college students: The relationship with academic performance and college adjustment. Journal of college counseling, 10(1), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2007.tb00002.x.

    Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2022). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 138(2), 353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838.

    Robert, N. (2018). Predictors of program completion and NCLEX-RN success in an associate degree nursing program. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39(1), 38-39. 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000237.

    Ryan, Richard & Deci, Edward. (2022). Self-Determination Theory. 10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2630-2.

    Sari, N. M., Yaniawati, P., & Kartasasmita, B. G. (2019). The Effect of Different Ways in Presenting Teaching Materials on Students' Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities. International journal of instruction, 12(4), 495-512.

    Satici, S. A., & Can, G. (2016). Investigating Academic Self-Efficacy of University Students in Terms of Socio-Demographic Variables. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(8), 1874-1880.

    Schunk, D. H. (1995). Self-efficacy, motivation, and performance. Journal of applied sport psychology, 7(2), 112-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209508406961.

    Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory.

    Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy Development of achievement motivation (pp. 15-31): Elsevier.

    Shah, N. H., Nazir, N., Arshad, M., Akhter, K., Shaheen, A. K., Younas, S., & Ghazanfar, F. (2023). Effect of Students Attitude Towards Mathematics on their Mathematical Achievement at Secondary School Level. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i12.38765.

    Shkullaku, R. (2023). The relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance in the context of gender among Albanian students. European academic research, 1(4), 467-478.

    Sinaga, B., Sitorus, J., & Situmeang, T. (2023). The influence of students’ problem-solving understanding and results of students’ mathematics learning. Paper presented at the Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1088556.

    Stajkovic, A. D., Bandura, A., Locke, E. A., Lee, D., & Sergent, K. (2018). Test of three conceptual models of influence of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance: A meta-analytic path-analysis. Personality and individual differences, 120, 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.014.

    Steinmayr, Ricarda & Weidinger, Anne & Wigfield, Allan. (2018). Does Students’ Grit Predict Their School Achievement Above and Beyond Their Personality, Motivation, and Engagement?. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.02.004.

    Thompson, K. V., & Verdino, J. (2019). An exploratory study of self-efficacy in community college students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 43(6), 476-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2018.1504701.

    Ubaidillah, F. A., Saifullah, S., Hitomi, A. R., & Bulut, S. (2023). Self-efficacy and academic performance of vocational high school students. Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam. 10.18860/psikoislamika.v20i1.18369.

    VandenBos, G. R. (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology: American Psychological Association.

    Zakaria, E., Chin, L. C., & Daud, M. Y. (2010). The effects of cooperative learning on students’ mathematics achievement and attitude towards mathematics. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 272-275. 10.3844/jssp.2010.272.275.

    Zimmerman, B. J., Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2017). The role of self-efficacy and related beliefs in self-regulation of learning and performance. Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application, 313, 41-50.

  1. Adenike, A. O., & Oyesoji, A. A. (2020). The relationship among predictors of child, family, school, society and the government and academic achievement of senior secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 842-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.196.
  2. Agustiani, H., Cahyad, S., & Musa, M. (2016). Self-efficacy and self-regulated learning as predictors of students academic performance. The Open Psychology Journal, 9(1). https://doi.org/ 10.2174/1874350101609010001
  3. Akomolafe, M. J., Ogunmakin, A. O., & Fasooto, G. M. (2023). The role of academic self-efficacy, academic motivation, and academic self-concept in predicting secondary school students' academic performance. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(2), 335-342. 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n2p335.
  4. Akram, B., & Ghazanfar, L. (2024). Self-efficacy and academic performance of the students of Gujrat University, Pakistan. Academic Research International, 5(1), 283.
  5. Alci, B. (2015). The influence of self-efficacy and motivational factors on academic performance in general chemistry course: A modeling study. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(4), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2014.2003.
  6. Almagro, R. E., & Edig, M. M. (2024). Mathematics learning is motivated by computer attitude and social media engagement. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(2), 79-97. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i2.1575.
  7. Aryana, M. (2020). Relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement amongst pre-university students. Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(20), 2474-2477.
  8. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
  9. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986(23-28).
  10. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman
  11. Bart, W. M., Can, I., & Hokanson, B. (2020). Exploring the Relation between High Creativity and High Achievement among 8th and 11th Graders. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 7(3), 712-720.
  12. Beatson, N. J., Berg, D. A., & Smith, J. K. (2018). The impact of mastery feedback on undergraduate students’ self-efficacy beliefs. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 59, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.03.002.
  13. Bhagat, V. (2023). Extroversion and academic performance of medical students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2(3), 55-58.
  14. Câmpean, A., Boco?, M., Roman, A., Rad, D., Cri?an, C., Maier, M., . . . Mara, D. (2024). Examining Teachers’ Perception on the Impact of Positive Feedback on School Students. Education Sciences, 14(3), 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030257.
  15. Caratiquit, K. D., & Caratiquit, L. J. C. (2023). ChatGPT as an academic support tool on the academic performance among students: The mediating role of learning motivation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(1), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i1.1558.
  16. Chemers, M. M., Hu, L.-t., & Garcia, B. F. (2021). Academic self-efficacy and first-year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of educational psychology, 93(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.1.55.
  17. Chukwuka, G. K., & Pius, E. G. (2024). Collaborative/competitive learning styles and students’ academic performance in cost accounting in federal universities in South-south, Nigeria. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i3.1689.
  18. Cuevas, Ma & Berou, Mark. (2016). Students’ Mathematics Self-Efficacy and Anxiety as Correlates to Academic Performance. University of Bohol Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 4. https://doi.org/10.15631/ubmrj.v4i1.64
  19. DIGITAL 2024: THE PHILIPPINES. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-philippines
  20. Fun, L. F. (2021). Effikasi Diri dan Performansi Akademik: Studi Meta Analisis. Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi), 5(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.28932/humanitas.v5i2.3581 .
  21. Ganzon, W. J., & Edig, M. M. (2022). Time Management And Self-Directed Learning As Predictors Of Academic Performance Of Students In Mathematics. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 57-75. ttps://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.1212.
  22. Hall, G. C. N. (2009). Social Psychology Multicultural Psychology: Routledge.
  23. Inoncillo, F. (2024). Mathematics Test Anxiety and Numerical Anxiety as Predictors of Achievement in Mathematics. Volume III, 186-203.
  24. Khaneghahi, S., Nasripour, F., & MahmoudZehi, M. A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between e-learning and mobile learning on students' academic self-handicapping during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 269-281. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i3.1051.
  25. Macaso, K. M. J., & Dagohoy, R. G. (2022). Predictors of Performance in Mathematics of Science, Technology And Engineering Students of a Public Secondary School in The Philippines. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(4), 311-326. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i4.990.
  26. Majer, J. M. (2019). Self-efficacy and academic success among ethnically diverse first-generation community college students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 2(4), 243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017852.
  27. Marchi?, I. (2023). Relation between students’ attitude towards mathematics and their problem solving skills. PedActa, 3(2), 59-66.
  28. Maropamabi, G. (2024). Role of self-efficacy and self-esteem in academic performance. European Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 8-22.
  29. Mazana, Y. M., Suero Montero, C., & Olifage, C. R. (2019). Investigating students' attitude towards learning mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(1), 207-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iejme/3997.
  30. Mensah, J., Okyere, M., & Kuranchie, A. (2023). Student attitude towards mathematics and performance: Does the teacher attitude matter. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(3), 132-139.
  31. Mohammed, T. Y., Philip, K. Y., & Labaran, K. (2024). The influence of social media on students of second-cycle institutions in Tamale and its implications. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 205-217. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i3.1939.
  32. Muenks, Katherine & Yang, Ji & Wigfield, Allan. (2017). Associations Between Grit, Motivation, and Achievement in High School Students. Motivation Science. 4. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000076.
  33. Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Arora, A. (2012). TIMSS 2011 International Results in Mathematics. Retrieved from https://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2011/downloads/t11_ir_mathematics_fullbook.pdf
  34. Naderi, H., Abdullah, R., Aizan, H. T., Sharir, J., & Kumar, V. (2019). Self-esteem, gender and academic achievement of undergraduate students. American Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1), 26-37.
  35. Ogunmakin, Abel & Akomolafe, Moyosola. (2023). Academic Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Ondo State, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 4. 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n11p570.
  36. PISA 2012. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results.htm
  37. PISA 2022. https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/country-notes/philippines-a0882a2d/
  38. Ramos?Sánchez, L., & Nichols, L. (2017). Self?efficacy of first?generation and non?first?generation college students: The relationship with academic performance and college adjustment. Journal of college counseling, 10(1), 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2007.tb00002.x.
  39. Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2022). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 138(2), 353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838.
  40. Robert, N. (2018). Predictors of program completion and NCLEX-RN success in an associate degree nursing program. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39(1), 38-39. 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000237.
  41. Ryan, Richard & Deci, Edward. (2022). Self-Determination Theory. 10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2630-2.
  42. Sari, N. M., Yaniawati, P., & Kartasasmita, B. G. (2019). The Effect of Different Ways in Presenting Teaching Materials on Students' Mathematical Problem Solving Abilities. International journal of instruction, 12(4), 495-512.
  43. Satici, S. A., & Can, G. (2016). Investigating Academic Self-Efficacy of University Students in Terms of Socio-Demographic Variables. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(8), 1874-1880.
  44. Schunk, D. H. (1995). Self-efficacy, motivation, and performance. Journal of applied sport psychology, 7(2), 112-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209508406961.
  45. Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory.
  46. Schunk, D. H., & Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy Development of achievement motivation (pp. 15-31): Elsevier.
  47. Shah, N. H., Nazir, N., Arshad, M., Akhter, K., Shaheen, A. K., Younas, S., & Ghazanfar, F. (2023). Effect of Students Attitude Towards Mathematics on their Mathematical Achievement at Secondary School Level. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 18(12). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i12.38765.
  48. Shkullaku, R. (2023). The relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance in the context of gender among Albanian students. European academic research, 1(4), 467-478.
  49. Sinaga, B., Sitorus, J., & Situmeang, T. (2023). The influence of students’ problem-solving understanding and results of students’ mathematics learning. Paper presented at the Frontiers in Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1088556.
  50. Stajkovic, A. D., Bandura, A., Locke, E. A., Lee, D., & Sergent, K. (2018). Test of three conceptual models of influence of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance: A meta-analytic path-analysis. Personality and individual differences, 120, 238-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.014.
  51. Steinmayr, Ricarda & Weidinger, Anne & Wigfield, Allan. (2018). Does Students’ Grit Predict Their School Achievement Above and Beyond Their Personality, Motivation, and Engagement?. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.02.004.
  52. Thompson, K. V., & Verdino, J. (2019). An exploratory study of self-efficacy in community college students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 43(6), 476-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2018.1504701.
  53. Ubaidillah, F. A., Saifullah, S., Hitomi, A. R., & Bulut, S. (2023). Self-efficacy and academic performance of vocational high school students. Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam. 10.18860/psikoislamika.v20i1.18369.
  54. VandenBos, G. R. (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology: American Psychological Association.
  55. Zakaria, E., Chin, L. C., & Daud, M. Y. (2010). The effects of cooperative learning on students’ mathematics achievement and attitude towards mathematics. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 272-275. 10.3844/jssp.2010.272.275.
  56. Zimmerman, B. J., Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2017). The role of self-efficacy and related beliefs in self-regulation of learning and performance. Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application, 313, 41-50.