The impact of Covid-19 on students’ mental health
Abstract:
Purpose: The research has been conducted to investigate the influential factors on students’ mental health during the Covid-19.
Research methodology: The research is quantitative in nature. The structured questionnaire has been prepared to collect the data from 250 Bangladeshi students through a personal interview method using a 7-point Likert scale. The research used the convenience sampling method to collect the data and data were analyzed through SPSS 25.0 software.
Results: The research found that economic factors, social factors, and educational factors have a significant impact on the students’ mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic situation.
Limitations: The study is limited by geographical and sample size in the aspect of students’ mental health during the pandemic situation.
Contribution: All sorts of people will be benefited from this study obtaining a clear understanding and scenario about the students’ mental health during the pandemic situation. Educational institutions, teachers, psychologists, behavioral therapists, social researchers, politicians, legal agencies, and others that are engaged in the education sector will be fruitful by this study’s outputs. Governments and governmental agencies may plan and promote their strategies and policies by having a clear concept about students’ mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Mental health, Student, Covid-19, Education, Social aspect, Economic condition
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Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Ed606496. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2, 2–8.
Al-Tammemi, A. B., Akour, A., & Alfalah, L. (2020). Is It Just About Physical Health? An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study Exploring the Psychological Impacts of COVID-19.
Arafat, Y.S.M., Mali, B., Akter, H., (2020). Is suicide reporting in Bangla online news portals sensible? A year-round content analysis against World Health Organization guidelines. Asian. J. Psychiatry 49, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101943.
Arboleda-Florez, J., & Stuart, H. (2012). From sin to science: Fighting the stigmatization of mental illnesses. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700803.
Armstrong, G., Vijayakumar, L., Neiderkrotenthaler, T., Jayaseelan, M., Kannan, R., Pirkis, J., et al., (2018). Assessing the quality of media reporting of suicide news in India against World Health Organization guidelines: a content analysis study of nine major newspapers in Tamil Nadu. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 52(9), 856–863.
Askitas, N. and K. Zimmermann (2011). Health and well-being in the crisis. IZA Discussion Paper.
Aucejo, E. M., French, J., Ugalde Araya, M. P., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID- 19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpubeco.2020.104271
Benzeval, M., L. Bond, M. Campbell, M. Egan, T. Lorenc, M. Petticrew and F. Popham (2014). How does money influence health? Joseph Rowntree Foundation Report.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It:Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Brown ER, Ojeda VD, Wyn R, Levan R (2000). Racial and ethnic disparities in access to health insurance and health care. Los Angeles UCLA Center for Health Policy Research and The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Chandasiri, O. (2020). The COVID-19: Impact on Education. Journal of Asian and African Social Science and Humanities, 6, 37-42.
Charles, N. E., Strong, S. J., Burns, L. C., Bullerjahna, M. R., & Serafine, K. M. (2020). Increased Mood Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Alcohol Use among College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Well-Being. https://psyarxiv.com/rge9k https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rge9k
Cleveland, H. R., Baumann, A., Zaske, H., Janner, M., Icks, A., & Gaebel, W. (2013). Association of lay beliefs about causes of depression with social distance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128, 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12088
Cook, D. A. (2009). The failure of e-learning research to inform educational practice, and what we can do about it. Medical Teacher, 31, 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01421590802691393
Davidson, S. K., Dowrick, C. F., & Gunn, J. M. (2016). Impact of functional and structural social relationships on two year depression outcomes: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.025
Durkheim, E. (1951). The Suicide. Glencoe: the free press.
Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2017). Stereotype content and social distancing from employees with mental illness: The moderating roles of gender and social dominance orientation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47, 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12455
Gardner, J. and A. J. Oswald (2007). Money and mental wellbeing: a longitudinal study of medium-sized lottery wins. Journal of Health Economics,26(1), 49-60.
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data analysis. Seventh edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (2020). Covid-19 status for Bangladesh. [cited 03 May 2020]. Available: https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/
Islam, MS., Emran GI., Rahman, E., Banik R, Sikder T, Smith L. (2020) Knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with the COVID-19 among slum dwellers resided in Dhaka City: a Bangladeshi interview-based survey. J Public Health (Oxf). doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa182
Jacob, O. N., Abigeal, I., & Lydia, A. E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Higher Institutions Development in Nigeria. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 126-135. http://www.eresearchjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/0.-Impact-of-COVID. Pdf
Jones, N. M., Thompson, R. R., Schetter, C. D., & Silver, R. C. (2017). Distress and rumor exposure on social media during a campus lockdown. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), 11663-11668.
Kapasia, N., Paul, P., Roy, A., et al. (2020). Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105194. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105194
Lauber, C., Anthony, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & Rossler, W. (2004). What about psychiatrists’ attitudes to mentally ill people? European Psychiatry, 19, 423–427.
Lee, J. (2020). Reflections Features Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4, 421. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2352-4642(20)30109-7
Luca, G. D., Kerckhove, K. V., Coletti, P., Poletto, C., Bossuyt, N., Hens, N., & Colizza, V. (2018). The Impact of Regular School Closure on Seasonal Influenza Epidemics: A Data- Driven Spatial Transmission Model for Belgium. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2934-3
McInerney, M., J. M. Mellor and L. H. Nicholas (2013). Recession depression: Mental health effects of the 2008 stock market crash, Journal of Health Economics,32(6), 1090-1104.
Meo, S. A., Abukhalaf, A. A., Alomar, A. A., Sattar, K., & Klonoff, D. C. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact of Quarantine on Medical Students’ Mental Wellbeing and Learning Behaviors. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36, S43-S48. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2809
Merton, Robert, K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. NY, The free press.
Noor, J. (2021 May 22). Bangladesh Protidin. Retrieved form: https://www.bd-pratidin.com/amp/last-page/2020/06/08/536843 (In Bengali)
Norman, R. M. G., Sorrentino, R. M., Windell, D., & Manchanda, R. (2008). The role of perceived norms in the stigmatization of mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 851–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0375-4
Oh, H.J., Lee, H., (2019). When do people verify and share health rumors on social media? The effects of message importance, health anxiety, and health literacy. J. Health Commun. 24 (11), 837–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1677824.
Pezzo, M.V., Beckstead, J.W., (2006). A multilevel analysis of rumor transmission: Effects of anxiety and belief in two field experiments. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 28, 91–100.
Saraceno B, Barbui C. (1997) Poverty and mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 285-9.
Sommariva, S., Vamos, C., Mantzarlis, A., Uyên-Loan Đào, L., Tyson, D.M., (2018). Spreading the (Fake) News: Exploring Health Messages on Social Media and the Implications for Health Professionals Using a Case Study. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 19325037.2018.1473178.
Statt N. Major tech platforms say they’re ‘jointly combating fraud and misinformation’ about COVID-19. Verge; 2020 Mar 16 [cited 2020 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/16/21182726/coronavirus-Covid-19-facebook-google-twitter-youtube-joint-effort-misinformation-fraud.
Time. World Health Organization Declares COVID-19 a “Pandemic.” Here’s What That Means. 2020. [cited 03 May 2020]. Available: https://time.com/5791661/who-coronavirus-pandemic-declaration/
UNESCO (2020a). Adverse Consequences of School Closures. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/Covid19/educationresponse/consequences
UNESCO (2020b). Education: From Disruption to Recovery. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/Covid19/educationresponse
WHO (2001b) Basic documents, 43rd edn. Geneva, World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020 [cited 03 May 2020]. Available: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Zhao X, Rafiq A, Hummel R, Fei DY, Merrell RC (2006). Integration of information technology, wireless networks, and personal digi¬tal assistants for triage and casualty. Telemed J E Health, 12(4), 466-474.
- Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Ed606496. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2, 2–8.
- Al-Tammemi, A. B., Akour, A., & Alfalah, L. (2020). Is It Just About Physical Health? An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study Exploring the Psychological Impacts of COVID-19.
- Arafat, Y.S.M., Mali, B., Akter, H., (2020). Is suicide reporting in Bangla online news portals sensible? A year-round content analysis against World Health Organization guidelines. Asian. J. Psychiatry 49, 101943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101943.
- Arboleda-Florez, J., & Stuart, H. (2012). From sin to science: Fighting the stigmatization of mental illnesses. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700803.
- Armstrong, G., Vijayakumar, L., Neiderkrotenthaler, T., Jayaseelan, M., Kannan, R., Pirkis, J., et al., (2018). Assessing the quality of media reporting of suicide news in India against World Health Organization guidelines: a content analysis study of nine major newspapers in Tamil Nadu. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry, 52(9), 856–863.
- Askitas, N. and K. Zimmermann (2011). Health and well-being in the crisis. IZA Discussion Paper.
- Aucejo, E. M., French, J., Ugalde Araya, M. P., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID- 19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpubeco.2020.104271
- Benzeval, M., L. Bond, M. Campbell, M. Egan, T. Lorenc, M. Petticrew and F. Popham (2014). How does money influence health? Joseph Rowntree Foundation Report.
- Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It:Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
- Brown ER, Ojeda VD, Wyn R, Levan R (2000). Racial and ethnic disparities in access to health insurance and health care. Los Angeles UCLA Center for Health Policy Research and The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
- Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
- Chandasiri, O. (2020). The COVID-19: Impact on Education. Journal of Asian and African Social Science and Humanities, 6, 37-42.
- Charles, N. E., Strong, S. J., Burns, L. C., Bullerjahna, M. R., & Serafine, K. M. (2020). Increased Mood Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Alcohol Use among College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Well-Being. https://psyarxiv.com/rge9k https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rge9k
- Cleveland, H. R., Baumann, A., Zaske, H., Janner, M., Icks, A., & Gaebel, W. (2013). Association of lay beliefs about causes of depression with social distance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128, 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12088
- Cook, D. A. (2009). The failure of e-learning research to inform educational practice, and what we can do about it. Medical Teacher, 31, 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01421590802691393
- Davidson, S. K., Dowrick, C. F., & Gunn, J. M. (2016). Impact of functional and structural social relationships on two year depression outcomes: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 274–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.025
- Durkheim, E. (1951). The Suicide. Glencoe: the free press.
- Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2017). Stereotype content and social distancing from employees with mental illness: The moderating roles of gender and social dominance orientation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47, 492–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12455
- Gardner, J. and A. J. Oswald (2007). Money and mental wellbeing: a longitudinal study of medium-sized lottery wins. Journal of Health Economics,26(1), 49-60.
- Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data analysis. Seventh edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (2020). Covid-19 status for Bangladesh. [cited 03 May 2020]. Available: https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/
- Islam, MS., Emran GI., Rahman, E., Banik R, Sikder T, Smith L. (2020) Knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with the COVID-19 among slum dwellers resided in Dhaka City: a Bangladeshi interview-based survey. J Public Health (Oxf). doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa182
- Jacob, O. N., Abigeal, I., & Lydia, A. E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the Higher Institutions Development in Nigeria. Electronic Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2, 126-135. http://www.eresearchjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/0.-Impact-of-COVID. Pdf
- Jones, N. M., Thompson, R. R., Schetter, C. D., & Silver, R. C. (2017). Distress and rumor exposure on social media during a campus lockdown. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), 11663-11668.
- Kapasia, N., Paul, P., Roy, A., et al. (2020). Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105194. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105194
- Lauber, C., Anthony, M., Ajdacic-Gross, V., & Rossler, W. (2004). What about psychiatrists’ attitudes to mentally ill people? European Psychiatry, 19, 423–427.
- Lee, J. (2020). Reflections Features Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4, 421. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2352-4642(20)30109-7
- Luca, G. D., Kerckhove, K. V., Coletti, P., Poletto, C., Bossuyt, N., Hens, N., & Colizza, V. (2018). The Impact of Regular School Closure on Seasonal Influenza Epidemics: A Data- Driven Spatial Transmission Model for Belgium. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18, 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2934-3
- McInerney, M., J. M. Mellor and L. H. Nicholas (2013). Recession depression: Mental health effects of the 2008 stock market crash, Journal of Health Economics,32(6), 1090-1104.
- Meo, S. A., Abukhalaf, A. A., Alomar, A. A., Sattar, K., & Klonoff, D. C. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact of Quarantine on Medical Students’ Mental Wellbeing and Learning Behaviors. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36, S43-S48. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2809
- Merton, Robert, K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. NY, The free press.
- Noor, J. (2021 May 22). Bangladesh Protidin. Retrieved form: https://www.bd-pratidin.com/amp/last-page/2020/06/08/536843 (In Bengali)
- Norman, R. M. G., Sorrentino, R. M., Windell, D., & Manchanda, R. (2008). The role of perceived norms in the stigmatization of mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 851–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0375-4
- Oh, H.J., Lee, H., (2019). When do people verify and share health rumors on social media? The effects of message importance, health anxiety, and health literacy. J. Health Commun. 24 (11), 837–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1677824.
- Pezzo, M.V., Beckstead, J.W., (2006). A multilevel analysis of rumor transmission: Effects of anxiety and belief in two field experiments. Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol. 28, 91–100.
- Saraceno B, Barbui C. (1997) Poverty and mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 285-9.
- Sommariva, S., Vamos, C., Mantzarlis, A., Uyên-Loan ?ào, L., Tyson, D.M., (2018). Spreading the (Fake) News: Exploring Health Messages on Social Media and the Implications for Health Professionals Using a Case Study. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 19325037.2018.1473178.
- Statt N. Major tech platforms say they’re ‘jointly combating fraud and misinformation’ about COVID-19. Verge; 2020 Mar 16 [cited 2020 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/16/21182726/coronavirus-Covid-19-facebook-google-twitter-youtube-joint-effort-misinformation-fraud.
- Time. World Health Organization Declares COVID-19 a “Pandemic.” Here’s What That Means. 2020. [cited 03 May 2020]. Available: https://time.com/5791661/who-coronavirus-pandemic-declaration/
- UNESCO (2020a). Adverse Consequences of School Closures. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/Covid19/educationresponse/consequences
- UNESCO (2020b). Education: From Disruption to Recovery. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/Covid19/educationresponse
- WHO (2001b) Basic documents, 43rd edn. Geneva, World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. 2020 [cited 03 May 2020]. Available: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
- Zhao X, Rafiq A, Hummel R, Fei DY, Merrell RC (2006). Integration of information technology, wireless networks, and personal digi¬tal assistants for triage and casualty. Telemed J E Health, 12(4), 466-474.