Big Five Personality Traits and executive meta-competencies: Implications for Strategic decision making

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i4.3333
Veröffentlicht: Dec 9, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and strategic decision-making effectiveness at the executive level, while exploring the role of intrinsic meta-competencies that emerge when leaders face moments of isolation and make decisions independently.

Methodology/approach: Using a mixed-methods design, the study applies Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Data sources include Big Five personality assessments of 50 senior executives and in-depth interviews with eight directors from various strategic industries.

Results: Findings reveal that openness to experience and conscientiousness consistently correlate with reflective, structured, and visionary decision-making patterns. The study also identifies that intrinsic meta-competencies such as productive solitude, deep reflection, and resilience in isolation enhance the positive manifestation of these personality traits.

Conclusion: The research provides a conceptual foundation for developing a more holistic talent development and succession planning framework, integrating personality traits and internal capacities often overlooked in leadership assessments.

Limitations: The study focuses on senior executives in strategic industries, limiting generalizability to other leadership levels or sectors. Additionally, qualitative methods may introduce subjective interpretations.

Contribution: This study contributes to leadership psychology and talent management by highlighting the interplay between personality, meta-competencies, and decision-making. It offers practical insights for executive coaching, leadership development programs, and organizational succession planning.

Autor/innen:
1 . Fauzan Fadli
Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
2 . Nazifah Husainah
Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
3 . Maswanto Maswanto
Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
View PDF (ENGLISH)
Zitationsvorschlag
Fadli, F., Husainah, N., & Maswanto, M. (2025). Big Five Personality Traits and executive meta-competencies: Implications for Strategic decision making. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(4), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i4.3333
Bibliografische Angaben herunterladen
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Keine Nutzungsdaten vorhanden.
Ausgabe & Rubrik
Bd. 5 Nr. 4 (2025): December
Articles
Creative-Commons-Lizenz
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International.
Literaturhinweise

    Abositta, A., Adedokun, M. W., & Berbero?lu, A. (2024). Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Engineering Management Decision-Making with Mediating Role of Transformational Leadership. Systems, 12(12), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12120570

    Adie, B. U., Tate, M., & Valentine, E. (2024). Digital Leadership in the Public Sector: A Scoping Review and Outlook. International Review of Public Administration, 29(1), 42-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2024.2323847

    Alibasic, A., Upadhyay, H., Simsekler, M. C. E., Kurfess, T., Woon, W. L., & Omar, M. A. (2022). Evaluation of the Trends in Jobs and Skill-Sets Using Data Analytics: A Case Study. Journal of Big Data, 9(1), 1-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-022-00576-5

    Aljohani, N. R., Aslam, M. A., Khadidos, A. O., & Hassan, S.-U. (2022). A Methodological Framework to Predict Future Market Needs for Sustainable Skills Management Using AI and Big Data Technologies. Applied Sciences, 12(14), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146898

    AlNuaimi, B. K., Singh, S. K., Ren, S., Budhwar, P., & Vorobyev, D. (2022). Mastering Digital Transformation: The Nexus Between Leadership, Agility, And Digital Strategy. Journal of Business Research, 145, 636-648. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.038

    Batisti?, S., & van der Laken, P. (2019). History, Evolution And Future Of Big Data And Analytics: A Bibliometric Analysis Of Its Relationship To Performance In Organizations. British Journal of Management, 30(2), 229-251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12340

    Bauwens, R., & Cortellazzo, L. (2025). The Different Faces of E?Leadership: Six Perspectives on Leading in the Era of Digital Technologies. Human Resource Management Review, 35(1), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2024.101058

    Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9-49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/258724

    Bevilacqua, S., Masárová, J., Perotti, F. A., & Ferraris, A. (2025). Enhancing Top Managers' Leadership with Artificial Intelligence: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review. Review of Managerial Science, 19, 1-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-025-00836-7

    Braojos, J., Weritz, P., & Matute, J. (2024). Empowering Organisational Commitment Through Digital Transformation Capabilities: The Role Of Digital Leadership And A Continuous Learning Environment. Information Systems Journal, 34(5), 1466-1492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12501

    Cheng, Z., Jin, X., & Kwak, W. J. (2025). Using the New Positive Aspect of Digital Leadership to Improve Organizational Sustainability: Testing Moderated Mediation Model. Acta Psychologica, 255, 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104963

    Cheng, Z. M., Bonetti, F., Regt, A. d., Ribeiro, J. L., & Plangger, K. (2024). Principles of Responsible Digital Implementation: Developing Operational Business Resilience to Reduce Resistance to Digital Innovations. Organizational Dynamics, 53(2), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2024.101043

    Elia, G., Solazzo, G., Lerro, A., Pigni, F., & Tucci, C. L. (2024). The Digital Transformation Canvas: A Conceptual Framework For Leading The Digital Transformation Process. Business Horizons, 67(4), 381-398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.007

    Ertiö, T., Eriksson, T., Rowan, W., & McCarthy, S. (2024). The Role Of Digital Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence In Mitigating Employee Technostress. Business Horizons, 67(4), 399-409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.004

    Farhan, W., Chaudhry, I. S., Razmak, J., & El Refae, G. A. (2024). Leaders’ behavioral approach in the digital era: Task vs relationship. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 11(1), 135-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2022-0145

    Fernandez-Vidal, J., Perotti, F. A., Gonzalez, R., & Gasco, J. (2022). Managing Digital Transformation: The View From The Top. Journal of Business Research, 152, 29-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.07.020

    Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 Edisi 9. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.

    Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization As A Reflection Of Its Top Managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628

    Harahap, A. S., & Yosepha, S. Y. (2025). Realities and Expectations of Young Indonesian Workers in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 159-169. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2992

    Henderikx, M., & Stoffers, J. (2022). An Exploratory Literature Study into Digital Transformation and Leadership: Toward Future-Proof Middle Managers. Sustainability, 14(2), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020687

    Heubeck, T. (2023). Managerial Capabilities as Facilitators of Digital Transformation? Dynamic Managerial Capabilities as Antecedents to Digital Business Model Transformation and Firm Performance. Digital Business, 3(1), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2023.100053

    Hossain, S., Fernando, M., & Akter, S. (2025). Digital Leadership: Towards A Dynamic Managerial Capability Perspective Of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Leader Capabilities. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 32(2), 189-208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518251319624

    Huynh, M.-T., Nippa, M., & Aichner, T. (2023). Big Data Analytics Capabilities: Patchwork or Progress? A Systematic Review of the Status Quo and Implications for Future Research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 197, 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122884

    Imran, F., Shahzad, K., Butt, A., & Kantola, J. (2021). Digital Transformation Of Industrial Organizations: Toward An Integrated Framework. Journal of Change Management, 21(4), 451-479. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1929406

    Johnson, D. S., Sihi, D., & Muzellec, L. (2021). Implementing Big Data Analytics in Marketing Departments: Mixing Organic and Administered Approaches to Increase Data-Driven Decision Making. Informatics, 8(4), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040066

    Karakose, T., Demirkol, M., Yirci, R., Polat, H., Ozdemir, T. Y., & Tülüba?, T. (2023). A Conversation with ChatGPT about Digital Leadership and Technology Integration: Comparative Analysis Based on Human–AI Collaboration. Administrative Sciences, 13(7), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13070157

    Khaw, T. Y., Teoh, A. P., Abdul Khalid, S. N., & Letchmunan, S. (2022). The Impact Of Digital Leadership On Sustainable Performance: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Management Development, 41(9-10), 514-534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2022-0070

    Khusna, K., Sukarno, H., & Fauziyyah, S. (2025). Employee Ambidexterity: the Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Increasing Competitive Advantage in the Tourism Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 141-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2965

    Klus, M. F., & Müller, J. (2021). The Digital Leader: What One Needs To Master Today’s Organisational Challenges. Journal of Business Economics, 91(8), 1189-1223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01040-1

    Korherr, P., & Kanbach, D. (2023). Human-Related Capabilities In Big Data Analytics: A Taxonomy Of Human Factors With Impact On Firm Performance. Review of Managerial Science, 17(6), 1943-1970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00506-4

    Korherr, P., Kanbach, D. K., Kraus, S., & Mikalef, P. (2022). From Intuitive to Data-Driven Decision-Making in Digital Transformation: A Framework of Prevalent Managerial Archetypes. Digital Business, 2(2), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2022.100045

    Kushwaha, A. K., Kar, A. K., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021). Applications of Big Data in Emerging Management Disciplines: A Literature Review Using Text Mining. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100017

    Lin, Y., Yousaf, Z., Grigorescu, A., & Popovici, N. (2025). Harnessing Digital Foundations and Artificial Intelligence Synergies: Unraveling the Role of Digital Platforms, Artificial Intelligence, and Strategic Adaptability in Organizational Innovativeness. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(2), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100670

    Madanchian, M., & Taherdoost, H. (2025). Barriers and Enablers of AI Adoption in Human Resource Management: A Critical Analysis of Organizational and Technological Factors. Information, 16(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010051

    Maroufkhani, P., Wagner, R., Wan Ismail, W. K., Baroto, M. B., & Nourani, M. (2019). Big Data Analytics and Firm Performance: A Systematic Review. Information, 10(7), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/info10070226

    Matli, W. (2024). Integration of Warrior Artificial Intelligence and Leadership Reflexivity to Enhance Decision-Making. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 38(1), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2024.2411462

    McCarthy, P., Sammon, D., & Alhassan, I. (2024). The Characteristics Of Digital Transformation Leadership: Theorizing The Practitioner Voice. Business Horizons, 67(4), 411-423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.005

    McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Instruments and Observers. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 52(1), 81-90. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81

    Mikalef, P., Krogstie, J., Pappas, I. O., & Pavlou, P. (2020). Exploring the Relationship between Big Data Analytics Capability and Competitive Performance: The Mediating Roles of Dynamic and Operational Capabilities. Information & Management, 57(2), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.05.004

    Mollah, M. A., Masud, A. A., & Chowdhury, M. S. (2024). How Does Digital Leadership Boost Competitive Performance? The Role of Digital Culture, Affective Commitment, and Strategic Agility. Heliyon, 10(23), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40839

    Müller, S. D., Konzag, H., Nielsen, J. A., & Sandholt, H. B. (2024). Digital Transformation Leadership Competencies: A Contingency Approach. International journal of Information Management, 75, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102734

    Murire, O. T. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Its Role in Shaping Organizational Work Practices and Culture. Administrative Sciences, 14(12), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14120316

    Nadkarni, S., & Prügl, R. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Review, Synthesis And Opportunities For Future Research. Management Review Quarterly, 71(2), 233-341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00185-7

    Oesterreich, T. D., Anton, E., Teuteberg, F., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022). The Role Of The Social And Technical Factors In Creating Business Value From Big Data Analytics: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Business Research, 153, 128-149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.028

    Orero-Blat, M., Palacios-Marqués, D., Leal-Rodriguez, A. L., & Ferraris, A. (2025). Beyond Digital Transformation: A Multi-Mixed Methods Study On Big Data Analytics Capabilities And Innovation In Enhancing Organizational Performance. Review of Managerial Science, 19(2), 649-685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00768-8

    Peji? Bach, M., Krsti?, Ž., Seljan, S., & Turulja, L. (2019). Text Mining For Big Data Analysis In Financial Sector: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 11(5), 1277. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051277

    Philip, J., Gilli, K., & Knappstein, M. (2023). Identifying Key Leadership Competencies For Digital Transformation: Evidence From A Cross-Sectoral Delphi Study Of Global Managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 44(3), 392-406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2022-0063

    Qiao, G., Li, Y., & Hong, A. (2024). The Strategic Role Of Digital Transformation: Leveraging Digital Leadership To Enhance Employee Performance And Organizational Commitment In The Digital Era. Systems, 12(11), 457. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110457

    Quaquebeke, N. V., & Gerpott, F. H. (2023). The Now, New, And Next Of Digital Leadership: How Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Will Take Over And Change Leadership As We Know It. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 30(3), 265-275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518231181731

    Rialti, R., & Filieri, R. (2024). Leaders, Let’s Get Agile! Observing Agile Leadership In Successful Digital Transformation Projects. Business Horizons, 67(4), 439-452. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.003

    Roodt, H. o. t., Bracht, E. M., Dick, R. v., & Hernandez Bark, A. S. (2025). Navigating Through the Digital Workplace: Measuring Leader Digital Competence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(1), 179-205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-024-09947-6

    Saarikko, T., Westergren, U. H., & Blomquist, T. (2020). Digital Transformation: Five Recommendations For The Digitally Conscious Firm. Business Horizons, 63(6), 825-839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005

    Sabharwal, R., & Miah, S. J. (2021). A New Theoretical Understanding of Big Data Analytics Capabilities in Organizations: A Thematic Analysis. Journal of Big Data, 8(1), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00543-6

    Sacavém, A., Machado, A. d. B., Santos, J. R. d., Palma-Moreira, A., Belchior-Rocha, H., & Au-Yong-Oliveira, M. (2025). Leading in the Digital Age: The Role of Leadership in Organizational Digital Transformation. Administrative Sciences, 15(2), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15020043

    Sarwar, Z., Song, Z.-h., Ali, S. T., Khan, M. A., & Ali, F. (2025). Unveiling the Path to Innovation: Exploring the Roles of Big Data Analytics Management Capabilities, Strategic Agility, and Strategic Alignment. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100643

    Schiuma, G., Santarsiero, F., Carlucci, D., & Jarrar, Y. (2024). Transformative Leadership Competencies For Organizational Digital Transformation. Business Horizons, 67(4), 425-437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.004

    Schiuma, G., Schettini, E., Santarsiero, F., & Carlucci, D. (2022). The Transformative Leadership Compass: Six Competencies For Digital Transformation Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(5), 1273-1291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2021-0087

    Schmidt, D. H., van Dierendonck, D., & Weber, U. (2023). The Data-Driven Leader: Developing A Big Data Analytics Leadership Competency Framework. Journal of Management Development, 42(4), 297-326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2022-0306

    Senadjki, A., Yong, H. N. A., Ganapathy, T., & Ogbeibu, S. (2023). Unlocking the Potential: The Impact of Digital Leadership on Firms' Performance Through Digital Transformation. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 4(2), 161-177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-06-2023-0050

    Shabbir, M. Q., & Gardezi, S. B. W. (2020). Application of Big Data Analytics and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Management Practices. Journal of Big Data, 7, 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00317-6

    Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

    Tagscherer, F., & Carbon, C.-C. (2023). Leadership for Successful Digitalization: A Literature Review on Companies’ Internal and External Aspects of Digitalization. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100039

    Tigre, F. B., Henriques, P. L., & Curado, C. (2025). The Digital Leadership Emerging Construct: A Multi-Method Approach. Management Review Quarterly, 75(1), 789-836. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00395-9

    Tursunbayeva, A., & Gal, H. C.-B. (2024). Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence: A TOP Framework-Based Checklist For Digital Leaders. Business Horizons, 67(4), 357-368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.006

    Wijaya, O. Y. A. (2025). The Impact of Private Higher Education Staff Performance Management (PHE) in Surabaya, Compensation, and Competence on Universities: Evidence From Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 185-197. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2820

    Wook, M., Hasbullah, N. A., Zainudin, N. M., Jabar, Z. Z. A., Ramli, S., Razali, N. A. M., & Yusop, N. M. M. (2021). Exploring Big Data Traits and Data Quality Dimensions for Big Data Analytics Application Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. Journal of Big Data, 8(1), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00439-5

  1. Abositta, A., Adedokun, M. W., & Berbero?lu, A. (2024). Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Engineering Management Decision-Making with Mediating Role of Transformational Leadership. Systems, 12(12), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12120570
  2. Adie, B. U., Tate, M., & Valentine, E. (2024). Digital Leadership in the Public Sector: A Scoping Review and Outlook. International Review of Public Administration, 29(1), 42-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/12294659.2024.2323847
  3. Alibasic, A., Upadhyay, H., Simsekler, M. C. E., Kurfess, T., Woon, W. L., & Omar, M. A. (2022). Evaluation of the Trends in Jobs and Skill-Sets Using Data Analytics: A Case Study. Journal of Big Data, 9(1), 1-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-022-00576-5
  4. Aljohani, N. R., Aslam, M. A., Khadidos, A. O., & Hassan, S.-U. (2022). A Methodological Framework to Predict Future Market Needs for Sustainable Skills Management Using AI and Big Data Technologies. Applied Sciences, 12(14), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146898
  5. AlNuaimi, B. K., Singh, S. K., Ren, S., Budhwar, P., & Vorobyev, D. (2022). Mastering Digital Transformation: The Nexus Between Leadership, Agility, And Digital Strategy. Journal of Business Research, 145, 636-648. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.038
  6. Batisti?, S., & van der Laken, P. (2019). History, Evolution And Future Of Big Data And Analytics: A Bibliometric Analysis Of Its Relationship To Performance In Organizations. British Journal of Management, 30(2), 229-251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12340
  7. Bauwens, R., & Cortellazzo, L. (2025). The Different Faces of E?Leadership: Six Perspectives on Leading in the Era of Digital Technologies. Human Resource Management Review, 35(1), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2024.101058
  8. Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9-49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/258724
  9. Bevilacqua, S., Masárová, J., Perotti, F. A., & Ferraris, A. (2025). Enhancing Top Managers' Leadership with Artificial Intelligence: Insights from a Systematic Literature Review. Review of Managerial Science, 19, 1-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-025-00836-7
  10. Braojos, J., Weritz, P., & Matute, J. (2024). Empowering Organisational Commitment Through Digital Transformation Capabilities: The Role Of Digital Leadership And A Continuous Learning Environment. Information Systems Journal, 34(5), 1466-1492. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12501
  11. Cheng, Z., Jin, X., & Kwak, W. J. (2025). Using the New Positive Aspect of Digital Leadership to Improve Organizational Sustainability: Testing Moderated Mediation Model. Acta Psychologica, 255, 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104963
  12. Cheng, Z. M., Bonetti, F., Regt, A. d., Ribeiro, J. L., & Plangger, K. (2024). Principles of Responsible Digital Implementation: Developing Operational Business Resilience to Reduce Resistance to Digital Innovations. Organizational Dynamics, 53(2), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2024.101043
  13. Elia, G., Solazzo, G., Lerro, A., Pigni, F., & Tucci, C. L. (2024). The Digital Transformation Canvas: A Conceptual Framework For Leading The Digital Transformation Process. Business Horizons, 67(4), 381-398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.007
  14. Ertiö, T., Eriksson, T., Rowan, W., & McCarthy, S. (2024). The Role Of Digital Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence In Mitigating Employee Technostress. Business Horizons, 67(4), 399-409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.004
  15. Farhan, W., Chaudhry, I. S., Razmak, J., & El Refae, G. A. (2024). Leaders’ behavioral approach in the digital era: Task vs relationship. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 11(1), 135-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2022-0145
  16. Fernandez-Vidal, J., Perotti, F. A., Gonzalez, R., & Gasco, J. (2022). Managing Digital Transformation: The View From The Top. Journal of Business Research, 152, 29-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.07.020
  17. Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 Edisi 9. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
  18. Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper Echelons: The Organization As A Reflection Of Its Top Managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
  19. Harahap, A. S., & Yosepha, S. Y. (2025). Realities and Expectations of Young Indonesian Workers in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 159-169. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2992
  20. Henderikx, M., & Stoffers, J. (2022). An Exploratory Literature Study into Digital Transformation and Leadership: Toward Future-Proof Middle Managers. Sustainability, 14(2), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020687
  21. Heubeck, T. (2023). Managerial Capabilities as Facilitators of Digital Transformation? Dynamic Managerial Capabilities as Antecedents to Digital Business Model Transformation and Firm Performance. Digital Business, 3(1), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2023.100053
  22. Hossain, S., Fernando, M., & Akter, S. (2025). Digital Leadership: Towards A Dynamic Managerial Capability Perspective Of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Leader Capabilities. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 32(2), 189-208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518251319624
  23. Huynh, M.-T., Nippa, M., & Aichner, T. (2023). Big Data Analytics Capabilities: Patchwork or Progress? A Systematic Review of the Status Quo and Implications for Future Research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 197, 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122884
  24. Imran, F., Shahzad, K., Butt, A., & Kantola, J. (2021). Digital Transformation Of Industrial Organizations: Toward An Integrated Framework. Journal of Change Management, 21(4), 451-479. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1929406
  25. Johnson, D. S., Sihi, D., & Muzellec, L. (2021). Implementing Big Data Analytics in Marketing Departments: Mixing Organic and Administered Approaches to Increase Data-Driven Decision Making. Informatics, 8(4), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics8040066
  26. Karakose, T., Demirkol, M., Yirci, R., Polat, H., Ozdemir, T. Y., & Tülüba?, T. (2023). A Conversation with ChatGPT about Digital Leadership and Technology Integration: Comparative Analysis Based on Human–AI Collaboration. Administrative Sciences, 13(7), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13070157
  27. Khaw, T. Y., Teoh, A. P., Abdul Khalid, S. N., & Letchmunan, S. (2022). The Impact Of Digital Leadership On Sustainable Performance: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Management Development, 41(9-10), 514-534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-03-2022-0070
  28. Khusna, K., Sukarno, H., & Fauziyyah, S. (2025). Employee Ambidexterity: the Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Increasing Competitive Advantage in the Tourism Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 141-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2965
  29. Klus, M. F., & Müller, J. (2021). The Digital Leader: What One Needs To Master Today’s Organisational Challenges. Journal of Business Economics, 91(8), 1189-1223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01040-1
  30. Korherr, P., & Kanbach, D. (2023). Human-Related Capabilities In Big Data Analytics: A Taxonomy Of Human Factors With Impact On Firm Performance. Review of Managerial Science, 17(6), 1943-1970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-021-00506-4
  31. Korherr, P., Kanbach, D. K., Kraus, S., & Mikalef, P. (2022). From Intuitive to Data-Driven Decision-Making in Digital Transformation: A Framework of Prevalent Managerial Archetypes. Digital Business, 2(2), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2022.100045
  32. Kushwaha, A. K., Kar, A. K., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021). Applications of Big Data in Emerging Management Disciplines: A Literature Review Using Text Mining. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100017
  33. Lin, Y., Yousaf, Z., Grigorescu, A., & Popovici, N. (2025). Harnessing Digital Foundations and Artificial Intelligence Synergies: Unraveling the Role of Digital Platforms, Artificial Intelligence, and Strategic Adaptability in Organizational Innovativeness. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(2), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2025.100670
  34. Madanchian, M., & Taherdoost, H. (2025). Barriers and Enablers of AI Adoption in Human Resource Management: A Critical Analysis of Organizational and Technological Factors. Information, 16(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/info16010051
  35. Maroufkhani, P., Wagner, R., Wan Ismail, W. K., Baroto, M. B., & Nourani, M. (2019). Big Data Analytics and Firm Performance: A Systematic Review. Information, 10(7), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/info10070226
  36. Matli, W. (2024). Integration of Warrior Artificial Intelligence and Leadership Reflexivity to Enhance Decision-Making. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 38(1), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2024.2411462
  37. McCarthy, P., Sammon, D., & Alhassan, I. (2024). The Characteristics Of Digital Transformation Leadership: Theorizing The Practitioner Voice. Business Horizons, 67(4), 411-423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.03.005
  38. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Instruments and Observers. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 52(1), 81-90. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
  39. Mikalef, P., Krogstie, J., Pappas, I. O., & Pavlou, P. (2020). Exploring the Relationship between Big Data Analytics Capability and Competitive Performance: The Mediating Roles of Dynamic and Operational Capabilities. Information & Management, 57(2), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.05.004
  40. Mollah, M. A., Masud, A. A., & Chowdhury, M. S. (2024). How Does Digital Leadership Boost Competitive Performance? The Role of Digital Culture, Affective Commitment, and Strategic Agility. Heliyon, 10(23), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40839
  41. Müller, S. D., Konzag, H., Nielsen, J. A., & Sandholt, H. B. (2024). Digital Transformation Leadership Competencies: A Contingency Approach. International journal of Information Management, 75, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102734
  42. Murire, O. T. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and Its Role in Shaping Organizational Work Practices and Culture. Administrative Sciences, 14(12), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14120316
  43. Nadkarni, S., & Prügl, R. (2021). Digital Transformation: A Review, Synthesis And Opportunities For Future Research. Management Review Quarterly, 71(2), 233-341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00185-7
  44. Oesterreich, T. D., Anton, E., Teuteberg, F., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022). The Role Of The Social And Technical Factors In Creating Business Value From Big Data Analytics: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Business Research, 153, 128-149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.028
  45. Orero-Blat, M., Palacios-Marqués, D., Leal-Rodriguez, A. L., & Ferraris, A. (2025). Beyond Digital Transformation: A Multi-Mixed Methods Study On Big Data Analytics Capabilities And Innovation In Enhancing Organizational Performance. Review of Managerial Science, 19(2), 649-685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00768-8
  46. Peji? Bach, M., Krsti?, Ž., Seljan, S., & Turulja, L. (2019). Text Mining For Big Data Analysis In Financial Sector: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 11(5), 1277. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051277
  47. Philip, J., Gilli, K., & Knappstein, M. (2023). Identifying Key Leadership Competencies For Digital Transformation: Evidence From A Cross-Sectoral Delphi Study Of Global Managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 44(3), 392-406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2022-0063
  48. Qiao, G., Li, Y., & Hong, A. (2024). The Strategic Role Of Digital Transformation: Leveraging Digital Leadership To Enhance Employee Performance And Organizational Commitment In The Digital Era. Systems, 12(11), 457. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12110457
  49. Quaquebeke, N. V., & Gerpott, F. H. (2023). The Now, New, And Next Of Digital Leadership: How Artificial Intelligence (Ai) Will Take Over And Change Leadership As We Know It. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 30(3), 265-275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518231181731
  50. Rialti, R., & Filieri, R. (2024). Leaders, Let’s Get Agile! Observing Agile Leadership In Successful Digital Transformation Projects. Business Horizons, 67(4), 439-452. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.003
  51. Roodt, H. o. t., Bracht, E. M., Dick, R. v., & Hernandez Bark, A. S. (2025). Navigating Through the Digital Workplace: Measuring Leader Digital Competence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 40(1), 179-205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-024-09947-6
  52. Saarikko, T., Westergren, U. H., & Blomquist, T. (2020). Digital Transformation: Five Recommendations For The Digitally Conscious Firm. Business Horizons, 63(6), 825-839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005
  53. Sabharwal, R., & Miah, S. J. (2021). A New Theoretical Understanding of Big Data Analytics Capabilities in Organizations: A Thematic Analysis. Journal of Big Data, 8(1), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00543-6
  54. Sacavém, A., Machado, A. d. B., Santos, J. R. d., Palma-Moreira, A., Belchior-Rocha, H., & Au-Yong-Oliveira, M. (2025). Leading in the Digital Age: The Role of Leadership in Organizational Digital Transformation. Administrative Sciences, 15(2), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15020043
  55. Sarwar, Z., Song, Z.-h., Ali, S. T., Khan, M. A., & Ali, F. (2025). Unveiling the Path to Innovation: Exploring the Roles of Big Data Analytics Management Capabilities, Strategic Agility, and Strategic Alignment. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 10(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100643
  56. Schiuma, G., Santarsiero, F., Carlucci, D., & Jarrar, Y. (2024). Transformative Leadership Competencies For Organizational Digital Transformation. Business Horizons, 67(4), 425-437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.004
  57. Schiuma, G., Schettini, E., Santarsiero, F., & Carlucci, D. (2022). The Transformative Leadership Compass: Six Competencies For Digital Transformation Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(5), 1273-1291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2021-0087
  58. Schmidt, D. H., van Dierendonck, D., & Weber, U. (2023). The Data-Driven Leader: Developing A Big Data Analytics Leadership Competency Framework. Journal of Management Development, 42(4), 297-326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2022-0306
  59. Senadjki, A., Yong, H. N. A., Ganapathy, T., & Ogbeibu, S. (2023). Unlocking the Potential: The Impact of Digital Leadership on Firms' Performance Through Digital Transformation. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 4(2), 161-177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JBSED-06-2023-0050
  60. Shabbir, M. Q., & Gardezi, S. B. W. (2020). Application of Big Data Analytics and Organizational Performance: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Management Practices. Journal of Big Data, 7, 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00317-6
  61. Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
  62. Tagscherer, F., & Carbon, C.-C. (2023). Leadership for Successful Digitalization: A Literature Review on Companies’ Internal and External Aspects of Digitalization. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100039
  63. Tigre, F. B., Henriques, P. L., & Curado, C. (2025). The Digital Leadership Emerging Construct: A Multi-Method Approach. Management Review Quarterly, 75(1), 789-836. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00395-9
  64. Tursunbayeva, A., & Gal, H. C.-B. (2024). Adoption Of Artificial Intelligence: A TOP Framework-Based Checklist For Digital Leaders. Business Horizons, 67(4), 357-368. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.04.006
  65. Wijaya, O. Y. A. (2025). The Impact of Private Higher Education Staff Performance Management (PHE) in Surabaya, Compensation, and Competence on Universities: Evidence From Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 185-197. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2820
  66. Wook, M., Hasbullah, N. A., Zainudin, N. M., Jabar, Z. Z. A., Ramli, S., Razali, N. A. M., & Yusop, N. M. M. (2021). Exploring Big Data Traits and Data Quality Dimensions for Big Data Analytics Application Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling. Journal of Big Data, 8(1), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00439-5