Purpose: This study aims to develop a flipbook-based personal development information service model and examine the increase in self-awareness of late adolescents as a measure of its effectiveness. Method: This research used development research methods with an ADDIE design. The instruments used in this study were validation and practicality sheets, model needs analysis questionnaires, self-awareness questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The data processing used in this research is by processing data on the model's validity and practicality, and N-gain test analysis and Paired Sample t-test using SPSS version 24 were also carried out to evaluate effectiveness. Results: The research results obtained are: 1) assessment of the feasibility of the flipbook-based personal development information service model shows a high validity category with an average value of 91%, and its practicality is considered very practical to use with an average value of 87%; 2) assessment of effectiveness, there is a Sig.2 tailed value of 0.000 < 0.025, so Ho is rejected, and Ha is accepted, as well as an increase in the average (Gain) of pretest and post-test data of 0.60, which is classified as a medium criterion. Based on the research results, the developed product model is effective and contributes to increasing self-awareness among high school students in late adolescence.

Purpose: The development of an on-the-job training program manual model is a critical step for educational units within the framework of sustainable human resource capacity development, which aims to see the need for an on-the-job training program for school leadership teams to improve their leadership effectiveness. This certainly needs to be supported by the design of an on-the-job training program for school leadership teams to improve their leadership effectiveness as an alternative means of capacity building for school leadership teams in managing schools. In addition, it is also to see the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the on-the-job training program model for the school leadership team to improve their leadership effectiveness which in turn can provide significance to the education services managed in schools. Method: This study used a development research method based on Smith and Ragan's design. The instruments used in the study were validation and practicality sheets, model needs analysis questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Data on the validity and practicality of the model were obtained during data processing. Data processing was continued with paired sample t-test analysis using SPSS and N-Gain to determine the effectiveness. Results: The results of existing research show: 1) an assessment of the feasibility of the EMPOWERED OJT model to increase the effectiveness of school leadership shows a very high validity category with an average value of 84%, and its practicality is considered very practical with an average value of 95%; 2) an assessment of effectiveness, there is a Sig value. (2-tailed) is <.001, which is < 0.05, indicating that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. This shows the influence of using the OJT program model manual to increase the effectiveness of school leadership. It is also seen that there is an increase in the average (gain) of the pretest and posttest data of 0.73, which is included in the medium group criteria. Based on the results of this research, the developed product model is effective and contributes positively to increasing the effectiveness of leadership in schools, in this case, in the ranks of school leaders.

Purpose: This research aims to design clear and structured guidelines to ensure that each stage of the teacher recruitment process is carried out consistently and according to established standards. Method: This type of research uses a research and development (R&D) approach using the Thiagarajan et al. development model, known as 4D models, namely, 1) definition, 2) design, 3) development, and 4) dissemination. Data collection involves conducting surveys, interviews, and questionnaires, whereas data analysis techniques use qualitative and quantitative descriptive analyses. Results: The research results show that 1) the material used in developing the teacher recruitment manual is in the form of objectives, procedures, and selection criteria; 2) the material for the process of developing the teacher recruitment manual through four stages define, design, develop, disseminate; 3) quality or suitability obtained from HRM score validation results of 41 with a percentage of 75%, Education Management score validation results of 32.5 with a percentage of 81%, language score validation results of 54 with a percentage of 98%; and 4) the practicality test results from stakeholders were 4.24, with a percentage of 85%, indicating that manual use is declared practical to use.

Purpose: This paper aims to determine the extent of the enforcement of the sovereignty of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia in North Insana District, North Central Timor Regency, and Oecusse District, Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (RDTL). In 1999, following a UN-supervised referendum, Timor Leste seceded Indonesia after 24 years, marking its transition to independence. The nascent state is now tasked with delineating its borders with adjacent nations, notably Indonesia, to affirm its sovereignty and preempt potential territorial disputes. Method: This study employed a dual-methodology approach, integrating library research—comprising an analysis of books, international treaties, seminar proceedings, correspondence, online resources, and other scholarly materials—with empirical fieldwork conducted in the border region under investigation. Results: The research findings highlight two primary issues in the RI-RDTL border area, particularly in the North Insana District. First, indeterminate territorial boundaries result in frequent illegal cross-border activities by border communities, who feel marginalized in the developmental agenda and often turn to neighboring countries for their needs. Second, development in the border region, exemplified by the micro-level traffic at Haumusu Wini Village, calls for a broader, more inclusive developmental approach. Challenges to sovereignty in this context stem from constrained resources, inadequate infrastructure and facilities, limited accessibility and insufficient funding. Limitations: Two significant limitations of this study could be addressed in future research: the authors' time constraints and the distance of the research location. Contributions: This contribution highlights the significance of territorial sovereignty in comprehensive state protection.