Exploring welfare, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: An empirical investigation of Indonesian Air Force pilot

https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v7i2.2787
Published: Nov 10, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to investigate how organizational commitment and welfare affect the likelihood of pilots leaving the Indonesian Air Force. It examines whether organizational commitment acts as a bridge between welfare and turnover intention. The goal is to provide insights into improving pilot retention, ensuring operational readiness and national security.

Methodology: Research design employs a quantitative research approach using Structural Equation? Modeling (SEM) PLS to analyze the relationships between welfare, organizational commitment, and turnover intention among Indonesian Air Force pilots. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to active-duty pilots.

Results: Findings indicate that welfare and organizational commitment both significantly reduce turnover intention. Affective commitment (emotional attachment to the organization) is the strongest factor in reducing turnover intention. Better welfare policies, such as job satisfaction programs, improve organizational commitment, further lowering turnover rates.

Conclusions: Enhancing welfare policies and organizational commitment can help retain skilled pilots. The Indonesian Air Force should focus on comprehensive welfare programs and engagement strategies to strengthen pilots' commitment and reduce turnover.

Limitations: This study only examines organizational commitment and welfare. Other factors, like leadership styles and career development opportunities, were not considered.

Contribution: This research helps military policymakers and organizational leaders understand how to improve pilot retention. It contributes to studies on employee retention in high-risk professions and provides practical recommendations for enhancing workforce stability.

Keywords:
1. Indonesian Air Force
2. Organizational Commitment
3. Turnover Intention
4. Welfare
Authors:
1 . Budi Santoso
Universitas Pertahanan, Indonesia
2 . Haliansyah Haliansyah
Universitas Mercubuana, Indonesia
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Santoso, B., & Haliansyah, H. (2025). Exploring welfare, organizational commitment, and turnover intention: An empirical investigation of Indonesian Air Force pilot . Annals of Management and Organization Research, 7(2), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v7i2.2787
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Issue & Section
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): November
Articles
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References

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    Arutyunova, N., & Bocchese, M. (2024). From across the globe: understanding the motivations of pro-Ukraine foreign fighters. European Security, 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2024.2434701

    Baranyeretse, N., & Rulinda, E. (2025). Examining Compensation Management's Impact on Employee Performance: A Case Study of UNICOOPAGI, Rwanda (2019-2022). East African Journal of Business and Economics, 8(1), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.8.1.2571

    Berber, N., & Gaši?, D. (2024). The mediating role of employee commitment in the relationship between compensation system and turnover intentions. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 46(4), 721-755. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-05-2023-0270

    Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford publications.

    Camlian, M. M., & Baron, J. V. (2025). Workplace health and safety, social support, and turnover intention in Private Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i1.2661

    Choudhary, A. (2022). Is childcare cost a barrier to women managers' retention and progress at large firms? Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 41(2), 241-253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-12-2020-0371

    Djordjevic, B., Ivanovi?-?uki?, M., Lepojevi?, V., & Milanovi?, S. (2021). Job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour of employees in companies in the Republic of Serbia. Strategic Management-International Journal of Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management, 26(3).

    Galanaki, E. (2020). Effects of employee benefits on affective and continuance commitment during times of crisis. International Journal of Manpower, 41(2), 220-238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0270

    Ganji, S. F. G., Johnson, L. W., Sorkhan, V. B., & Banejad, B. (2021). The effect of employee empowerment, organizational support, and ethical climate on turnover intention: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Interdisciplinary Journal of Management Studies (Formerly known as Iranian Journal of Management Studies), 14(2), 311-329. doi:https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2020.302333.674066

    Gaši?, D., Berber, N., Slavi?, A., Strugar Jela?a, M., Mari?, S., Bjeki?, R., & Aleksi?, M. (2024). The Key Role of Employee Commitment in the Relationship Between Flexible Work Arrangements and Employee Behavior. Sustainability, 16(22), 10067. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210067

    Giancola, M., Verde, P., Cacciapuoti, L., Angelino, G., Piccardi, L., Bocchi, A., . . . Nori, R. (2021). Do advanced spatial strategies depend on the number of flight hours? the case of military pilots. Brain sciences, 11(7), 851. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070851

    Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis: Cengage.

    Hasnah, C. M., Panjaitan, N. K., & Ekananta, A. (2023). The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intentions Hospital Nurses. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM), 9(2), 422-422. doi:https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.9.2.422

    Hui, Z. (2021). Corporate social responsibilities, psychological contracts and employee turnover intention of SMEs in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754183

    Hwei, R. B. B., & Anuar, A. (2024). The Determinants of Job Satisfaction Towards Turnover Intention Among Employees in Banking Industry. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 9(3), e002733-e002733. doi:https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v9i3.2733

    Khan, M. M. R. (2020). Strategic human resource management in facilitating the organizational performance: Birds-eye view from Bangladesh. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 2(1), 13-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v2i1.575

    Lee, M., & Kim, B. (2023). Effect of employee experience on organizational commitment: Case of South Korea. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 521. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070521

    Mabhanda, W., & Masukume, H. (2025). Impact of succession planning practices on employee relations among health professionals in one government hospital in Zimbabwe. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(3), 221-236. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v6i3.2413

    Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z

    Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied psychology, 62(2), 237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.62.2.237

    Muchtadin, M., & Sundary, Z. E. (2023). Pengaruh Komitmen Afektif, Stres Kerja, Work Engagement Terhadap Turnover Intention Perawat. Journal of Health Management Research, 2(2), 35-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.37036/jhmr.v2i2.420

    Munthe, R. G., Susan, M., & Sulungbudi, B. M. (2024). The role of internal marketing in building organizational commitment and reducing turnover intention affecting the improved performance of life insurance agents in indonesia. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), 6(1), 56-71. doi:https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v6i1.387

    Nanda, V., Silveri, S., Wang, K., & Zhao, L. (2024). Executive compensation limits and executive turnover. Management Science, 70(4), 2382-2405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4812

    Nimtur, B. M., Kusa, N. D., & Olanrewaju, D. S. (2023). Job satisfaction on talent management and turnover intention among private secondary schools. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 3(2), 129-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v3i2.1878

    Papageorgiou, G., Athanasiadou, P., Tsappi, E., Xergia, S. A., Maimaris, A., & Efstathiades, A. (2025). Organizational Work, Well?Being, and Quality of Life at an Elderly Age: The Case of Cyprus. Journal of Aging Research, 2025(1), 7194723. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/jare/7194723

    Pejchinovska, M., Ahmed, Q., & Jehona, M. (2023). Steps Toward the Quality and Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Western Balkans and the Republic of North Macedonia. Horizons International scientific journal Series A Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 236-251.

    Peri?, G., Drami?anin, S., & Pavlovi?, N. (2021). The influence of internal service quality and employee satisfaction on organizational commitment in travel agencies: The case of Serbia. ????????? ? ????????????? ? ???????, 9(1), 43-60.

    Pugh, M. (2020). Precarity in post-conflict Yugoslavia: What about the workers? Economies of Peace (pp. 13-32): Routledge.

    Rachman, M. M., Handayani, C. M. S., & Sugijanto, S. (2022). The mediating role of job satisfaction: the impact of organizational commitment on employee intention to quit. APMBA (Asia Pacific Management and Business Application), 11(2), 201-220. doi:https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2022.011.02.5

    Sabella, S. A., & Fazlurrahman, H. (2023). The Effect of Work-Family Conflict on Turnover Intention Through Organizational Commitment as an Intervening Variable (Study on Employees of PT. Titipan Kilat Surabaya). International Journal of Economics, Management, Business and Social Science (IJEMBIS), 3(3), 471-481. doi:https://doi.org/10.59889/ijembis.v3i3.160

    Slijep?evi?, M., Popovi? Ševi?, N., Krsti?, J., Raji?, T., & Rankovi?, M. (2024). Exploring the Nexus of Perceived Organizational CSR Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Pride, and Involvement in CSR Activities: Evidence from an Emerging Economy. Sustainability, 16(8), 3403. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083403

    Stubbs, P., & Zrinš?ak, S. (2019). Reforming welfare assemblages in semi-peripheral spaces: understanding ‘Drivers of Inertia’in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia Social Policy, Poverty, and Inequality in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Agency and Institutions in Flux, ed. Sofiya An, Tatiana Chubarova, Bob Deacon, and Paul Stubbs (pp. 285-306).

    Suleman, A.-R., Amponsah-Tawiah, K., & Ametorwo, A. M. (2024). The role of employee environmental commitment in the green HRM practices, turnover intentions and environmental sustainability nexus. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 31(9), 3055-3078. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-06-2022-0393

    Triningsih, N. N., & Darma, G. S. (2024). Compensation, worklife balance, employee engagement, and turnover intention. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 5(1), 10-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems2158

    Ulabor, E. A., & Bosede, A. I. (2019). Employee commitment and organizational performance in selected fast food outlets in Osun State. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 1(1), 23-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v1i1.55

    Yang, Y., & Mostafa, A. M. S. (2024). High-performance human resource practices, organizational identification and employee commitment: the moderating role of organizational culture. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1494186. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494186

    Yuliantini, T., Rahmat, A., Marlapa, E., & Malihah, F. D. (2024). The Effects of Employee Relations, Workplace Well-Being, and Compensation on Turnover Intentions: The Mediation Role of Work Stress. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM), 10(3), 931-931. doi:https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.10.3.931

    Zehong, Y., & Hunsaker, W. (2025). The impact of spiritual leadership on unethical organizational behavior: the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. ??????, 47(1), 227-254. doi:https://doi.org/10.22828/meri.2025.47.1.010

  1. Al-Suraihi, W. A., Samikon, S. A., Al-Suraihi, A.-H. A., & Ibrahim, I. (2021). Employee turnover: Causes, importance and retention strategies. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(3), 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.3.893
  2. Arutyunova, N., & Bocchese, M. (2024). From across the globe: understanding the motivations of pro-Ukraine foreign fighters. European Security, 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2024.2434701
  3. Baranyeretse, N., & Rulinda, E. (2025). Examining Compensation Management's Impact on Employee Performance: A Case Study of UNICOOPAGI, Rwanda (2019-2022). East African Journal of Business and Economics, 8(1), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.37284/eajbe.8.1.2571
  4. Berber, N., & Gaši?, D. (2024). The mediating role of employee commitment in the relationship between compensation system and turnover intentions. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 46(4), 721-755. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-05-2023-0270
  5. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford publications.
  6. Camlian, M. M., & Baron, J. V. (2025). Workplace health and safety, social support, and turnover intention in Private Higher Education Institutions in the Philippines. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i1.2661
  7. Choudhary, A. (2022). Is childcare cost a barrier to women managers' retention and progress at large firms? Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 41(2), 241-253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-12-2020-0371
  8. Djordjevic, B., Ivanovi?-?uki?, M., Lepojevi?, V., & Milanovi?, S. (2021). Job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour of employees in companies in the Republic of Serbia. Strategic Management-International Journal of Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management, 26(3).
  9. Galanaki, E. (2020). Effects of employee benefits on affective and continuance commitment during times of crisis. International Journal of Manpower, 41(2), 220-238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0270
  10. Ganji, S. F. G., Johnson, L. W., Sorkhan, V. B., & Banejad, B. (2021). The effect of employee empowerment, organizational support, and ethical climate on turnover intention: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Interdisciplinary Journal of Management Studies (Formerly known as Iranian Journal of Management Studies), 14(2), 311-329. doi:https://doi.org/10.22059/ijms.2020.302333.674066
  11. Gaši?, D., Berber, N., Slavi?, A., Strugar Jela?a, M., Mari?, S., Bjeki?, R., & Aleksi?, M. (2024). The Key Role of Employee Commitment in the Relationship Between Flexible Work Arrangements and Employee Behavior. Sustainability, 16(22), 10067. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su162210067
  12. Giancola, M., Verde, P., Cacciapuoti, L., Angelino, G., Piccardi, L., Bocchi, A., . . . Nori, R. (2021). Do advanced spatial strategies depend on the number of flight hours? the case of military pilots. Brain sciences, 11(7), 851. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070851
  13. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis: Cengage.
  14. Hasnah, C. M., Panjaitan, N. K., & Ekananta, A. (2023). The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intentions Hospital Nurses. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM), 9(2), 422-422. doi:https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.9.2.422
  15. Hui, Z. (2021). Corporate social responsibilities, psychological contracts and employee turnover intention of SMEs in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754183
  16. Hwei, R. B. B., & Anuar, A. (2024). The Determinants of Job Satisfaction Towards Turnover Intention Among Employees in Banking Industry. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 9(3), e002733-e002733. doi:https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v9i3.2733
  17. Khan, M. M. R. (2020). Strategic human resource management in facilitating the organizational performance: Birds-eye view from Bangladesh. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 2(1), 13-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v2i1.575
  18. Lee, M., & Kim, B. (2023). Effect of employee experience on organizational commitment: Case of South Korea. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7), 521. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070521
  19. Mabhanda, W., & Masukume, H. (2025). Impact of succession planning practices on employee relations among health professionals in one government hospital in Zimbabwe. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(3), 221-236. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v6i3.2413
  20. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
  21. Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied psychology, 62(2), 237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.62.2.237
  22. Muchtadin, M., & Sundary, Z. E. (2023). Pengaruh Komitmen Afektif, Stres Kerja, Work Engagement Terhadap Turnover Intention Perawat. Journal of Health Management Research, 2(2), 35-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.37036/jhmr.v2i2.420
  23. Munthe, R. G., Susan, M., & Sulungbudi, B. M. (2024). The role of internal marketing in building organizational commitment and reducing turnover intention affecting the improved performance of life insurance agents in indonesia. Aptisi Transactions on Technopreneurship (ATT), 6(1), 56-71. doi:https://doi.org/10.34306/att.v6i1.387
  24. Nanda, V., Silveri, S., Wang, K., & Zhao, L. (2024). Executive compensation limits and executive turnover. Management Science, 70(4), 2382-2405. doi:https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4812
  25. Nimtur, B. M., Kusa, N. D., & Olanrewaju, D. S. (2023). Job satisfaction on talent management and turnover intention among private secondary schools. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 3(2), 129-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v3i2.1878
  26. Papageorgiou, G., Athanasiadou, P., Tsappi, E., Xergia, S. A., Maimaris, A., & Efstathiades, A. (2025). Organizational Work, Well?Being, and Quality of Life at an Elderly Age: The Case of Cyprus. Journal of Aging Research, 2025(1), 7194723. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/jare/7194723
  27. Pejchinovska, M., Ahmed, Q., & Jehona, M. (2023). Steps Toward the Quality and Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Western Balkans and the Republic of North Macedonia. Horizons International scientific journal Series A Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 236-251.
  28. Peri?, G., Drami?anin, S., & Pavlovi?, N. (2021). The influence of internal service quality and employee satisfaction on organizational commitment in travel agencies: The case of Serbia. ????????? ? ????????????? ? ???????, 9(1), 43-60.
  29. Pugh, M. (2020). Precarity in post-conflict Yugoslavia: What about the workers? Economies of Peace (pp. 13-32): Routledge.
  30. Rachman, M. M., Handayani, C. M. S., & Sugijanto, S. (2022). The mediating role of job satisfaction: the impact of organizational commitment on employee intention to quit. APMBA (Asia Pacific Management and Business Application), 11(2), 201-220. doi:https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2022.011.02.5
  31. Sabella, S. A., & Fazlurrahman, H. (2023). The Effect of Work-Family Conflict on Turnover Intention Through Organizational Commitment as an Intervening Variable (Study on Employees of PT. Titipan Kilat Surabaya). International Journal of Economics, Management, Business and Social Science (IJEMBIS), 3(3), 471-481. doi:https://doi.org/10.59889/ijembis.v3i3.160
  32. Slijep?evi?, M., Popovi? Ševi?, N., Krsti?, J., Raji?, T., & Rankovi?, M. (2024). Exploring the Nexus of Perceived Organizational CSR Engagement, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Pride, and Involvement in CSR Activities: Evidence from an Emerging Economy. Sustainability, 16(8), 3403. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083403
  33. Stubbs, P., & Zrinš?ak, S. (2019). Reforming welfare assemblages in semi-peripheral spaces: understanding ‘Drivers of Inertia’in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia Social Policy, Poverty, and Inequality in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union Agency and Institutions in Flux, ed. Sofiya An, Tatiana Chubarova, Bob Deacon, and Paul Stubbs (pp. 285-306).
  34. Suleman, A.-R., Amponsah-Tawiah, K., & Ametorwo, A. M. (2024). The role of employee environmental commitment in the green HRM practices, turnover intentions and environmental sustainability nexus. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 31(9), 3055-3078. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-06-2022-0393
  35. Triningsih, N. N., & Darma, G. S. (2024). Compensation, worklife balance, employee engagement, and turnover intention. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 5(1), 10-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems2158
  36. Ulabor, E. A., & Bosede, A. I. (2019). Employee commitment and organizational performance in selected fast food outlets in Osun State. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 1(1), 23-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ijfam.v1i1.55
  37. Yang, Y., & Mostafa, A. M. S. (2024). High-performance human resource practices, organizational identification and employee commitment: the moderating role of organizational culture. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1494186. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494186
  38. Yuliantini, T., Rahmat, A., Marlapa, E., & Malihah, F. D. (2024). The Effects of Employee Relations, Workplace Well-Being, and Compensation on Turnover Intentions: The Mediation Role of Work Stress. Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis dan Manajemen (JABM), 10(3), 931-931. doi:https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.10.3.931
  39. Zehong, Y., & Hunsaker, W. (2025). The impact of spiritual leadership on unethical organizational behavior: the moderating effect of perceived organizational support. ??????, 47(1), 227-254. doi:https://doi.org/10.22828/meri.2025.47.1.010