Acculturation: Its influence on the cultural practices of Manobo learners of Bukidnon

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i4.2891
Published: Aug 7, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the extent of acculturation and its relationship with the cultural practices of Manobo learners in Damulog, Bukidnon, focusing on assimilation, integration, and marginalization.

Research methodology: A descriptive and correlational research design was used. The study utilized a researcher-made survey questionnaire administered to 300 Grade 10 Manobo learners across four secondary schools in the Damulog area of Bukidnon. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: The study revealed that Manobo learners often experience acculturation in terms of assimilation, integration, and marginalization. Their cultural practices in the economic, social, political, and spiritual aspects were also evident. A moderate positive relationship was found between the extent of acculturation and the level of cultural practices among the learners, suggesting that higher levels of acculturation are associated with stronger cultural practices. These findings imply that acculturation influences how Manobo learners maintain their cultural heritage while adapting to new societal influences.

Conclusions: Indonesia’s BRICS membership can bolster national defence and strategic autonomy if managed with diplomatic prudence. A balanced foreign policy is essential to leverage the advantages of BRICS while preserving partnerships with Western powers and the ASEAN allies. Investment in cybersecurity, military modernization, and defence diplomacy is crucial for long-term stability.

Limitations: This study is limited to Grade 10 Manobo learners in Damulog, Bukidnon, and may not represent other Indigenous groups or age levels. Self-reported data may also introduce bias, and external factors, such as socioeconomic background, were not fully examined.

Contribution: This study contributes to the understanding of how acculturation impacts the cultural practices of Indigenous learners, particularly in educational settings.

Keywords:
1. Acculturation
2. Assimilation
3. Cultural Practices
4. Integration
5. Manobo Learners
6. Marginalization
Authors:
1 . Erl Gerome Pico
Sultan Kudarat State University, Philippines
2 . Mary Grace Gallego
Sultan Kudarat State University, Philippines
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How to Cite
Pico, E. G., & Gallego, M. G. (2025). Acculturation: Its influence on the cultural practices of Manobo learners of Bukidnon. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(4), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i4.2891
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Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 4 (2025): August
Articles
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References

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    Baron, J. (2022). HIV/AIDS Awareness and the Level of Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Senior High School Students: An Evaluation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 43-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.1145

    Baron, J. V. (2023). Level of Cultural Sensitivity and its Influence on Teachers’ Performance. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(4), 271-283. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i4.1392

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    Baron, J. V., & Cruz, J. A. D. (2023). The Spiral Progression Approach in Teaching Science: Its Volatilities, Uncertainties, Complexities, and Ambiguities (VUCA). Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(2), 89-103. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i2.1194

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    Petri, D. P., & Klocek, J. (2025). External and Internal Threats to the Freedom of Religion or Belief of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Religions, 16(2), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16020209

    Pirdehghan, M. (2024). Transforming Home: The Religious Heritage of Indigenous Society in the Age of Environmental Problems. Nature and Culture, 19(2), 135-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2024.190202

    Rana, J. C., Bisht, I. S., Mathur, P., Fadda, C., Mittra, S., Ahlawat, S. P., . . . Yadav, R. (2024). Involving Rural Youth in Agroecological Nature-Positive Farming and Culinary Agri-Ecotourism for Sustainable Development: The Indian Scenario. Sustainability, 16(21), 1-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219417

    Reddy, K., & Sailesh, B. (2024). Cultural Guardianship in Tourism: Indigenous Communities' Quest for Economic Stability and Identity Preservation. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 15(2), 17-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v15.2(74).08

    Salgado, R. M., Koike, P. S., Maglasang, R., & Minoza, J. (2024). Overcoming Linguistic and Cultural Barriers in English Language Learning: An Exploration of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy. The English Teacher, 53(2), 91-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.52696/uifx1995

    Shaheed, A. (2024). Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief: Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief. Journal of the Council for Research on Religion, 5(2), 1-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.26443/jcreor.v5i2.110

    Simporios, L. L. (2024). Silenced Narratives: Assessing the Human Rights Situations of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(5), 16-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0062

    Spencer, S., & Charsley, K. (2021). Reframing ‘Integration’: Acknowledging and Addressing Five Core Critiques. Comparative migration studies, 9(1), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00226-4

    Susim, P. B. (2024). Pamakyabe: Acculturation and Basic Psychological Needs Through the Lens of Adolescent Mag-Indi Aetas of Floridablanca, Pampanga. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(8), 618-629. doi:https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0313

    Tu’itahi, S., Watson, H., Egan, R., Parkes, M. W., & Hancock, T. (2021). Waiora: the Importance of Indigenous Worldviews and Spirituality to Inspire and Inform Planetary Health Promotion in the Anthropocene. Global Health Promotion, 28(4), 73-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759211062261

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    Wilczewska, I. T. (2023). Breaking the Chains of Two Dimensions: The Tridimensional Process-Oriented Acculturation Model TDPOM. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 95, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101810

    Yamane, C. Y., & Helm, S. (2022). Indigenous Culture-as-Health: A Systematized Literature Review. Journal of Prevention, 43(2), 167-190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-022-00666-3

    Yoo, C. (2021). Acculturation Strategies of Multi-Cultural Family Adolescents in South Korea: Marginalization, Separation, Assimilation, and Integration. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 81, 9-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.12.011

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  2. Aktürk, G., & Lerski, M. (2021). Intangible Cultural Heritage: A Benefit to Climate-Displaced and Host Communities. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 11(3), 305-315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-021-00697-y
  3. Aluede, C. O., & Ikhidero, S. I. (2024). Syncretism and Cultural Resilience: The Coexistence and Evolution of Traditional Itolimin and Christian Burial Practices in Esanland, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Rituals and Traditions, 2(2), 95-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.15575/jcrt.448
  4. Amin, T. (2024). Globalization and Cultural Homogenization: A Critical Examination. Kashf Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(3), 10-20.
  5. Anderson, K., Elder-Robinson, E., Gall, A., Ngampromwongse, K., Connolly, M., Letendre, A., . . . Dickson, M. (2022). Aspects of Wellbeing for Indigenous Youth in CANZUS Countries: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 1-44. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013688
  6. Baron, J. (2022). HIV/AIDS Awareness and the Level of Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Senior High School Students: An Evaluation. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(1), 43-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i1.1145
  7. Baron, J. V. (2023). Level of Cultural Sensitivity and its Influence on Teachers’ Performance. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(4), 271-283. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i4.1392
  8. Baron, J. V. (2024). Climate Change Awareness and Adaptation by Rice Farmers in Surallah, South Cotabato. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 193-204. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v4i3.1854
  9. Baron, J. V., & Cruz, J. A. D. (2023). The Spiral Progression Approach in Teaching Science: Its Volatilities, Uncertainties, Complexities, and Ambiguities (VUCA). Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(2), 89-103. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i2.1194
  10. Bihari, S. (2023). Cultural Heritage and Indigenous Knowledge: Reviving Traditions for Future Generations. Sustainable Development Goals in SAARC Countries: Key Issues, Opportunities and Challenges, 1, 24-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8049777
  11. Colak, F. Z., Van Praag, L., & Nicaise, I. (2022). ‘You Have to Integrate to Belong Here!’: Acculturation and Exclusion among Turkish and Belgian Descent Students on a University Campus. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 43(3), 415-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2022.2010675
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  14. Gonzales, N. A. P. (2024). Safeguarding Indigenous Practices in the Family, Education, Agriculture, and Forest Conservation among the Ifugaos in the Philippines. Suranaree Journal of Social Science, 18(2), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.55766/sjss-2-2024-272439
  15. Kunst, J. R., Lefringhausen, K., & Zagefka, H. (2024). Delineating the Boundaries between Genuine Cultural Change and Cultural Appropriation in Majority-Group Acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 98, 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101911
  16. Ma, J. (2023). Racialization, Colonialism, and Imperialism: A Critical Autoethnography on the Intersection of Forced Displacement and Race in a Settler Colonial Context. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1171008
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  18. Nganga, L., & Kambutu, J. (2024). Culturally Responsive Professional Development Programs for Teacher Educators Using Community-Based Collaborative Learning: Lessons Learned from a Native American Community. Education Sciences, 14(7), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070787
  19. Nicholas, G. (2022). Protecting Indigenous Heritage Objects, Places, and Values: Challenges, Responses, and Responsibilities. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 28(3), 400-422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2021.2009539
  20. Petri, D. P., & Klocek, J. (2025). External and Internal Threats to the Freedom of Religion or Belief of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Religions, 16(2), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16020209
  21. Pirdehghan, M. (2024). Transforming Home: The Religious Heritage of Indigenous Society in the Age of Environmental Problems. Nature and Culture, 19(2), 135-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.3167/nc.2024.190202
  22. Rana, J. C., Bisht, I. S., Mathur, P., Fadda, C., Mittra, S., Ahlawat, S. P., . . . Yadav, R. (2024). Involving Rural Youth in Agroecological Nature-Positive Farming and Culinary Agri-Ecotourism for Sustainable Development: The Indian Scenario. Sustainability, 16(21), 1-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219417
  23. Reddy, K., & Sailesh, B. (2024). Cultural Guardianship in Tourism: Indigenous Communities' Quest for Economic Stability and Identity Preservation. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 15(2), 17-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v15.2(74).08
  24. Salgado, R. M., Koike, P. S., Maglasang, R., & Minoza, J. (2024). Overcoming Linguistic and Cultural Barriers in English Language Learning: An Exploration of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy. The English Teacher, 53(2), 91-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.52696/uifx1995
  25. Shaheed, A. (2024). Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief: Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief. Journal of the Council for Research on Religion, 5(2), 1-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.26443/jcreor.v5i2.110
  26. Simporios, L. L. (2024). Silenced Narratives: Assessing the Human Rights Situations of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(5), 16-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0062
  27. Spencer, S., & Charsley, K. (2021). Reframing ‘Integration’: Acknowledging and Addressing Five Core Critiques. Comparative migration studies, 9(1), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-021-00226-4
  28. Susim, P. B. (2024). Pamakyabe: Acculturation and Basic Psychological Needs Through the Lens of Adolescent Mag-Indi Aetas of Floridablanca, Pampanga. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2(8), 618-629. doi:https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2024.0313
  29. Tu’itahi, S., Watson, H., Egan, R., Parkes, M. W., & Hancock, T. (2021). Waiora: the Importance of Indigenous Worldviews and Spirituality to Inspire and Inform Planetary Health Promotion in the Anthropocene. Global Health Promotion, 28(4), 73-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/17579759211062261
  30. Uddin, E. (2023). Enhancing the School Environment for Underprivileged Minority Children through Social Identity, Cultural Capital, and Preparedness. In Z. Zaremohzzabieh, H. Abdullah, & S. Ahrari (Eds.), Social Psychology Theories and Methods in Education (pp. 182-195). Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
  31. Vargas-Callejas, G., & Verdeja Muñiz, M. (2024). Social and Educational Strategies of Inclusion and Exclusion for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2024.2365178
  32. Ward, C., & Szabó, Á. (2023). Acculturation, Cultural Identity and Well-Being. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(5), 267-282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00171-2
  33. Wilczewska, I. T. (2023). Breaking the Chains of Two Dimensions: The Tridimensional Process-Oriented Acculturation Model TDPOM. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 95, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101810
  34. Yamane, C. Y., & Helm, S. (2022). Indigenous Culture-as-Health: A Systematized Literature Review. Journal of Prevention, 43(2), 167-190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-022-00666-3
  35. Yoo, C. (2021). Acculturation Strategies of Multi-Cultural Family Adolescents in South Korea: Marginalization, Separation, Assimilation, and Integration. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 81, 9-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.12.011
  36. Zheng, K. (2024). Regional Cultural Integration and Innovation in Environmental Design: Exploring Strategies to Maintain and Inherit Regional Cultural Values in the Context of Globalization. Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, 21(3), 455-472.