Community-based tourism: concepts, opportunities and challenges

https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i2.563
Published: Dec 25, 2020

Abstract:

Purpose: The community-based tourism concept needs to be understood deeply. We need to know and predict the opportunities and challenges that exist and will occur in the future in developing the community and tourism as a mutualism. This research analyzed the theories to describe it and derive conclusions for the basic concepts of community-based tourism as well as further explore the cases of applying these concepts to gain opportunities and challenges from community-based tourism

Research methodology: This study is a conceptual article using the literature review method

Results: This study elaborates the concepts, opportunities and challenges of the community-based tourism paradigm.

Limitations: This study is a secondary data-based analysis (literature review) on the concept of community-based tourism in the social and cultural context of the community, as well as the opportunities and challenges of its application to tourism development

Contribution: This study provides an in-depth and comprehensive view of community-based tourism to assist in exploring approaches and theories in community-based tourism research and planning and policymaking in the tourism sector, especially in the local community aspect.

Keywords:
1. Tourism
2. Community
3. Community-based tourism
4. Concepts
5. Challenges
Authors:
1 . Aditha Agung Prakoso
Department of Architecture and Planning, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 . Eugenius Pradipto
Department of Architecture and Planning, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3 . Muhammad Sani Roychansyah
Department of Architecture and Planning, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
4 . Bima Setya Nugraha
Faculty of Law, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Prakoso, A. A., Pradipto, E., Roychansyah, M. S., & Nugraha, B. S. (2020). Community-based tourism: concepts, opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i2.563
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Issue & Section
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2020): December
Articles
References

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    Campbell, L. M., & Vainio-Mattila, A. (2003). Participatory Development and community-based conservation: Opportunities missed for lessons learned? Human Ecology, 3(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A

    Carr, A., Ruhanen, L., & Whitford, M. (2016). Indigenous peoples and tourism: the challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1206112

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    Deller, S. (2010). Rural poverty, tourism and spatial heterogeneity. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 180–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.001

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    Dimitrovski, D. D., Todorovic, A. T., & Valjarevic, A. (2012). Rural tourism and regional development : Case study of development. 14, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.03.028

    Dolezal, C. (2011). Community-based tourism in Thailand: (Dis-)Illusions of authenticity and the necessity for dynamic concepts of culture and power. ASEAS - Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 4(1), 129–138.

    Gezici, F., Yazgan Gül, A., & Alkay, E. (2006). Analyzing coastal development pattern of tourism in Turkey. 46th Congress of European Regional Science Association 30 August- 3 September 2006 Volos, Greece, May 2014, 1–26. http://www.ersa.org/ersaconfs/ersa06/papers/494.pdf

    Ghaderi, Z., & Henderson, J. C. (2012). Sustainable rural tourism in Iran: A perspective from Hawraman Village. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2–3, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.03.001

    Goodwin, H., & Santili, R. M. (2009). Community-based tourism: A Success? International Centre for Responsible Tourism, Leeds Metropolitan University. http://www.icrtourism.org/documents/OP11merged.pdf

    Hadiwijoyo, S. S. (2012). Perencanaan pariwisata perdesaan berbasis masyarakat: Sebuah pendekatan konsep. Graha Ilmu.

    Hasanah, M. (2017). Pengelolaan pariwisata alam berbasis masyarakat. Universitas Hasanudin.

    Hausler, N. (2005). Definition of community based tourism. Tourism Forum International at the Reisepavillon.

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    Johnson, P. A. (2010). Realizing rural community based tourism development: Prospects for social-economy enterprises. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 5(1), 150–162.

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    Marpaung, B. O. (2016). Communication strategy planning of fisherman kampung Medan Belawan as a tourist destination. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.251

    Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism economy physical and social impact. Longman Group.

    Mtapuri, O., & Giampiccoli, A. (2016). Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal, 98(1), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2014.977813

    Mualisin, I. (2007). Model pengembangan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat di kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Penelitian Bappeda Kota Yogyakarta, 2(2), 34–36.

    Murphy, P. E. (1988). Community driven tourism planning. Tourism Management, 9(2), 96–104.

    Musavengane, R. (2015). Does social capital really enhance community based ecotourism? A review of the literature. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(41).

    Nair, V., & Hamzah, A. (2015). Successful community-based tourism approaches for rural destinations. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0023

    Nechifor, C. I. (2014). Tourism and sustainable development. Implications at local community level. Economica, 10(5), 1–36.

    Nurhidayati, S. E., & Fandeli, C. (2012). Penerapan prinsip Community Based Tourism ( CBT ) dalam pengembangan agrowisata di Kota Batu, Jawa Timur. Jejaring Administrasi Publik, IV(1), 36–46.

    Radcliffe‐Brown, A. . (1952). Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Cohen and West Ltd.

    Saarinen, J., & Manwa, H. (2008). Tourism as a Socio-cultural encounter: Host-guest relations in tourism development in Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records, 39(January), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/41236632

    Salazar, N. B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.596279

    Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.005

    Siwi, M. (2012). Konsep Komunitas dan masyarakat dalam perspektif sosiologi. Departemen SKPM IPB. http://skpm.ipb.ac.id/web/konsep-komunitas-dan-masyarakat-dalam-perspektif-sosiologi/

    Sunaryo, B. (2013). Kebijakan pembangunan destinasi pariwisata konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.

    Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2015). Strengthening community-based tourism in a new resource-based island nation: Why and how? Tourism Management, 48, 386–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.12.013

    Veriasa, T. O., & Waite, M. (2017). Memahami Konsep “Pengembangan Komunitas”. Pusat Pengkajian Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah (P4W). Institut Pertanian Bogor. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321753533

    Walkowski, M. da C., Pires, P. dos S., & Tricárico, L. T. (2019). Community-based tourism initiatives and their contribution to sustainable local development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v1i1.203

    Wang, L. en, Cheng, S. kui, Zhong, L. sheng, Mu, S. lin, Dhruba, B. G. C., & Ren, G. zhu. (2013). Rural tourism development in China: Principles, models and the future. Journal of Mountain Science, 10(1), 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2501-3

    Weaver, D. (2010). Community-based tourism as strategic dead-end. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), 206–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081635

    Widayanti, S. (2012). Pemberdayaan masyarakat : Pendekatan teoritis. Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, 1(1), 87–102.

    Xi, J., Wang, X., Kong, Q., & Zhang, N. (2015). Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism: A comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1182-y

    Ying, T., & Zhou, Y. (2007). Community, governments and external capitals in China's rural cultural tourism: A comparative study of two adjacent villages. Tourism Management, 28(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.025

    Yotsumoto, Y., Han, J., & Hatada, N. (2016). An overview of Japanese tourism - based community development: Definitions and successes. Politic and Economic, 25(2), 177–195.

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  2. Ahimsa-Putra, H. S. (2013). Budaya bangsa, jati diri dan integrasi nasional: Sebuah teori. Jejak Nusantara, 1, 6–19.
  3. APEC. (2014). APEC tourism ministerial meeting: Seoul declaration on an APEC Tourism Charter. www.apec.org/MeetingPapers/Ministerial-Statements/Tourism/2000_tourism.aspx
  4. Blackstock, K. (2005). A critical look at community based tourism. Community Development Journal, 40(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsi005
  5. Campbell, L. M., & Vainio-Mattila, A. (2003). Participatory Development and community-based conservation: Opportunities missed for lessons learned? Human Ecology, 3(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A
  6. Carr, A., Ruhanen, L., & Whitford, M. (2016). Indigenous peoples and tourism: the challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1206112
  7. Crow, G., & Allen, G. (1994). Community Life: An Introduction to Local Social Relations. Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
  8. Dangi, T. B., & Jamal, T. (2016). An integrated approach to "sustainable community-based tourism." Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475
  9. Deller, S. (2010). Rural poverty, tourism and spatial heterogeneity. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 180–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.09.001
  10. Denman, R. (2001). Guidelines for community-based ecotourism development (W. International (ed.)).
  11. Dimitrovski, D. D., Todorovic, A. T., & Valjarevic, A. (2012). Rural tourism and regional development?: Case study of development. 14, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.03.028
  12. Dolezal, C. (2011). Community-based tourism in Thailand: (Dis-)Illusions of authenticity and the necessity for dynamic concepts of culture and power. ASEAS - Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 4(1), 129–138.
  13. Gezici, F., Yazgan Gül, A., & Alkay, E. (2006). Analyzing coastal development pattern of tourism in Turkey. 46th Congress of European Regional Science Association 30 August- 3 September 2006 Volos, Greece, May 2014, 1–26. http://www.ersa.org/ersaconfs/ersa06/papers/494.pdf
  14. Ghaderi, Z., & Henderson, J. C. (2012). Sustainable rural tourism in Iran: A perspective from Hawraman Village. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2–3, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.03.001
  15. Goodwin, H., & Santili, R. M. (2009). Community-based tourism: A Success? International Centre for Responsible Tourism, Leeds Metropolitan University. http://www.icrtourism.org/documents/OP11merged.pdf
  16. Hadiwijoyo, S. S. (2012). Perencanaan pariwisata perdesaan berbasis masyarakat: Sebuah pendekatan konsep. Graha Ilmu.
  17. Hasanah, M. (2017). Pengelolaan pariwisata alam berbasis masyarakat. Universitas Hasanudin.
  18. Hausler, N. (2005). Definition of community based tourism. Tourism Forum International at the Reisepavillon.
  19. Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism Planning: an Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  20. Johnson, P. A. (2010). Realizing rural community based tourism development: Prospects for social-economy enterprises. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 5(1), 150–162.
  21. Koentjaraningrat. (2015). Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Rineka Cipta.
  22. Kottak, C. P. (2011). Cultural anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. The McGraw-Hill Companies.
  23. Liu, C.-Z. (2010). Rural development and rural tourism in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Arts and Sciences, 1(2), 211–227. internal-pdf://183.243.124.59/Taiwan rural areas, rural tourism.pdf
  24. Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the western pacific: An account of native enterprise and adventure in the archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea (First Edit). G. Routledge & Sons.
  25. Marpaung, B. O. (2016). Communication strategy planning of fisherman kampung Medan Belawan as a tourist destination. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.251
  26. Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism economy physical and social impact. Longman Group.
  27. Mtapuri, O., & Giampiccoli, A. (2016). Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal, 98(1), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2014.977813
  28. Mualisin, I. (2007). Model pengembangan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat di kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Penelitian Bappeda Kota Yogyakarta, 2(2), 34–36.
  29. Murphy, P. E. (1988). Community driven tourism planning. Tourism Management, 9(2), 96–104.
  30. Musavengane, R. (2015). Does social capital really enhance community based ecotourism? A review of the literature. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(41).
  31. Nair, V., & Hamzah, A. (2015). Successful community-based tourism approaches for rural destinations. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-06-2015-0023
  32. Nechifor, C. I. (2014). Tourism and sustainable development. Implications at local community level. Economica, 10(5), 1–36.
  33. Nurhidayati, S. E., & Fandeli, C. (2012). Penerapan prinsip Community Based Tourism ( CBT ) dalam pengembangan agrowisata di Kota Batu, Jawa Timur. Jejaring Administrasi Publik, IV(1), 36–46.
  34. Radcliffe?Brown, A. . (1952). Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Cohen and West Ltd.
  35. Saarinen, J., & Manwa, H. (2008). Tourism as a Socio-cultural encounter: Host-guest relations in tourism development in Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records, 39(January), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/41236632
  36. Salazar, N. B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.596279
  37. Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.005
  38. Siwi, M. (2012). Konsep Komunitas dan masyarakat dalam perspektif sosiologi. Departemen SKPM IPB. http://skpm.ipb.ac.id/web/konsep-komunitas-dan-masyarakat-dalam-perspektif-sosiologi/
  39. Sunaryo, B. (2013). Kebijakan pembangunan destinasi pariwisata konsep dan aplikasinya di Indonesia. Gava Media.
  40. Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2015). Strengthening community-based tourism in a new resource-based island nation: Why and how? Tourism Management, 48, 386–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.12.013
  41. Veriasa, T. O., & Waite, M. (2017). Memahami Konsep “Pengembangan Komunitas”. Pusat Pengkajian Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah (P4W). Institut Pertanian Bogor. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321753533
  42. Walkowski, M. da C., Pires, P. dos S., & Tricárico, L. T. (2019). Community-based tourism initiatives and their contribution to sustainable local development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v1i1.203
  43. Wang, L. en, Cheng, S. kui, Zhong, L. sheng, Mu, S. lin, Dhruba, B. G. C., & Ren, G. zhu. (2013). Rural tourism development in China: Principles, models and the future. Journal of Mountain Science, 10(1), 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2501-3
  44. Weaver, D. (2010). Community-based tourism as strategic dead-end. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), 206–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081635
  45. Widayanti, S. (2012). Pemberdayaan masyarakat?: Pendekatan teoritis. Ilmu Kesejahteraan Sosial, 1(1), 87–102.
  46. Xi, J., Wang, X., Kong, Q., & Zhang, N. (2015). Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism: A comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1182-y
  47. Ying, T., & Zhou, Y. (2007). Community, governments and external capitals in China's rural cultural tourism: A comparative study of two adjacent villages. Tourism Management, 28(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.025
  48. Yotsumoto, Y., Han, J., & Hatada, N. (2016). An overview of Japanese tourism - based community development: Definitions and successes. Politic and Economic, 25(2), 177–195.