The effect of capital intensity, leverage, liquidity, moderated by company size on tax agressiveness (Empirical study on energy companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2018-2022 period)
Abstract:
Purpose: This study examines the effect of capital intensity, leverage, and liquidity on tax aggressiveness and profitability as moderating variables of tax aggressiveness.
Research methodology: This study used energy companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, selected using the purposive sampling method from 2018 to 2022 and there were 23 companies chosen. The data analysis in this study used panel data regression.
Results: Capital intensity negatively affects tax aggressiveness; leverage and liquidity have no effect on tax aggressiveness; company size can moderate the effect of capital intensity on tax aggressiveness, but company size cannot moderate the effect of leverage and liquidity on tax aggressiveness.
Conclusions: Audit quality is strongly influenced by the competence and professionalism of internal auditors, while independence contributes positively but not significantly. Ensuring high competence and professionalism enhances the credibility and reliability of government audit.
Limitations: The study was limited to one BPKP representative office with a relatively small sample size, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other BPKP offices.
Contribution: This research provides empirical evidence for improving audit quality by strengthening the competence and professionalism of internal auditors, offering valuable insights for audit institutions and policymakers to enhance government accountability.
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Adisamartha, I., & Noviari, N. (2015). Pengaruh likuiditas, leverage, intensitas persediaan dan intensitas aset tetap pada tingkat agresivitas wajib pajak badan. E-Jurnal akuntansi universitas udayana, 13(3), 973-1000.
Andhari, P. A. S., & Sukartha, I. M. (2017). Pengaruh pengungkapan corporate social responsibility, profitabilitas, inventory intensity, capital intensity dan leverage pada agresivitas pajak. E-Jurnal akuntansi universitas udayana, 18(3), 2115-2142.
Budiadnyani, N. (2020). Kepemilikan Manajerial Sebagai Pemoderasi Pengaruh Capital Intensity Pada Agresivitas Pajak. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 30(9), 2244.
Carlisle, S., Ivanov, S., & Dijkmans, C. (2023). The digital skills divide: evidence from the European tourism industry. Journal of tourism futures, 9(2), 240-266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2020-0114
Celestin, M. (2015). Uncovering hidden financial risks: The tactics companies use to manipulate reporting and appear more profitable than they really are. Brainae Journal of Business, Sciences and Technology, 1(2), 527-537. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15034461
Chan, S.-G., Ramly, Z., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Government spending efficiency on economic growth: Roles of value-added tax. Global Economic Review, 46(2), 162-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2017.1292857
Chika, O. V., Promise, E., U, I. S., & Werikum, E. V. (2022). Influence of Liquidity and Profitability on Profits Growth of Nigerian Pharmaceutical Firms. Goodwood Akuntansi dan Auditing Reviu, 1(1), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gaar.v1i1.1318
Darma, S. S. (2019). Pengaruh related party transaction dan thin capitalization terhadap strategi penghindaran pajak. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Universitas Pamulang, 7(1), 58-75.
Dewi, S. L., & Oktaviani, R. M. (2021). Pengaruh Leverage, Capital Intensity, Komisaris Independen Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Akurasi: Jurnal Studi Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(2), 179-194.
Eberhartinger, E., & Zieser, M. (2021). The Effects of Cooperative Compliance on Firms’ Tax Risk, Tax Risk Management and Compliance Costs. Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, 73(1), 125-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41471-021-00108-6
Fachrian, Z., & Hidayat, W. W. (2023). The influence of liquidity ratio as current (CR), (DER) rasio leverage and asset structure to return on investment of coal companies. International Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems, 1(1), 17-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ijamis.v1i1.1441
Friandi, S. Z., Soeksin, S. D., & Rifai, D. (2020). Pengaruh Leverage Dan Agresivitas Pajak Terhadap Intensitas Inventori Serta Intensitas Aset Perusahaan. JAMAN (Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen dan Akuntansi), 1(01), 81-95.
Hemrit, W., & Belgacem, I. (2024). Spotlight on Corporate Fraud: How Is Takaful Insurance Stability Affected by Its Disclosure? Risks, 12(9), 145. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12090145
Idris, M. (2021). Apa Arti Leverage Dan Leverage Ratio? .
Laguir, I., Staglianò, R., & Elbaz, J. (2015). Does corporate social responsibility affect corporate tax aggressiveness? Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 662-675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.059
Lathifa, D. (2022). Tax Avoidance: Definisi dan Pencegahannya di Indonesia.
Maulidah, H. A., & Prastiwi, D. (2019). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Intensitas Modal, dan Persaingan Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan. AKUNESA: Jurnal Akuntansi Unesa, 8(1), 1-9.
Mulya, A. S. (2022). Analisis Faktor yang Memengaruhi Keputusan Agresivitas Transfer Pricing. Studi Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 2(1), 71-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/sakman.v2i1.1652
Novita, W., & Fahmy, R. (2022). Tax planning on the multinational companies in Indonesia. Asean International Journal of Business, 1(1), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.54099/aijb.v1i1.65
Payne, D. M., & Raiborn, C. A. (2018). Aggressive Tax Avoidance: A Conundrum for Stakeholders, Governments, and Morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(3), 469-487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2978-5
Pradipta, K. A., Irawan, F., & Arieftiara, D. (2024). The Influence of Capital Intensity, Advertising Intensity and Transfer Pricing on Tax Aggressiveness. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 5(3), 223-234. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v5i3.3119
Pramaiswari, G. A., & Fidiana, F. (2022). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Capital Intensity Dan Corporate Governance Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 1(2).
Purwanto, A., Yusralaini, Y., & Susilatri, S. (2016). Pengaruh likuiditas, leverage, manajemen laba, dan kopensasi rugi fiskal terhadap agresivitas pajak perusahaan pada perusahaan pertanian dan pertambangan yang terdaftar di bursa efek indonesia periode 2011-2013. Riau University.
Ramadhani, F., Firdaus, F., Nurhayati, N., & Purwanto, D. (2025). Liquidity as Mediation of DER and DAR on NPM in LQ45 for the 2019-2023 Period. Studi Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 4(2), 355-364. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/sakman.v4i2.3786
Sergius Fribontius Bon, S. H. (2022). The Effect of Dividend Policy, Investment Decision, Leverage, Profitability, and Firm Size on Firm Value. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(3), 7-13. doi:https://doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.3.1405
Simamora, A. M., & Rahayu, S. (2020). Pengaruh Capital Intensity, Profitabilitas Dan Leverage Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak (Studi Empiris Pada Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2015-2018). Jurnal Mitra Manajemen, 4(1), 140-155.
Sofiamanan, N. Z., & Machmuddah, Z. (2023). Profitability, capital intensity, and company size against tax avoidance with leverage as an intervening variable. Journal of Applied Accounting and Taxation, 8(1), 21-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.30871/jaat.v8i1.4821
Sumiati, A., & Ainniyya, S. M. (2021). Effect of profitability, leverage, size, capital intensity, and inventory intensity toward tax aggressiveness. Paper presented at the Journal of International Conference Proceedings.
Suwiknyo, E. (2021). Mayoritas Perusahaan Tambang Belum Transparan Soal Pajak.
Utomo, A. B., & Fitria, G. N. (2021). Ukuran Perusahaan Memoderasi Pengaruh Capital Intensity dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Esensi: Jurnal Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 10(2), 231-246.
Yuliana, I. F., & Wahyudi, D. (2018). Likuiditas, profitabilitas, leverage, ukuran perusahaan, capital intensity dan inventory intensity terhadap agresivitas pajak (studi empiris pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2013–2017). Dinamika Akuntansi Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 7(2).
- Adisamartha, I., & Noviari, N. (2015). Pengaruh likuiditas, leverage, intensitas persediaan dan intensitas aset tetap pada tingkat agresivitas wajib pajak badan. E-Jurnal akuntansi universitas udayana, 13(3), 973-1000.
- Andhari, P. A. S., & Sukartha, I. M. (2017). Pengaruh pengungkapan corporate social responsibility, profitabilitas, inventory intensity, capital intensity dan leverage pada agresivitas pajak. E-Jurnal akuntansi universitas udayana, 18(3), 2115-2142.
- Budiadnyani, N. (2020). Kepemilikan Manajerial Sebagai Pemoderasi Pengaruh Capital Intensity Pada Agresivitas Pajak. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 30(9), 2244.
- Carlisle, S., Ivanov, S., & Dijkmans, C. (2023). The digital skills divide: evidence from the European tourism industry. Journal of tourism futures, 9(2), 240-266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2020-0114
- Celestin, M. (2015). Uncovering hidden financial risks: The tactics companies use to manipulate reporting and appear more profitable than they really are. Brainae Journal of Business, Sciences and Technology, 1(2), 527-537. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15034461
- Chan, S.-G., Ramly, Z., & Karim, M. Z. A. (2017). Government spending efficiency on economic growth: Roles of value-added tax. Global Economic Review, 46(2), 162-188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1226508X.2017.1292857
- Chika, O. V., Promise, E., U, I. S., & Werikum, E. V. (2022). Influence of Liquidity and Profitability on Profits Growth of Nigerian Pharmaceutical Firms. Goodwood Akuntansi dan Auditing Reviu, 1(1), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/gaar.v1i1.1318
- Darma, S. S. (2019). Pengaruh related party transaction dan thin capitalization terhadap strategi penghindaran pajak. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Universitas Pamulang, 7(1), 58-75.
- Dewi, S. L., & Oktaviani, R. M. (2021). Pengaruh Leverage, Capital Intensity, Komisaris Independen Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Akurasi: Jurnal Studi Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 4(2), 179-194.
- Eberhartinger, E., & Zieser, M. (2021). The Effects of Cooperative Compliance on Firms’ Tax Risk, Tax Risk Management and Compliance Costs. Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, 73(1), 125-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41471-021-00108-6
- Fachrian, Z., & Hidayat, W. W. (2023). The influence of liquidity ratio as current (CR), (DER) rasio leverage and asset structure to return on investment of coal companies. International Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems, 1(1), 17-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ijamis.v1i1.1441
- Friandi, S. Z., Soeksin, S. D., & Rifai, D. (2020). Pengaruh Leverage Dan Agresivitas Pajak Terhadap Intensitas Inventori Serta Intensitas Aset Perusahaan. JAMAN (Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen dan Akuntansi), 1(01), 81-95.
- Hemrit, W., & Belgacem, I. (2024). Spotlight on Corporate Fraud: How Is Takaful Insurance Stability Affected by Its Disclosure? Risks, 12(9), 145. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12090145
- Idris, M. (2021). Apa Arti Leverage Dan Leverage Ratio? .
- Laguir, I., Staglianò, R., & Elbaz, J. (2015). Does corporate social responsibility affect corporate tax aggressiveness? Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 662-675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.059
- Lathifa, D. (2022). Tax Avoidance: Definisi dan Pencegahannya di Indonesia.
- Maulidah, H. A., & Prastiwi, D. (2019). Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility, Intensitas Modal, dan Persaingan Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan. AKUNESA: Jurnal Akuntansi Unesa, 8(1), 1-9.
- Mulya, A. S. (2022). Analisis Faktor yang Memengaruhi Keputusan Agresivitas Transfer Pricing. Studi Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 2(1), 71-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/sakman.v2i1.1652
- Novita, W., & Fahmy, R. (2022). Tax planning on the multinational companies in Indonesia. Asean International Journal of Business, 1(1), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.54099/aijb.v1i1.65
- Payne, D. M., & Raiborn, C. A. (2018). Aggressive Tax Avoidance: A Conundrum for Stakeholders, Governments, and Morality. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(3), 469-487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2978-5
- Pradipta, K. A., Irawan, F., & Arieftiara, D. (2024). The Influence of Capital Intensity, Advertising Intensity and Transfer Pricing on Tax Aggressiveness. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 5(3), 223-234. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v5i3.3119
- Pramaiswari, G. A., & Fidiana, F. (2022). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Capital Intensity Dan Corporate Governance Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 1(2).
- Purwanto, A., Yusralaini, Y., & Susilatri, S. (2016). Pengaruh likuiditas, leverage, manajemen laba, dan kopensasi rugi fiskal terhadap agresivitas pajak perusahaan pada perusahaan pertanian dan pertambangan yang terdaftar di bursa efek indonesia periode 2011-2013. Riau University.
- Ramadhani, F., Firdaus, F., Nurhayati, N., & Purwanto, D. (2025). Liquidity as Mediation of DER and DAR on NPM in LQ45 for the 2019-2023 Period. Studi Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 4(2), 355-364. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/sakman.v4i2.3786
- Sergius Fribontius Bon, S. H. (2022). The Effect of Dividend Policy, Investment Decision, Leverage, Profitability, and Firm Size on Firm Value. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(3), 7-13. doi:https://doi:10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.3.1405
- Simamora, A. M., & Rahayu, S. (2020). Pengaruh Capital Intensity, Profitabilitas Dan Leverage Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak (Studi Empiris Pada Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2015-2018). Jurnal Mitra Manajemen, 4(1), 140-155.
- Sofiamanan, N. Z., & Machmuddah, Z. (2023). Profitability, capital intensity, and company size against tax avoidance with leverage as an intervening variable. Journal of Applied Accounting and Taxation, 8(1), 21-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.30871/jaat.v8i1.4821
- Sumiati, A., & Ainniyya, S. M. (2021). Effect of profitability, leverage, size, capital intensity, and inventory intensity toward tax aggressiveness. Paper presented at the Journal of International Conference Proceedings.
- Suwiknyo, E. (2021). Mayoritas Perusahaan Tambang Belum Transparan Soal Pajak.
- Utomo, A. B., & Fitria, G. N. (2021). Ukuran Perusahaan Memoderasi Pengaruh Capital Intensity dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak. Esensi: Jurnal Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 10(2), 231-246.
- Yuliana, I. F., & Wahyudi, D. (2018). Likuiditas, profitabilitas, leverage, ukuran perusahaan, capital intensity dan inventory intensity terhadap agresivitas pajak (studi empiris pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2013–2017). Dinamika Akuntansi Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 7(2).
