Purpose: The objective of this paper is to empirically analyze the application of monetary policies for economic management in Sub-Saharan African countries. The study used time series data from two African countries, specifically Kenya and Rwanda to examine the effect of broad money on the Gross Domestic Product growth rate. Research methodology: The study relied on secondary data; obtained from the World Bank Development Indicators database. The study analyzed the data using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The hypothesis was tested using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. The data were checked for normality and subjected to Unit Root tests using the Dickey-Fuller, Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron text prior to further analysis. Results: The results confirmed the stationarity of the data. The descriptive statistics showed that all variables were normally distributed. The OLS result showed that broad money growth had a positive statistically significant effect on the GDP growth rate of both countries. Limitations: The study focused on two sub-Saharan African countries. Contribution: This study explicates the fact that in order to have a robust financial system, which eventually results in sustainable economic development, solid monetary policies must be maintained. Practical Implication: The implication of this study is the identification of how responsible, long-term fiscal and budgetary stance encourages economic growth. Novelty: The study focuses on the application of monetary policies in the economic management of Sub-Saharan African countries; with a particular emphasis on Kenya and Rwanda. These two countries have recorded remarkable growth in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to other countries.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the Sosial Security Program/Jaminan Hari Tua (JHT) program and the factors inhibiting the JHT program. Research methodology: This study is a type of Normative Juridical and Empirical Juridical research. Normative jurisdictional research is carried out based on legal materials such as legal theory, legal principles, and legislation related to research. Meanwhile, empirical juridicals were conducted through interviews. A qualitative analysis was performed. Results: The results of this research show that JHT has been implemented in accordance with Government Regulation Number 46 of 2015 concerning the Implementation of the Old Age Security Program. Article 22 states that the JHT can be withdrawn when fulfilling the requirements with a minimum participation period of 10 years. However, in reality, this has generated pros and cons because the JHT can only be cashed out at the age of 56. This can be detrimental to JHT participants who are not yet 56 years old but need to withdraw funds immediately. Limitations: The Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) has an Old Age Insurance Program (JHT) that guarantees workers to receive cash when entering retirement, experiencing total disability, and death. However, despite experiencing these conditions, JHT disbursements have obstacles when disbursing money. Contribution: Therefore, the BPJS should improve the JHT system and conduct socialization to overcome the lack of information related to JHT disbursement.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine dependency and underdevelopment in Nigeria. The themes of underdevelopment and dependency are used to characterize the social and economic circumstances of the third world. Research methodology: This article incorporates primary data through questionnaires, observations, and secondary data through consultation with several textbooks, magazines, journals, and other publications. Using simple random selection, thirty-seven out of 40 electronically presented surveys were completed. Results: The Nigerian economy is subject to the influence of the global political economy and the country does not have complete control over its economic system. Some elements, such as the actions of members of the economic elite and multinational firms, negatively impact the Nigerian economy. Limitations: Time constraints and availability of relevant literature, papers, and data are some of the main obstacles to the study project. Contribution: The findings will help policymakers and government officials develop effective economic strategies that address fundamental reasons for economic reliance.