Digital natives: A case study exploring the digital literacy gaps in a Rural High School

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2247
Published: Feb 17, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to have an in-depth exploration of rural students' digital literacy in the 21st century.

Research methodology: This research employed a case type of study, which explored the digital literacy of four (4) rural high school students in San Pablo City. Participants were selected through purposive sampling with researcher-made criteria. They were interviewed using a semi-structured interview via Google Meet. A thematic analysis was used to further understand their digital literacy.

Results: Their digital literacy skills appeared to be needing improvements. Different factors were also mentioned to affect their digital literacy including their geographical locations, personal factors, and their limits to access the internet and the technology. However, they still incorporated help-seeking and self-studying to improve their digital literacy.

Limitations: The students’ grade levels were not specified. Specific students with different grade levels could have different findings.

Contribution: This research uncovered the challenges, skills, and solutions to problems that included the students' digital literacy in rural areas. This could be beneficial to students in a rural area as a basis for the improvement of their digital literacy.

Keywords:
1. rural school
2. digital literacy
3. digital challenges
4. 21st-century technology
5. rural high school students
Authors:
1 . Angeline B. Danao
San Pablo City Science High School, Philippines
2 . Michael Emmanuel Enriquez
San Pablo City Science High School, Philippines
3 . Kurt Benedict Montejo
San Pablo City Science High School, Philippines
4 . Abraham Patricio
San Pablo City Science High School, Philippines
5 . Matthew Willdeo Sonido
San Pablo City Science High School, Philippines
6 . Zohail Ador
San Pablo City Science High School, Philippines
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How to Cite
Danao, A. B., Enriquez, M. E. ., Montejo, K. B., Patricio, A., Sonido, M. W., & Ador, Z. . (2025). Digital natives: A case study exploring the digital literacy gaps in a Rural High School. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(2), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2247
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Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): February
Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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    Ala-Mutka, K. (2021). Mapping digital competence: Towards a conceptual understanding. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. doi:https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18046.00322

    Almagro, R., & Edig, M. M. (2023). Mathematics learning motivated by computer attitude and social media engagement. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(2), 79–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i2.1575

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    Jalali, R., Khazaei, H., Paveh, B. K., Hayrani, Z., & Menati, L. (2020). The effect of sleep quality on students’ academic achievement. Advances in medical education and practice, 497-502. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S261525

    Janschitz, G., & Penker, M. (2022). How digital are ‘digital natives’ actually? Developing an instrument to measure the degree of digitalisation of university students–the DDS-Index. Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 153(1), 127-159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/07591063211061760

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  1. Abbas, J., Aman, J., Nurunnabi, M., & Bano, S. (2019). The impact of social media on learning behavior for sustainable education: Evidence of students from selected universities in Pakistan. Sustainability, 11(6), 1683. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061683
  2. Adam, I. O., & Dzang Alhassan, M. (2021). Bridging the global digital divide through digital inclusion: the role of ICT access and ICT use. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 15(4), 580-596. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-06-2020-0114
  3. Adum, A. N., Odogwu, E. C., Nwosu, C. J., & Duru, H. C. (2015). Digital divide: Self-perception and coping strategies among journalists who lack internet literacy in Anambra State. Communication Panorama African and Global Perspectives, 1(1).
  4. Agaton, C. B., & Cueto, L. J. (2021). Learning at Home: Parents' Lived Experiences on Distance Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(3), 901-911. doi:http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i3.21136
  5. Ahmad, M., & Jan, M. A. (2018). Evaluating Research: Diversity and Credibility of Information Sources. Dialogue (Pakistan), 13(4).
  6. Ala-Mutka, K. (2021). Mapping digital competence: Towards a conceptual understanding. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. doi:https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18046.00322
  7. Almagro, R., & Edig, M. M. (2023). Mathematics learning motivated by computer attitude and social media engagement. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(2), 79–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i2.1575
  8. Arcilla, J. R. (n.d.). EDUCATIONAL ISSUES IN RURAL AND URBAN EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/40934203/EDUCATIONAL_ISSUES_IN_RURAL_AND
  9. Bahri, A., Jamaluddin, A. B., & Saparuddin, S. (2022). Students’ and Teachers’ Digital Literacy Skill: A Comparative Study between Schools, Classes, and Genders in Urban and Rural Areas. International Journal of Science of Research, 11(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.21275/SR22130101519
  10. Baron, J. V. (2023). Blackboard system and students’ academic performance: an experimental study in the Philippines. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(3), 173-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i3.1186
  11. Barrot, J. S., Llenares, I. I., & Del Rosario, L. S. (2021). Students’ online learning challenges during the pandemic and how they cope with them: The case of the Philippines. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7321-7338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10589-x
  12. Baterna, H. B., Mina, T. D. G., & Rogayan Jr, D. V. (2020). Digital Literacy of STEM Senior High School Students: Basis for Enhancement Program. International Journal of Technology in Education, 3(2), 105-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.46328/ijte.v3i2.28
  13. Bayron, A. (2023). Challenging Issues in Rural Secondary Education. Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(03), 51-61. doi:https://doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i03.95
  14. Belshaw, D. (2016). The essential elements of digital literacies: Doug Belshaw.
  15. Ben Youssef, A., Dahmani, M., & Ragni, L. (2022). ICT use, digital skills and students’ academic performance: Exploring the digital divide. Information, 13(3), 129. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030129
  16. Bingimlas, K. A. (2019). Barriers to the successful integration of ICT in teaching and learning environments: A review of the literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, science and technology education, 5(3), 235-245. doi:https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75275
  17. Buckingham, D. (2015). Defining digital literacy-What do young people need to know about digital media? Nordic journal of digital literacy, 10(Jubileumsnummer), 21-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.18261/ISSN1891-943X-2015-Jubileumsnummer-03
  18. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., . . . Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
  19. Caratiquit, K., & Pablo, R. (2021). Exploring the practices of secondary school teachers in preparing for classroom observation amidst the new normal of education. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v1i4.721
  20. Caratiquit, K. D., & Caratiquit, L. J. C. (2023). ChatGPT as an academic support tool on the academic performance among students: The mediating role of learning motivation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(1), 21-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i1.1558
  21. Chan, G. H. (2024). Enhancing digital literacy in education: educational directions. Education+ Training, 66(1), 127-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-09-2022-0390
  22. Crist, C. (2017). On the mind: What science says about digital natives. UCLA Longevity Center.
  23. Deped. (2019). REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON TRANSFORMATION: PROPOSED DETAILED DESIGN. Retrieved from
  24. Dy, J. (2022). Improving digital skills in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://mb.com.ph/2022/08/25/improving-digital-skills-in-the-philippines/
  25. Gocotano, T. E., Jerodiaz, M. A. L., Banggay, J. C. P., Nasibog, H. B. R., & Go, M. B. (2021). Higher Education Students Challenges on Flexible Online Learning Implementation in the Rural Areas: A Philippine Case. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(7). doi:https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.7.15
  26. Gregorio, J. (2013). Top 10 Digital Marketing Trends to Watch Out This 2014 (Infographic). Retrieved from https://digitalmarketingphilippines.com/top-10-digital-marketing-trends-to-watch-out-this-2014-infographic/
  27. Handal, B., Watson, K., Petocz, P., & Maher, M. (2018). Choosing to teach in rural and remote schools: The zone of free movement. Education Research and Perspectives, 45, 1-32.
  28. Jalali, R., Khazaei, H., Paveh, B. K., Hayrani, Z., & Menati, L. (2020). The effect of sleep quality on students’ academic achievement. Advances in medical education and practice, 497-502. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S261525
  29. Janschitz, G., & Penker, M. (2022). How digital are ‘digital natives’ actually? Developing an instrument to measure the degree of digitalisation of university students–the DDS-Index. Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 153(1), 127-159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/07591063211061760
  30. Kandemir, M. (2024). Reasons of academic procrastination: Self-regulation, academic self-efficacy, life satisfaction and demographics variables. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 152, 188-193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.179
  31. Khan, R., Jahan, A., Sultana, S., NaushaadKabir, M. M., Haider, M. Z., & Roshid, M. M. (2021). Accessing Online Instruction amidst COVID-19 in Bangladesh: barriers and Coping Strategies. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 22, 33-48.
  32. Kimble-Hill, A. C., Rivera-Figueroa, A., Chan, B. C., Lawal, W. A., Gonzalez, S., Adams, M. R., . . . Fiore-Walker, B. (2020). Insights gained into marginalized students access challenges during the COVID-19 academic response. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3391-3395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00774
  33. Kormos, E., & Wisdom, K. (2021). Rural schools and the digital divide: Technology in the learning experience. Theory & Practice in Rural Education, 11(1), 25-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2021.v11n1p25-39
  34. Law, N., Woo, D. J., De la Torre, J., & Wong, K. (2018). A global framework of reference on digital literacy skills for indicator 4.4. 2.
  35. McLeod, S. (2024). Thematic Analysis: A Step by Step Guide. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/thematic-analysis.html
  36. Mudra, H. (2020). Digital literacy among young learners: how do EFL teachers and learners view its benefits and barriers? Teaching English with Technology, 20(3), 3-24.
  37. OpenGov. (2024). EXCLUSIVE: Promoting Digital Literacy in the Philippine education system. Retrieved from https://www.opengovasia.com/2019/08/08/promoting-digital-literacy-in-the-philippine-education-system/
  38. Oxford, U. o. (2024). Internet use statistically associated with higher wellbeing, finds new global Oxford study. Retrieved from https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2024-05-14-internet-use-statistically-associated-higher-wellbeing-finds-new-global-oxford-study
  39. Papanis, E., Giavrimis, P., & Papani, E.-M. (2010). The contribution of the internet into learning. Review of European Studies, 2, 54. doi:https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v2n1p54
  40. Peng, D., & Yu, Z. (2022). A literature review of digital literacy over two decades. Education Research International, 2022(1), 2533413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2533413
  41. Phuapan, P., Viriyavejakul, C., & Pimdee, P. (2015). Conditions and Problems of Digital Literacy Skill Development of Students in Public Higher Education Institutions. Paper presented at the EdMedia+ Innovate Learning.
  42. Rafid, R., & Khotimah, F. K. (2021). Interaction analysis on social-education of Indonesian school students: A literacy activity. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 1(4), 269-280. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v1i4.527
  43. Rai, N., & Thapa, B. (2015). A study on purposive sampling method in research. Kathmandu: Kathmandu School of Law, 5(1), 8-15.
  44. Samane-Cutipa, V. A., Quispe-Quispe, A. M., Talavera-Mendoza, F., & Limaymanta, C. H. (2022). Digital gaps influencing the online learning of rural students in secondary education: A systematic review. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 1(9), 10. doi:https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2022.12.7.1671
  45. SAMEO. (2021). Insights into Children’s Digital Lives in the Philippines Digital Kids Asia-Pacific. SAMEO Org. Retrieved from https://www.seameo.org/img/Programmes_Projects/2020/DKAP/files/Reports/Policy%20Brief%20-%20DKAP%20Philippines.pdf
  46. Sha’ar, M. Y. M. A., Buddharat, C., & S?nghasuwan, P. (2022). Enhancing Students’ English and Digital Literacies through Online Courses: Benefits and Challenges. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(3), 153-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1137256
  47. Shopova, T. (2014). Digital literacy of students and its improvement at the university. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 7(2), 26-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2014.070201
  48. Silvhiany, S., Huzaifah, S., & Ismet, I. (2021). Critical digital literacy: EFL students’ ability to evaluate online sources. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 6(1), 249. doi:https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v6i1.364
  49. Sukor, N. M., & Razak, N. H. (2023). Children and adolescents’ use of internet: Psychological issues and challenges. Jurnal Pendidikan Awal Kanak-kanak Kebangsaan, 12(1), 1-11.
  50. Tembrevilla, G. G. (2020). Examining ICT and FoK integration in rural public junior high schools with the Philippines’ new K-12 curriculum: a case study. University of British Columbia.
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