Motivation, discipline, and competence: Improving employee performance at the Jayapura Regency Office

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i4.3307
Published: Dec 8, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of motivation, discipline, and competence on employee performance at the Jayapura Regency Office.

Methodology/approach: The research employed a quantitative approach, involving 51 employees from various departments within the Jayapura Regency Office. Data were collected through structured surveys and analyzed using multiple regression analysis with Partial Least Squares (PLS) to assess the relationship between the independent variables (motivation, discipline, and competence) and the dependent variable (employee performance).

Results/findings: The analysis revealed that motivation and discipline have significant positive effects on employee performance, with motivation showing the strongest impact. However, competence was found to have no significant direct effect on employee performance in this organizational context.

Conclusion: The study concludes that motivation and discipline are critical factors in enhancing employee performance at the Jayapura Regency Office, while competence alone does not directly improve performance. These findings suggest that organizational leaders should prioritize strategies to boost employee motivation and enforce discipline, while also considering how to better leverage employee competencies through supportive work environments and systems.

Limitations: A key limitation of this study is its focus on a single government office, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other organizational contexts. Additionally, the use of self-reported data may introduce response biases, and the cross-sectional design prevents establishing causal relationships.

Contribution: This study contributes to public sector management by revealing how motivation, discipline, and competence differently affect employee performance, offering practical guidance for government institutions to improve productivity through targeted motivational, disciplinary, and competence-enabling interventions strategies.

Keywords:
1. Competence
2. Discipline
3. Employee Performance
4. Motivation
5. Public Sector
Authors:
1 . Latif Karim
Cendrawasih University, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
2 . Henderina Morin
Cendrawasih University, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
3 . Roland E. Binur
Cendrawasih University, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
View PDF
How to Cite
Karim, L., Morin, H., & Binur, R. E. (2025). Motivation, discipline, and competence: Improving employee performance at the Jayapura Regency Office. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(4), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i4.3307
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 4 (2025): December
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

    Abid, M., & Savikri, H. (2025). The Influence of Motivation and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 5(2), 320-332. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grdis.v5i2.1200

    Abrori, I., Rizki, V. L., & Muttaqien, F. (2024). Human Resource Management In Improving Employee Performance Through Work Motivation, Quality Of Work Life, And Work Discipline. Conference on SDGs Transformation through the Creative Economy: Encouraging Innovation and Sustainability (TCEEIS 2023), 178-183. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-346-7_33

    Amsyah, K., Prayoga, Y., & Halim, A. (2023). The Influence of Work Motivation, Work Discipline and Technology on Increasing Employee Performance at the Office of the Head of Aek Pamingke Plantation Village. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 4(3), 414-427. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems1573

    Anwar, R. B. K., & Indasah, I. (2021). Analysis of Leadership Style, Motivation and Discipline of Employee Performance at Pragaan Public Health Center Sumenep District. Journal for Quality in Public Health, 5(1), 73-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v5i1.251

    Bahasoan, S., & Baharuddin, I. (2023). Work Discipline, Work Motivation and Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(2), 90-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i2.92

    Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108

    Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes On The Concept Of Commitment. American journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/222820

    Boyatzis, R. E. (1991). The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance. Canada: John Wiley & Sons.

    Diantara, L., & Arief, S. (2024). The Role of Work Discipline as A Moderate in The Relationship Motivation, Competency and Workload on Employee Performance. eCo-Buss, 7(1), 768-783. doi:https://doi.org/10.32877/eb.v7i1.1623

    Dieva, D. P., & Swasti, I. K. (2024). Competence, Work Discipline, and Work Facilities Contribute to Improving Employee Performance. AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment), 8(3), 93-98. doi:https://doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v8i3.459

    DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.

    Dr. Muhammad Ramdhan, S. P. M. M. (2021). Metode Penelitian: Cipta Media Nusantara.

    Elisabeth, C. (2023). The Influence of Motivation, Discipline, and Work Environment on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 3(1), 21-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grdis.v3i1.307

    Fasha, A., Anggraini, R., Ramadani, A., & Purwianti, L. (2024). Transformation of Consumer’s Coffee Consumption Behaviour in Batam. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 6(1), 135-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3204

    Fauzan, A. (2023). Employee Productivity Optimization through Training, Discipline, and Work Motivation. PRODUKTIF: Jurnal Kepegawaian dan Organisasi, 2(2), 113-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.37481/jko.v2i2.96

    Geopani, T., Suherman, A. R., Adang, A., Jannah, A., & Suswanto, D. (2024). The Influence Of Motivation And Work Competence On Employee Performance: At A Company Engaged In Marketing. Majalah Bisnis & IPTEK, 17(1), 39-47. doi:https://doi.org/10.55208/hxjx9v51

    Handayani, R. (2020). Metode Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: Trussmedia Grafika.

    Harahap, A. S., & Yosepha, S. Y. (2025). Realities and Expectations of Young Indonesian Workers in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 369-379. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2992

    Hernandi, F. U., & Prabowo, R. J. (2024). The Effect of Discipline Development and Work Motivation on the Performance: Empirical Study from Civil Servants at the Spatial Planning Office Bekasi City, Indonesia. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 4(2), 97-110. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v4i2.461

    Hidayat, R. (2020). The Influence Of Compensation, Work Discipline, And Achievement Motivation On Employee Performance. Jurnal Dimensi, 9(3), 525-535. doi:https://doi.org/10.33373/dms.v9i3.2730

    Khusna, K., Sukarno, H., & Fauziyyah, S. (2025). Employee Ambidexterity: the Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Increasing Competitive Advantage in the Tourism Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 351-368. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2965

    Kuma, A. A. D., & Ginting, H. (2025). Mindfulness as A Factor in Reducing Turnover Intention in Sales Employees (the Role of Work Stress and Resilience in the Process). Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 409-421. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2912

    Kurniawan, R., Nadi, M. A. B., & Karunia, M. N. (2023). The Effect of Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance with Incentives as a Moderator Variable (At the Class I Railway Engineering Center for the Central Java Region). Jurnal Bisnis Strategi, 32(1), 112-121. doi:https://doi.org/10.14710/jbs.32.1.112-121

    Laoli, B., Lase, F. L., & Laoli, E. S. (2024). Improving Employee Performance: A Study Of The Influence Of Motivation Sincerity Discipline And Work Environment. International Journal of Contemporary Studies in Education (IJ-CSE), 3(1), 82-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.56855/ijcse.v3i1.974

    Listyorini, E., Reniati, R., & Daulay, P. (2024). Workplace Discipline and Employee Performance at the Bangka Pratama Tax Service Office: The Influence of Work Competency, Commitment, and Motivation. JURISMA: Jurnal Riset Bisnis & Manajemen, 14(2), 255-270. doi:https://doi.org/10.34010/jurisma.v14i2.13850

    Malik, S., Solong, A., Djaya, S., & Sucipto, K. (2025). The Influence of Discipline and Work Motivation on Employee Productivity Improvement. Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research, 5(1), 121-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.59065/jissr.v5i1.180

    Moleong, L. J. (1989). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remadja Karya.

    Muna, N., Azizah, S. N., Evelyna, F., & Susetyo, A. (2025). Enhancing Teacher Performance Through Competence And Work Discipline: The Mediating Role Of Work Motivation. International Journal of Applied Finance and Business Studies, 13(1), 34-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.35335/ijafibs.v13i1.342

    Nandrang, R., Hasanuddin, B., & Mahardiana, L. (2025). The Influence of Motivation, Competence and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Tadulako International Journal of Applied Management, 7(1), 68-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.59769/tajam.v7i01.177

    Novialumi, A., & Winata, S. D. (2025). The Impact of Compensation on Job Satisfaction: Work Experience and Education Relationship. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 69-81. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2888

    Nugroho, S. H., Said, M., & Said, L. R. (2025). The Effect of Work Environment, Compensation, Career Development, Leadership, and Workload on Job Satisfaction with Work Motivation as an Intervening Variable. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 13-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2826

    Nuraeni, N., Ahmad, G., Matin, M., Sulaiman, S., & Izhari, F. (2022). the Effect of Work Motivation and Work Discipline on Employee Performance and Work Competency As a Mediating Variable At Pt. Bprs Al Salaam Amal Salman, Depok City, West Java. Journal of Economics, Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business (JEMEB), 2(1), 13-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.52909/jemeb.v2i1.80

    Pandia, E. K., & Zulfikar, V. A. (2023). The Effect of Work Motivation and Discipline on Employee Performance: Study at a Convection Service Company in the City of Bandung. Majalah Bisnis & IPTEK, 16(2), 260-270. doi:https://doi.org/10.55208/vgdwhz39

    Paulus, P. (2023). The Effect Of Remuneration, Work Discipline And Motivation On Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 23-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v3i1.283

    Permana, I. W. Y. R., Kusumawijaya, I. K., & Antari, N. L. S. (2025). Motivation as a Mediator of Communication and Work Discipline on Employee Performance: A Study at Karangasem Hospital. Journal of Management and Business Innovations, 7(01), 69-81. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/jombi.v7i01.25219

    Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The Motivational Bases of Public Service. Public administration review, 50(3), 367-373. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/976618

    Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior New York: Psychology Press.

    Polandika, A., Sentosa, B. M., & Afriadi, B. (2023). The The Influence Of Motivation, Discipline And Work Environment On Employee Performance On CV. Gino Guruputra Kab. Tangerang. Research Trend in Technology and Management, 1(2), 132-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.56442/rttm.v1i2.9

    Pramesti, W. A., & Azizah, S. N. (2023). How Do Work Discipline, Compensation And Competence Influence Employee Productivity? JPS (Jurnal Perbankan Syariah), 4(2), 231-248. doi:https://doi.org/10.46367/jps.v4i2.1390

    Purwanti, P., Suswati, E., & Navi, N. (2024). The Effect of Discipline and Motivation on Performance Through Competence. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(3), 110-116. doi:https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v2i3.115

    Putra, R. S., Agustina, T. S., Khusnah, H., Subramaniam, A., Fatimah, N., Nisa, K., & Fitriya, A. L. (2025). Organizational Culture, Work Discipline, and Competencies Drive Performance Through Motivation. SHS Web of Conferences, 212, 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202521204030

    Rachman, S., Susanto, P. C., & Mustika, I. (2025). Determination of Employee Performance: Analysis of Training, Work Motivation, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 381-394. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2998

    Ratnasari, S. L., Badawi, S., Susanti, E. N., Susanto, A., Sari, H., Natta, U., . . . Sutjahjo, G. (2024). The Effect of Leadership Style, Work Motivation, Work Discipline, Competence and Work Environment on Police Personnel Performance. Proceeding of International Conference on Multidisciplinary Study, 2(1), 18-29.

    Roka, L., Paais, M., & Pentury, G. M. (2023). The Influence Of Competence, Motivation And Work Discipline On The Performance Of Center Employees Agricultural Technology Assessment (BPTP) Maluku. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(4), 1492-1498.

    Sarpong, D. A.-A., Aniah, E., Amankwah, N. Y., & Asare, I. (2025). Nexus between Despotic Leadership Style and Employee’s Well-Being: A Case of a Telecommunication Company in Ghana. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 135-152. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2733

    Setiawan, R., Vidada, I. A., Hadi, S. S., & Zhafiraah, N. R. (2024). Examining the Impact of Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance. Human Capital and Organizations, 1(2), 55-65. doi:https://doi.org/10.58777/hco.v1i2.169

    Shofiyah, A. G. N., & Yendra, Y. (2025). Competence, Work Environment and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 3(1), 30-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v3i1.323

    Sihombing, S., Simarmata, J., Banjarnahor, A. R., Farisyi, S., & Suvittawat, A. (2025). Human Resources Management Strategies in Enhancing Transportation Performance and Safety in Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 423-435. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.3001

    Sitopu, Y. B., Sitinjak, K. A., & Marpaung, F. K. (2021). The Influence of Motivation, Work Discipline, and Compensation on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 1(2), 72-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v1i2.79

    Sjahruddin, H., Fitriyana, F., Cakranegara, P. A., Suryani, S., & Abdurohim, A. (2023). Influence of Work Discipline and Work Motivation Analysis on Increasing Employee Performance. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 4(1), 84-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems1380

    Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

    Sulyantie, A. F., & Gani, A. N. (2023). The Influence Of Emotional Intelligence And Work Motivation On Employee Performance Mediated By Employee Engagement. Human Capital and Organizations, 1(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.58777/hco.v1i1.89

    Suparman, D., Purnama, R. A., & Naryono, E. (2023). Employee Performance: Organizational Culture, Discipline and the Mediating Role of Motivation. Economics and Digital Business Review, 4(2), 31-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.37531/ecotal.v4i2.460

    Suparmi, S., Nurchayati, N., Juniarto, G., & Suprapti, S. (2024). Improving Employee Performance Through Competence And Work Discipline: A Case Study At The Regional Secretariat Office Of Pati Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(3), 1854-1865. doi:https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v8i3.4675

    Sustiyatik, E., & Jauhari, T. (2025). Organizational Injustice and Workplace Deviance: the Mediating Role of Employee Jealousy in Manufacturing and Service Sectors. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 109-121. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2936

    Syah, A. (2023). Antecedents of the Effect of Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance. Proceeding Medan International Conference on Economic and Business, 1, 2576-2587. doi:https://doi.org/10.30596/miceb.v1i0.371

    Taopiq, D. T. P., & Fuziyati, H. (2024). The Influence of Work Discipline, Motivation, and Human Resource Development on Employee Performance. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 7(1), 5710-5737. doi:https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v7i3.5104

    Wijaya, O. Y. A. (2025). The Impact of Private Higher Education Staff Performance Management (PHE) in Surabaya, Compensation, and Competence on Universities: Evidence From Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 395-407. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2820

    Yanti, D., Hidayat, R., & Rahayu, S. (2025). The Influence of Work Environment, Work Discipline, and Work Motivation on Employee Performance at the Salt Production Area in Sumenep, PT. Garam. Majapahit Journal of Islamic Finance and Management, 5(2), 1359–1380. doi:https://doi.org/10.31538/mjifm.v5i2.373

    Yuliandi, R. T. (2019). Work Discipline, Competence, Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, And Employee Performance. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 7209-7215. doi:https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6221.098319

    Yuliastanty, S., & Stepanina, S. (2023). Work Motivation and Work Discipline on the Performance of Educators. UPI YPTK Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2), 8-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.35134/jbe.v8i2.240

  1. Abid, M., & Savikri, H. (2025). The Influence of Motivation and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 5(2), 320-332. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grdis.v5i2.1200
  2. Abrori, I., Rizki, V. L., & Muttaqien, F. (2024). Human Resource Management In Improving Employee Performance Through Work Motivation, Quality Of Work Life, And Work Discipline. Conference on SDGs Transformation through the Creative Economy: Encouraging Innovation and Sustainability (TCEEIS 2023), 178-183. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-346-7_33
  3. Amsyah, K., Prayoga, Y., & Halim, A. (2023). The Influence of Work Motivation, Work Discipline and Technology on Increasing Employee Performance at the Office of the Head of Aek Pamingke Plantation Village. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 4(3), 414-427. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems1573
  4. Anwar, R. B. K., & Indasah, I. (2021). Analysis of Leadership Style, Motivation and Discipline of Employee Performance at Pragaan Public Health Center Sumenep District. Journal for Quality in Public Health, 5(1), 73-84. doi:https://doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v5i1.251
  5. Bahasoan, S., & Baharuddin, I. (2023). Work Discipline, Work Motivation and Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 1(2), 90-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v1i2.92
  6. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
  7. Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes On The Concept Of Commitment. American journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/222820
  8. Boyatzis, R. E. (1991). The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance. Canada: John Wiley & Sons.
  9. Diantara, L., & Arief, S. (2024). The Role of Work Discipline as A Moderate in The Relationship Motivation, Competency and Workload on Employee Performance. eCo-Buss, 7(1), 768-783. doi:https://doi.org/10.32877/eb.v7i1.1623
  10. Dieva, D. P., & Swasti, I. K. (2024). Competence, Work Discipline, and Work Facilities Contribute to Improving Employee Performance. AJARCDE (Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment), 8(3), 93-98. doi:https://doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v8i3.459
  11. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
  12. Dr. Muhammad Ramdhan, S. P. M. M. (2021). Metode Penelitian: Cipta Media Nusantara.
  13. Elisabeth, C. (2023). The Influence of Motivation, Discipline, and Work Environment on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary, 3(1), 21-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grdis.v3i1.307
  14. Fasha, A., Anggraini, R., Ramadani, A., & Purwianti, L. (2024). Transformation of Consumer’s Coffee Consumption Behaviour in Batam. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 6(1), 135-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3204
  15. Fauzan, A. (2023). Employee Productivity Optimization through Training, Discipline, and Work Motivation. PRODUKTIF: Jurnal Kepegawaian dan Organisasi, 2(2), 113-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.37481/jko.v2i2.96
  16. Geopani, T., Suherman, A. R., Adang, A., Jannah, A., & Suswanto, D. (2024). The Influence Of Motivation And Work Competence On Employee Performance: At A Company Engaged In Marketing. Majalah Bisnis & IPTEK, 17(1), 39-47. doi:https://doi.org/10.55208/hxjx9v51
  17. Handayani, R. (2020). Metode Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: Trussmedia Grafika.
  18. Harahap, A. S., & Yosepha, S. Y. (2025). Realities and Expectations of Young Indonesian Workers in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 369-379. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2992
  19. Hernandi, F. U., & Prabowo, R. J. (2024). The Effect of Discipline Development and Work Motivation on the Performance: Empirical Study from Civil Servants at the Spatial Planning Office Bekasi City, Indonesia. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 4(2), 97-110. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v4i2.461
  20. Hidayat, R. (2020). The Influence Of Compensation, Work Discipline, And Achievement Motivation On Employee Performance. Jurnal Dimensi, 9(3), 525-535. doi:https://doi.org/10.33373/dms.v9i3.2730
  21. Khusna, K., Sukarno, H., & Fauziyyah, S. (2025). Employee Ambidexterity: the Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Increasing Competitive Advantage in the Tourism Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 351-368. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2965
  22. Kuma, A. A. D., & Ginting, H. (2025). Mindfulness as A Factor in Reducing Turnover Intention in Sales Employees (the Role of Work Stress and Resilience in the Process). Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 409-421. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2912
  23. Kurniawan, R., Nadi, M. A. B., & Karunia, M. N. (2023). The Effect of Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance with Incentives as a Moderator Variable (At the Class I Railway Engineering Center for the Central Java Region). Jurnal Bisnis Strategi, 32(1), 112-121. doi:https://doi.org/10.14710/jbs.32.1.112-121
  24. Laoli, B., Lase, F. L., & Laoli, E. S. (2024). Improving Employee Performance: A Study Of The Influence Of Motivation Sincerity Discipline And Work Environment. International Journal of Contemporary Studies in Education (IJ-CSE), 3(1), 82-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.56855/ijcse.v3i1.974
  25. Listyorini, E., Reniati, R., & Daulay, P. (2024). Workplace Discipline and Employee Performance at the Bangka Pratama Tax Service Office: The Influence of Work Competency, Commitment, and Motivation. JURISMA: Jurnal Riset Bisnis & Manajemen, 14(2), 255-270. doi:https://doi.org/10.34010/jurisma.v14i2.13850
  26. Malik, S., Solong, A., Djaya, S., & Sucipto, K. (2025). The Influence of Discipline and Work Motivation on Employee Productivity Improvement. Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research, 5(1), 121-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.59065/jissr.v5i1.180
  27. Moleong, L. J. (1989). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remadja Karya.
  28. Muna, N., Azizah, S. N., Evelyna, F., & Susetyo, A. (2025). Enhancing Teacher Performance Through Competence And Work Discipline: The Mediating Role Of Work Motivation. International Journal of Applied Finance and Business Studies, 13(1), 34-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.35335/ijafibs.v13i1.342
  29. Nandrang, R., Hasanuddin, B., & Mahardiana, L. (2025). The Influence of Motivation, Competence and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Tadulako International Journal of Applied Management, 7(1), 68-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.59769/tajam.v7i01.177
  30. Novialumi, A., & Winata, S. D. (2025). The Impact of Compensation on Job Satisfaction: Work Experience and Education Relationship. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 69-81. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2888
  31. Nugroho, S. H., Said, M., & Said, L. R. (2025). The Effect of Work Environment, Compensation, Career Development, Leadership, and Workload on Job Satisfaction with Work Motivation as an Intervening Variable. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 13-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2826
  32. Nuraeni, N., Ahmad, G., Matin, M., Sulaiman, S., & Izhari, F. (2022). the Effect of Work Motivation and Work Discipline on Employee Performance and Work Competency As a Mediating Variable At Pt. Bprs Al Salaam Amal Salman, Depok City, West Java. Journal of Economics, Management, Entrepreneurship, and Business (JEMEB), 2(1), 13-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.52909/jemeb.v2i1.80
  33. Pandia, E. K., & Zulfikar, V. A. (2023). The Effect of Work Motivation and Discipline on Employee Performance: Study at a Convection Service Company in the City of Bandung. Majalah Bisnis & IPTEK, 16(2), 260-270. doi:https://doi.org/10.55208/vgdwhz39
  34. Paulus, P. (2023). The Effect Of Remuneration, Work Discipline And Motivation On Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 23-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v3i1.283
  35. Permana, I. W. Y. R., Kusumawijaya, I. K., & Antari, N. L. S. (2025). Motivation as a Mediator of Communication and Work Discipline on Employee Performance: A Study at Karangasem Hospital. Journal of Management and Business Innovations, 7(01), 69-81. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.30829/jombi.v7i01.25219
  36. Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The Motivational Bases of Public Service. Public administration review, 50(3), 367-373. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
  37. Pinder, C. C. (2008). Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior New York: Psychology Press.
  38. Polandika, A., Sentosa, B. M., & Afriadi, B. (2023). The The Influence Of Motivation, Discipline And Work Environment On Employee Performance On CV. Gino Guruputra Kab. Tangerang. Research Trend in Technology and Management, 1(2), 132-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.56442/rttm.v1i2.9
  39. Pramesti, W. A., & Azizah, S. N. (2023). How Do Work Discipline, Compensation And Competence Influence Employee Productivity? JPS (Jurnal Perbankan Syariah), 4(2), 231-248. doi:https://doi.org/10.46367/jps.v4i2.1390
  40. Purwanti, P., Suswati, E., & Navi, N. (2024). The Effect of Discipline and Motivation on Performance Through Competence. Enrichment: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(3), 110-116. doi:https://doi.org/10.55324/enrichment.v2i3.115
  41. Putra, R. S., Agustina, T. S., Khusnah, H., Subramaniam, A., Fatimah, N., Nisa, K., & Fitriya, A. L. (2025). Organizational Culture, Work Discipline, and Competencies Drive Performance Through Motivation. SHS Web of Conferences, 212, 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202521204030
  42. Rachman, S., Susanto, P. C., & Mustika, I. (2025). Determination of Employee Performance: Analysis of Training, Work Motivation, Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 381-394. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2998
  43. Ratnasari, S. L., Badawi, S., Susanti, E. N., Susanto, A., Sari, H., Natta, U., . . . Sutjahjo, G. (2024). The Effect of Leadership Style, Work Motivation, Work Discipline, Competence and Work Environment on Police Personnel Performance. Proceeding of International Conference on Multidisciplinary Study, 2(1), 18-29.
  44. Roka, L., Paais, M., & Pentury, G. M. (2023). The Influence Of Competence, Motivation And Work Discipline On The Performance Of Center Employees Agricultural Technology Assessment (BPTP) Maluku. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(4), 1492-1498.
  45. Sarpong, D. A.-A., Aniah, E., Amankwah, N. Y., & Asare, I. (2025). Nexus between Despotic Leadership Style and Employee’s Well-Being: A Case of a Telecommunication Company in Ghana. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 135-152. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2733
  46. Setiawan, R., Vidada, I. A., Hadi, S. S., & Zhafiraah, N. R. (2024). Examining the Impact of Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance. Human Capital and Organizations, 1(2), 55-65. doi:https://doi.org/10.58777/hco.v1i2.169
  47. Shofiyah, A. G. N., & Yendra, Y. (2025). Competence, Work Environment and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Advances in Human Resource Management Research, 3(1), 30-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.60079/ahrmr.v3i1.323
  48. Sihombing, S., Simarmata, J., Banjarnahor, A. R., Farisyi, S., & Suvittawat, A. (2025). Human Resources Management Strategies in Enhancing Transportation Performance and Safety in Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 423-435. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.3001
  49. Sitopu, Y. B., Sitinjak, K. A., & Marpaung, F. K. (2021). The Influence of Motivation, Work Discipline, and Compensation on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 1(2), 72-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v1i2.79
  50. Sjahruddin, H., Fitriyana, F., Cakranegara, P. A., Suryani, S., & Abdurohim, A. (2023). Influence of Work Discipline and Work Motivation Analysis on Increasing Employee Performance. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 4(1), 84-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems1380
  51. Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
  52. Sulyantie, A. F., & Gani, A. N. (2023). The Influence Of Emotional Intelligence And Work Motivation On Employee Performance Mediated By Employee Engagement. Human Capital and Organizations, 1(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.58777/hco.v1i1.89
  53. Suparman, D., Purnama, R. A., & Naryono, E. (2023). Employee Performance: Organizational Culture, Discipline and the Mediating Role of Motivation. Economics and Digital Business Review, 4(2), 31-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.37531/ecotal.v4i2.460
  54. Suparmi, S., Nurchayati, N., Juniarto, G., & Suprapti, S. (2024). Improving Employee Performance Through Competence And Work Discipline: A Case Study At The Regional Secretariat Office Of Pati Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 8(3), 1854-1865. doi:https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v8i3.4675
  55. Sustiyatik, E., & Jauhari, T. (2025). Organizational Injustice and Workplace Deviance: the Mediating Role of Employee Jealousy in Manufacturing and Service Sectors. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 109-121. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2936
  56. Syah, A. (2023). Antecedents of the Effect of Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance. Proceeding Medan International Conference on Economic and Business, 1, 2576-2587. doi:https://doi.org/10.30596/miceb.v1i0.371
  57. Taopiq, D. T. P., & Fuziyati, H. (2024). The Influence of Work Discipline, Motivation, and Human Resource Development on Employee Performance. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 7(1), 5710-5737. doi:https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v7i3.5104
  58. Wijaya, O. Y. A. (2025). The Impact of Private Higher Education Staff Performance Management (PHE) in Surabaya, Compensation, and Competence on Universities: Evidence From Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 395-407. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2820
  59. Yanti, D., Hidayat, R., & Rahayu, S. (2025). The Influence of Work Environment, Work Discipline, and Work Motivation on Employee Performance at the Salt Production Area in Sumenep, PT. Garam. Majapahit Journal of Islamic Finance and Management, 5(2), 1359–1380. doi:https://doi.org/10.31538/mjifm.v5i2.373
  60. Yuliandi, R. T. (2019). Work Discipline, Competence, Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, And Employee Performance. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(3), 7209-7215. doi:https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6221.098319
  61. Yuliastanty, S., & Stepanina, S. (2023). Work Motivation and Work Discipline on the Performance of Educators. UPI YPTK Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2), 8-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.35134/jbe.v8i2.240