Hardiness factors and university outcomes: A gender-based comparative study

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v6i1.3081
Published: Nov 6, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study investigates the effects of the hardiness (HD) factors- commitment (CM), control (CO), and challenge (CH) on key university-based outcome variables: learning performance (LP), quality of university life (QUL), and quality of life (QOL) among business undergraduates in Bangladesh. Additionally, this study aims to assess how these associations differ by gender.

Methodology/approach: Data were collected from 384 undergraduate students across 32 private universities employing a structured questionnaire. This study employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the relationships among components and necessary condition analysis (NCA) to identify the minimum levels of HD factors necessary for achieving target outcomes. Multi-group analysis (PLS-MGA) was conducted to estimate the effects of gender moderation.

Results/findings: All three HD features significantly impacted LP, QUL, and QOL. Gender moderated specific relations, like CM to QOL, CO to QUL, and CH to QUL, while others showed no significant difference. NCA analysis determined that different HD variables are necessary to achieve the desired academic and life outcomes at varying levels.

Conclusion: Hardiness significantly influences students’ learning performance, quality of university life, and overall life satisfaction. Integrating hardiness-enhancing strategies in university curricula can foster resilience and improve academic and life outcomes among undergraduates.

Limitations: The investigation focused solely on private university undergraduate students in Dhaka city. It did not consider other personality trait variables or use advanced predictive techniques, like machine learning.

Contribution: : This research extends the theoretical framework of hardiness by identifying its components’ net and necessary effects and highlighting gender-based differences.

Keywords:
1. Gender
2. Hardiness
3. Learning Performance
4. Quality of Life
5. Quality of University Life
Authors:
1 . Sanjoy Kumar Roy Roy
City University, Bangladesh
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-1288
2 . Udayshankar Sarkar
City University, Bangladesh
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How to Cite
Roy, S. K. R., & Sarkar, U. . (2025). Hardiness factors and university outcomes: A gender-based comparative study. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 6(1), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v6i1.3081
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Issue & Section
Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): November
Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Author Biography

Udayshankar Sarkar, City University, Bangladesh

Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.

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  2. Abdollahi, A., Abu Talib, M., Yaacob, S. N., & Ismail, Z. (2015). The Role Of Hardiness In Decreasing Stress And Suicidal Ideation In A Sample Of Undergraduate Students. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55(2), 202-222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167814543952
  3. Ahuja, J., Rao, K., & Subbakrishna, D. (1998). Perceived job stress in executives: The role of lifestyle related factors. Nimhans Journal, 16(2), 107-112.
  4. Ahuja, J., Rao, K., & Subbakrishna, D. (1999). Psychological Health In Executives-The Role Of Hardiness And Coping Behaviours. Behaviour Medicine Journal, 2, 30-38.
  5. Arslan, S., & Akkas, O. A. (2014). Quality Of College Life (QCL) Of Students In Turkey: Students’ Life Satisfaction And Identification. Social Indicators Research, 115(2), 869-884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0235-9
  6. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J., & Bass, B. M. (1991). Identifying Common Methods Variance With Data Collected From A Single Source: An Unresolved Sticky Issue. Journal of management, 17(3), 571-587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700303
  7. Azzolini, D., Guetto, R., & Madia, J. E. (2017). Do Mixed Unions Foster Integration? The Educational Outcomes Of Mixed-Parentage Children In Italy. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 18(4), 1033-1060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-017-0521-5
  8. Bakar, A., & Marsela, F. (2021). The profile of students’ academic hardiness: A descriptive study. 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology, and Modern Society (ICSTMS 2020), 495-499. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210909.105
  9. Bartone, P. T., McDonald, K., Hansma, B. J., & Solomon, J. (2022). Hardiness Moderates The Effects Of Covid-19 Stress On Anxiety And Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 317, 236-244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.045
  10. Bartone, P. T., & Tripp, K. H. (2025). Stress, Hardiness And Eating Disorder Symptoms In Military Academy Cadets. Eating Disorders, 33(2), 214-237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2024.2346681
  11. Bartone, P. T., Valdes, J. J., & Sandvik, A. (2016). Psychological Hardiness Predicts Cardiovascular Health. Psychology, health & medicine, 21(6), 743-749. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1120323
  12. Block, A. P. (1992). Hardiness As A Factor That Mediates Reactions To Stress: Its Effect On Illness And Job Satisfaction.
  13. Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B., & Bartone, P. T. (2001). Deriving Benefits From Stressful Events: The Role Of Engagement In Meaningful Work And Hardiness. Journal of occupational health psychology, 6(1), 53.
  14. Cha, K.-H. (2003). Subjective Well-Being Among College Students. Social Indicators Research, 62(1), 455-477. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022669906470
  15. Chagas, V. (2022). Whatsapp And Digital Astroturfing: A Social Network Analysis Of Brazilian Political Discussion Groups Of Bolsonaro’s Supporters. International journal of communication, 16, 25.
  16. Chin, W., Cheah, J.-H., Liu, Y., Ting, H., Lim, X.-J., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Demystifying The Role Of Causal-Predictive Modeling Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling In Information Systems Research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 120(12), 2161-2209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2019-0529
  17. Chow, H. P. (2005). Life Satisfaction Among University Students In A Canadian Prairie City: A Multivariate Analysis. Social Indicators Research, 70(2), 139-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-7526-0
  18. Chowdhury, S., & Roy, S. (2015). Evaluating The Impact Of Insurance Companies In The Development Of Insurance Practices In Bangladesh. Scholar Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(1), 37-42.
  19. Chowdhury, S. H., Roy, S. K., Arafin, M., & Siddiquee, S. (2019). Green Hr Practices And Its Impact On Employee Work Satisfaction-A Case Study On IBBL, Bangladesh. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, Delhi, 3(3), 129-138.
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  21. Dul, J. (2016). Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) Logic And Methodology Of “Necessary But Not Sufficient” Causality. Organizational research methods, 19(1), 10-52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115584005
  22. Eno-Abasi, M. U. (2025). The Effect Of Marital Status And Institutional Type On Postgraduate Completion Outcomes In Cross River State. Ayden International Journal of Education and Social sciences, 13(2), 37-53. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15462463
  23. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models With Unobservable Variables And Measurement Error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
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