Modelling association between two Multiple Response Categorical Variables (MRCV) using generalized log-linear models: the case of urban agriculture in Mutare City

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v1i2.401
Published: Feb 16, 2021

Abstract:

Purpose: This research aimed to apply log-linear modelling to model association between multiple response categorical variables (MRCV) on urban agriculture and enhance data analysis of the paper by Basera, Chakaipa, & Dube (2020) impetus of urban agriculture on open spaces of Mutare City.

Research methodology: The research data was obtained from households and farmers in Mutare City - urban and peri-urban (inclusive of plots in Weirmouth Park and Fern Valley area in December 2020. A total of one hundred and fifteen (115) household farmers were surveyed.

Results: Simultaneous Pairwise Marginal Independence (SPMI) tests revealed the presence of associations. Log-linear tests revealed a perfect fit based on small standardized Pearson residuals and a strong positive association based on observed and model-predicted odds ratios on-field agricultural activities and use of herbicides. Log-linear and further application of heterogeneity tests revealed partial and near no perfect fit in other pairs of MRCVs with a strong negative association between municipality vacant places and field agricultural activities.

Limitations: The research could not carry out log-linear model associations of three or more MRCVs because files exceeded 2GB in memory on both MI.test () function for SPMI tests and genloglin regressions.

Contribution: The study contributes to urban agriculture planning especially in enactment of urban agriculture laws, agriculture one stop shop business centers housing farm input supply shops, farm produce shops, and determining fit support that can be rendered to urban farmers.

Keywords: Multiple Response Categorical Variables (MRCV), Association, Urban agriculture

Keywords:
1. Multiple Response Categorical Variables (MRCV)
2. Association
3. Urban agriculture
Authors:
1 . Absai Chakaipa
Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Mutare, Zimbabwe
2 . Vitalis Basera
Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Mutare, Zimbabwe
3 . Phamella Dube
Manicaland State University of Applied Sciences, Mutare, Zimbabwe
View PDF
How to Cite
Chakaipa, A., Basera, V., & Dube, P. . (2021). Modelling association between two Multiple Response Categorical Variables (MRCV) using generalized log-linear models: the case of urban agriculture in Mutare City. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 1(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v1i2.401
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): February
Articles
References

    Agresti, A., & Liu, I. (1999). Modeling a categorical variable allowing arbitrarily many category choices. Biometrics, 55(3), 936-943.

    Agresti, A., & Liu, I. (2001). Strategies for modeling a categorical variable allowing multiple category choices. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(4), 403 - 434.

    Alalaya, M. (2011). Logistic regression vs. log linear models, application 0f heart diseases through Jordan patient's data. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 6(7). Retrieved from http://www.ijert.org.

    Amao, I. (2020). Urban Horticulture in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Open access peer-reviewed chapter. IntechOpen.

    Basera, V. (2021). Introduction to Research Method: Simplified for Tourism Students. Harare: Unpublished.

    Basera, V., Chakaipa, A., & Dube, P. (2020). Impetus of urban horticulture on open spaces: case of Mutare City. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 1(1), 27-37. doi:doi.org/10.35912

    Bilder, C. R., & Loughin, T. M. (2004). Strategies for modeling two categorical variables with multiple category choices. American Statistical Association Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, 560 - 567.

    Bilder, C. R., & Loughin, T. M. (2007). Modeling association between two or more categorical variables that allow for multiple category choice. Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods, 36(1-4), 433–, 36: 1-4, 433-455.

    Bilder, C., & Loughin, T. (2001). On the first-order Rao-Scott correction of the Umesh-Loughin-Scherer statistics. Biometrics, 57(4), 1253-1255.

    Bilder, C., & Loughin, T. (2004). Testing for marginal independence between two categorical variables with multiple responses. Biometrics, 60(1), 241- 248.

    Chaminuka, N., & Dube, E. (2017). Urban agriculture as a food security strategy for urban dwellers: a case study of Mkoba residents in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 26-35.

    City of Mutare. (2020). City of Mutare. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from www.nutarecity.co.zw

    Coull, B., & Agresti, A. (2000). Random Effects Modeling of Multiple Binomial Responses Using the Multivariate Binomial Logit‐Normal Distribution. Biometrics, 56, 77-80.

    Danso, G., Hope, L., & Drechsel, P. (2014). Financial and economic aspects of urban vegetable farming. In P.

    Drechsel & B. Keraita (Eds.), Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation Colombo: I. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., 38-50.

    Decay, Y. J., & Thomas, D. R. (2000). A simple test of association for contingency tables with multiple column responses. Biometrics, 56, 893-896.

    Edmondson, J. L., Cunningham, H., Tingley, D. O., Dobson, M. C., Grafius, D. R., Leake, J. R., . . . Cameron, D. D. (2020). The hidden potential of urban horticulture. Nature food, 1(3), 155.

    Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015). Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 35, 483–498.

    FAO. (2007). Profitability and sustainaibility of peri and urban agriculture. FAO.

    FAO. (2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources. Rome: FAO.

    FAO. (2020). Zimbabwe agriculture country report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

    Gandawa, G. (2020). Urban agriculture: opportunities we refuse to see, white paper. Godfrey Ganadwa.

    Gondo, R., Madigele, P. K., Mogomotsi, G. E., Tokwe, T., Jeremiah, C., & Chirefu, H. (2017). Sustainability of urban agriculture under economic and political instability in Karoi, Zimbabwe. Global Journal of advanced research, 4(2), 52-62.

    Gwetsayi, R. T., Dube, L., & Mashapa, C. (2016). Urban horticulture for food security and livelihood restoration in Mutare City, Eastern Zimbabwe. Greener Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 56-64.

    Hooker, T. (2013). California’s green economy trends relationships between firms and their employment outcomes. California Employment Development Department (EDD.

    Kawadza, T. S. (2019). Role of urban agriculture. Harare: Herald.

    Kennard, N. J., & Bamford, R. H. (2020, August 27). researchgate.net. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from www.researchgate.net

    Koziol, N., & Bilder, C. (2014). MRCV Methods for analyzing multiple response categorical variables. R package version 0.3-1. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MRCV

    Lavassani, K., Movahedi, B., & Kumar, V. (2009). Developments in analysis of multiple response survey data in categorical data analysis: the case of enterprise system implementation in large North American firms. Journal of applied quantitative methods, 4(1), 53.

    Lorenzoni, G., Sabato, S. S., Lanera, C., Bottigliengo, D., Minto, C., Ocagli, H., . . . Pisanò, F. (2019). Comparison of machine learning techniques for prediction of hospitalization in heart failure patients. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(9), 1298. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091298

    Loughin, T. M., & Scherer, P. N. (1998). Testing association in contingency tables with multiple column responses. Biometrics, 54, 630-637.

    Martin-Moreau, M., & Ménascé, D. (2019). Urban Agriculture: Another Way to Feed Cities. Field Actions Science Reports, 20.

    Mkhokheli, S. (2012). Do Urban Community Gardens Matter? : The case of Bulawayo Metropolitan province in Zimbabwe. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 3(9).

    Mouget, L. J. (2000). Urban agriculture: definition, presence, potentials and risks, and policy challenges. International Development Research Centre (IDRC).

    Nwosisi, S., & Nandwani, D. (2018). Urban horticulture: overview of recent developments. In Urban Horticulture, Sustainable Development. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.

    Poverty Reduction Trust. (2019). Hazardous Urban farming practices: a stumbling block to sustainable development. Harare: Poverty Reduction Trust.

    Rao, J. N., & Scott, A. J. (1981). The analysis of categorical data from complex sample surveys: Chi-squared tests for goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76, 221 - 230.

    RUAF. (2020). Resource Center on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) Foundation. Retrieved August 22, 2020, from www.ruaf.org

    Stallings, R., & Ferris, J. (1988). Public administration research: Work in PAR’, 1940-1984. Public Administration Review, 48, 580-587.

    Tudor, V., Micua, M. M., & Condeia, R. (2014). Vision analysis on the type of agriculture agricultural producers deemed necessary to be practiced in the arges county production growth and yield return. Procedia Economics and Finance, 16, 526 - 534.

    Umesh, U. N. (1995). Predicting nominal variable relationships with multiple responses. Journal of Forecasting, 14, 585-596.

    World Bank. (2020). Zimbabwe overview. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Zhu, B., S.D., W., P.L., R., D.J., R., & Parminder, R. (2006). Structural equation and log-linear modeling: a comparison of methods in the analysis of a study on caregivers' health. BMC Medical Research Methodology. doi:doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-49

    Ziwenga, T. F. (2014). The viability of urban agriculture in reducing food insecurity in Gweru, Mkoba 19 suburb. Gweru: Midlands State University.

  1. Agresti, A., & Liu, I. (1999). Modeling a categorical variable allowing arbitrarily many category choices. Biometrics, 55(3), 936-943.
  2. Agresti, A., & Liu, I. (2001). Strategies for modeling a categorical variable allowing multiple category choices. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(4), 403 - 434.
  3. Alalaya, M. (2011). Logistic regression vs. log linear models, application 0f heart diseases through Jordan patient's data. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 6(7). Retrieved from http://www.ijert.org.
  4. Amao, I. (2020). Urban Horticulture in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Open access peer-reviewed chapter. IntechOpen.
  5. Basera, V. (2021). Introduction to Research Method: Simplified for Tourism Students. Harare: Unpublished.
  6. Basera, V., Chakaipa, A., & Dube, P. (2020). Impetus of urban horticulture on open spaces: case of Mutare City. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 1(1), 27-37. doi:doi.org/10.35912
  7. Bilder, C. R., & Loughin, T. M. (2004). Strategies for modeling two categorical variables with multiple category choices. American Statistical Association Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, 560 - 567.
  8. Bilder, C. R., & Loughin, T. M. (2007). Modeling association between two or more categorical variables that allow for multiple category choice. Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods, 36(1-4), 433–, 36: 1-4, 433-455.
  9. Bilder, C., & Loughin, T. (2001). On the first-order Rao-Scott correction of the Umesh-Loughin-Scherer statistics. Biometrics, 57(4), 1253-1255.
  10. Bilder, C., & Loughin, T. (2004). Testing for marginal independence between two categorical variables with multiple responses. Biometrics, 60(1), 241- 248.
  11. Chaminuka, N., & Dube, E. (2017). Urban agriculture as a food security strategy for urban dwellers: a case study of Mkoba residents in the city of Gweru, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 26-35.
  12. City of Mutare. (2020). City of Mutare. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from www.nutarecity.co.zw
  13. Coull, B., & Agresti, A. (2000). Random Effects Modeling of Multiple Binomial Responses Using the Multivariate Binomial Logit?Normal Distribution. Biometrics, 56, 77-80.
  14. Danso, G., Hope, L., & Drechsel, P. (2014). Financial and economic aspects of urban vegetable farming. In P.
  15. Drechsel & B. Keraita (Eds.), Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Characteristics, benefits and risk mitigation Colombo: I. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)., 38-50.
  16. Decay, Y. J., & Thomas, D. R. (2000). A simple test of association for contingency tables with multiple column responses. Biometrics, 56, 893-896.
  17. Edmondson, J. L., Cunningham, H., Tingley, D. O., Dobson, M. C., Grafius, D. R., Leake, J. R., . . . Cameron, D. D. (2020). The hidden potential of urban horticulture. Nature food, 1(3), 155.
  18. Eigenbrod, C., & Gruda, N. (2015). Urban vegetable for food security in cities. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 35, 483–498.
  19. FAO. (2007). Profitability and sustainaibility of peri and urban agriculture. FAO.
  20. FAO. (2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources. Rome: FAO.
  21. FAO. (2020). Zimbabwe agriculture country report. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  22. Gandawa, G. (2020). Urban agriculture: opportunities we refuse to see, white paper. Godfrey Ganadwa.
  23. Gondo, R., Madigele, P. K., Mogomotsi, G. E., Tokwe, T., Jeremiah, C., & Chirefu, H. (2017). Sustainability of urban agriculture under economic and political instability in Karoi, Zimbabwe. Global Journal of advanced research, 4(2), 52-62.
  24. Gwetsayi, R. T., Dube, L., & Mashapa, C. (2016). Urban horticulture for food security and livelihood restoration in Mutare City, Eastern Zimbabwe. Greener Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 56-64.
  25. Hooker, T. (2013). California’s green economy trends relationships between firms and their employment outcomes. California Employment Development Department (EDD.
  26. Kawadza, T. S. (2019). Role of urban agriculture. Harare: Herald.
  27. Kennard, N. J., & Bamford, R. H. (2020, August 27). researchgate.net. Retrieved August 27, 2020, from www.researchgate.net
  28. Koziol, N., & Bilder, C. (2014). MRCV Methods for analyzing multiple response categorical variables. R package version 0.3-1. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MRCV
  29. Lavassani, K., Movahedi, B., & Kumar, V. (2009). Developments in analysis of multiple response survey data in categorical data analysis: the case of enterprise system implementation in large North American firms. Journal of applied quantitative methods, 4(1), 53.
  30. Lorenzoni, G., Sabato, S. S., Lanera, C., Bottigliengo, D., Minto, C., Ocagli, H., . . . Pisanò, F. (2019). Comparison of machine learning techniques for prediction of hospitalization in heart failure patients. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(9), 1298. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091298
  31. Loughin, T. M., & Scherer, P. N. (1998). Testing association in contingency tables with multiple column responses. Biometrics, 54, 630-637.
  32. Martin-Moreau, M., & Ménascé, D. (2019). Urban Agriculture: Another Way to Feed Cities. Field Actions Science Reports, 20.
  33. Mkhokheli, S. (2012). Do Urban Community Gardens Matter? : The case of Bulawayo Metropolitan province in Zimbabwe. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 3(9).
  34. Mouget, L. J. (2000). Urban agriculture: definition, presence, potentials and risks, and policy challenges. International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
  35. Nwosisi, S., & Nandwani, D. (2018). Urban horticulture: overview of recent developments. In Urban Horticulture, Sustainable Development. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.
  36. Poverty Reduction Trust. (2019). Hazardous Urban farming practices: a stumbling block to sustainable development. Harare: Poverty Reduction Trust.
  37. Rao, J. N., & Scott, A. J. (1981). The analysis of categorical data from complex sample surveys: Chi-squared tests for goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76, 221 - 230.
  38. RUAF. (2020). Resource Center on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) Foundation. Retrieved August 22, 2020, from www.ruaf.org
  39. Stallings, R., & Ferris, J. (1988). Public administration research: Work in PAR’, 1940-1984. Public Administration Review, 48, 580-587.
  40. Tudor, V., Micua, M. M., & Condeia, R. (2014). Vision analysis on the type of agriculture agricultural producers deemed necessary to be practiced in the arges county production growth and yield return. Procedia Economics and Finance, 16, 526 - 534.
  41. Umesh, U. N. (1995). Predicting nominal variable relationships with multiple responses. Journal of Forecasting, 14, 585-596.
  42. World Bank. (2020). Zimbabwe overview. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  43. Zhu, B., S.D., W., P.L., R., D.J., R., & Parminder, R. (2006). Structural equation and log-linear modeling: a comparison of methods in the analysis of a study on caregivers' health. BMC Medical Research Methodology. doi:doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-49
  44. Ziwenga, T. F. (2014). The viability of urban agriculture in reducing food insecurity in Gweru, Mkoba 19 suburb. Gweru: Midlands State University.