Twenty-five years of mainstreaming gender in development: A review

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v6i1.2746
Published: Nov 6, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This review examines the global progress and challenges of gender mainstreaming in development from 1999–2024. It evaluates how gender perspectives have been integrated into policy, institutional frameworks, and sectoral development efforts to achieve gender equality and sustainable development outcomes.

Research Methodology: This study employs a systematic literature review to analyze scholarly articles, policy reports, and institutional documents. It categorizes findings based on policy frameworks, institutional mechanisms, sectoral impacts, and regional variations, while drawing insights from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and North America.

Results: The review identified significant progress in adopting gender-sensitive policies and institutional mechanisms worldwide. However, challenges persist, including policy implementation gaps, sociocultural barriers, inadequate funding, and varying regional effectiveness. While some regions have advanced gender equality in governance and economic participation, others still face systemic constraints on women’s participation.

Conclusions: Although significant strides have been made in integrating gender perspectives into development frameworks since 1999, persistent structural and institutional challenges continue to hinder the full realization of gender equality and sustainable development goals.

Limitations: This study did not account for the detailed country-specific challenges of all countries worldwide.

Contribution: The findings highlight the need for more intersectional and localized gender-mainstreaming strategies, stronger monitoring and evaluation systems, and enhanced collaboration among stakeholders to bridge policy-practice gaps.

Keywords:
1. Feminism
2. Gender Analysis
3. Gender Mainstreaming
4. Intersectionality
5. Inequalities
Authors:
Anita Bans-Akutey
BlueCrest University College, Accra, Ghana
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0305-9377
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How to Cite
Bans-Akutey, A. (2025). Twenty-five years of mainstreaming gender in development: A review. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 6(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v6i1.2746
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Issue & Section
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): November
Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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  2. Alemany, C., Craviotto, N., Hopenhaym, F., Fernández-Layos, A. L., Clark, C., & Rosenhek, S. (2008). Implementing the Paris declaration: Implications for the promotion of women's rights and gender equality: Canadian Council for International Cooperation.
  3. Anand, P., Saxena, S., Gonzales Martinez, R., & Dang, H.-A. H. (2020). Can women’s self-help groups contribute to sustainable development? Evidence of capability changes from Northern India. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 21(2), 137-160.
  4. Anzari, M., Ikhwan, M., & Syukriah, S. (2024). Inclusive development in rural Indonesia: Actualizing disability rights in Lheu Eu Village. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(1), 23-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i1.2318
  5. Asiedu, E. A. (2023). Achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls through gender responsive budgeting in Ghana. Journal of Business Management and Social Studies, 3(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.53748/jbms.v3i1.51
  6. Babalola, F., Mhlongo, N., Obinyeluaku, M., Oladayo, G., & Daraojimba, C. (2023). Microfinance and economic empowerment in Nigeria: A critical review of impact and sustainability. Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 5(12), 381-404. doi:https://doi.org/10.51594/farj.v5i12.640
  7. Bans-Akutey, A. (2025). Dynamics in the carrying capacity of Ghana’s population. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(2), 119–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2365
  8. Bans-Akutey, A., & Tiimub, B. (2021). The effect of leadership styles on the dynamics of a group. Academia Letters, 2. doi:https://doi.org/10.20935/AL2061
  9. Barker, C. E., Bird, C. E., Pradhan, A., & Shakya, G. (2007). Support to the Safe Motherhood Programme in Nepal: an integrated approach. Reproductive Health Matters, 15(30), 81-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(07)30331-5
  10. Baron, J. (2022). HIV/AIDS Awareness and the Level of Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Senior High School Students: An Evaluation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 43-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.1145
  11. Bauer, G., & Burnet, J. E. (2013). Gender quotas, democracy, and women's representation in Africa: Some insights from democratic Botswana and autocratic Rwanda. Paper presented at the Women's Studies International Forum.
  12. Blaydes, L., Gengler, J., & Lari, N. A. (2021). Understanding cultural constraints to female labor force participation: How family dynamics influence women’s employment in Qatar and the Arab Gulf states. Association for Analytic Learning about Islam and Muslim societies, available at: https://aalims. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Blaydes-Qatar-Women-Labor-Force-Partcipation-v5. pdf.
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  15. Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 38(4), 785-810.
  16. Chouchou Lyliane, I. (2022). Factors Affecting Women's Participation in Politics: A ComparativeStudy of Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda.
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  20. Dingle, A., Powell-Jackson, T., & Goodman, C. (2013). A decade of improvements in equity of access to reproductive and maternal health services in Cambodia, 2000–2010. International journal for equity in health, 12, 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-12-51
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  25. Fredman, S. (2018). Working together: human rights, the sustainable development goals and gender equality. Available at SSRN 3295693. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3295693
  26. Ganzon, W. J., & Edig, M. M. (2022). Time Management And Self-Directed Learning As Predictors Of Academic Performance Of Students In Mathematics. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 57-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.1212
  27. González-López, G., & Cabrera, L. C. (2021). The Borders of# MeToo: A Conversation about Sexual Violence Against Women in Ciudad Juárez. Feminist Formations, 33(3), 333-350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2021.0054
  28. Hammawa, Y. M., & Hashim, N. B. (2016). Women-micro entrepreneurs and sustainable economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management, 18(1), 27-36.
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  34. Khaneghahi, S., Sefatgol, S., & Siyasar, M. (2022). Investigating the relationship between school culture and academic enthusiasm with academic hope and motivation in high school students. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 29-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.940
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  38. Lowndes, V. (2020). How are political institutions gendered? Political Studies, 68(3), 543-564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719867667
  39. Madsen, D. H., Gouws, A., & Chiweza, A. L. (2021). Gender mainstreaming in Africa: Local translations and institutional challenges in Ghana, Malawi and South Africa Routledge Handbook of Public Policy in Africa (pp. 524-535): Routledge.
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  41. Mayoux, L. (1998). Women's empowerment and micro-finance programmes approaches, evidence and ways forward. 8(2).
  42. Mehra, R., & Gupta, G. R. (2006). Gender mainstreaming: Making it happen. International Center for Research on Women (ICRW).
  43. Mojtahedi, E. R. (2015). Women and Revolutionary Turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa. Glendon Journal of International Studies, 8(1-2).
  44. Mujuzi, J. D. (2008). The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa: South Africa's reservations and interpretative declarations. Law, Democracy & Development, 12(2), 41-61.
  45. Nanda, V., Nayak, M., & Goldstein, J. (2020). Global efforts to realize the essential but elusive goal of gender equality and women's empowerment (SDG 5). Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y, 48, 1.
  46. Nguse, T., Desalegn, G., Oshora, B., Tangl, A., Nathan, R. J., & Fekete-Farkasne, M. (2022). Enhancing women economic empowerment through financial inclusion: Evidence from SMEs in Ethiopia. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 25. doi:https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.25.1.17
  47. Niyonzima, E., & Bayu, E. K. (2023). Assessing the Contributions of Rwanda Gender Equality Policies to the Women Empowerment in Rwanda. American Journal of Development Studies, 1(2), 27-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.54536/ajds.v1i2.2099
  48. Pathak, L. R., Kwast, B. E., Malla, D. S., Pradhan, A. S., Rajlawat, R., & Campbell, B. B. (2000). Process indicators for safe motherhood programmes: their application and implications as derived from hospital data in Nepal. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 5(12), 882-890. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00662.x
  49. Piscopo, J. M. (2014). Female leadership and sexual health policy in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 49(1), 104-127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2014.0013
  50. Porumbescu, A., & Pogan, L. D. (2021). Gender equality in the European Union. From strategic engagement to achievements. Revista de Stiinte Politice(72), 68-79.
  51. Rubery, J. (2013). Public sector adjustment and the threat to gender equality Public Sector Shock (pp. 43-83): Edward Elgar Publishing.
  52. Samineni, S., & Ramesh, K. (2023). Measuring the impact of microfinance on economic enhancement of women: Analysis with special reference to India. Global Business Review, 24(5), 1076-1091. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920923108
  53. Sarwar, G., & Farid, A. (2024). Unveiling Gender Disparities in Pakistan: Challenges, Progress, and Policy Implications for Achieving SDG 5. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 5(2), 506-517. doi:https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2024(5-II-S)49
  54. Shackleton, L. (2007). Negotiating institutional transformation: A case study of gender-based change in a South African university.
  55. Snow, R. C., Laski, L., & Mutumba, M. (2015). Sexual and reproductive health: Progress and outstanding needs. Global public health, 10(2), 149-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.986178
  56. Sperling, G. B., & Winthrop, R. (2015). What works in girls' education: Evidence for the world's best investment: Brookings Institution Press.
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