Evaluation of Giant and Neotropical Otter as environmental assets in Conservation Tourism based on emergy analysis

https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i4.814
Published: Mar 16, 2022

Abstract:

Purpose: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the natural capital and ecosystem services of the Aquidauana River and the role of Lontra longicaudis and Pteronura brasiliensis as environmental assets for the development of conservation tourism.

Research Methodology: First, a system diagram was built to organize ideas and relationships between components and resource flows. Second, it was to construct tables of emergy flows directly from the diagrams. Quantities of stored emergy of environmental resources are calculated from the sum of the emergy of all inputs and then multiplied by the time it takes to accumulate the storage.

Results: The main services with market values ??provided by the Aquidauana River are water supply, tourism, and fishing. The neotropical otter exhibited the largest asset in the system, followed by the giant otter and the indigenous culture.

Limitations: Application of the emergy method to define public policies that lead to the real valuation of environmental assets and promote the social mobilization needed to change adverse realities.

Contribution: The giant otter and neotropical otter values represent more than 90% of all values listed as environmental assets in the Aquidauana River System. The results can be important for the definition of public policies aimed at conservation tourism. With an appropriate social mobilization program, associated with economic and environmental education, the local economy could be strengthened, along with the protection of biodiversity.

Keywords:
1. Ecology of systems
2. Economic evaluation
3. Emergy
4. Lontra longicaudis
5. Pteronura brasiliensis
Authors:
1 . Oldemar Carvalho Junior
Instituto Ekko Brasil, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
2 . Alesandra Bez Birolo
Instituto Ekko Brasil, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Carvalho Junior, O., & Bez Birolo, A. (2022). Evaluation of Giant and Neotropical Otter as environmental assets in Conservation Tourism based on emergy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(4), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i4.814
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Issue & Section
Vol. 2 No. 4 (2021): June
Articles
References

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    Asnawi, A. (2021). Destination images of ecotourism in Maluku: A marketing perspective. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

    Barocas, A., Farfan, J., Groenendijk, J., Mendoza, J., Silva, J., Mujica, O., . . . Swaisgood, R. (2021). Disturbance‐specific behavioral responses of giant otters exposed to ecotourism and extractive activities. Animal Conservation.

    Brandt-Williams, S., & Brown, M. (2011). Renewable emergy in earth’s biomes. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 6th Biennial Emergy Conference.

    Campbell, E. T., & Brown, M. T. (2012). Environmental accounting of natural capital and ecosystem services for the US National Forest System. Environment, development and sustainability, 14(5), 691-724.

    Cardoso, R. S., & Freitas, C. E. d. C. (2006). A composição dos custos de armação e a renda das expedições de pesca da frota pesqueira artesanal da região do Médio rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 36, 525-534.

    Carvalho Jr, O., Rodrigues, R., & Scoton, G. (2009). Sistema de Informação Geográfico (SIG) como ferramenta auxiliar para o planejamento e gestão do turismo na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itajaí (Santa Catarina). Caderno Virtual de Turismo, 9(1).

    Carvalho Junior, O. (2016). Emergy Analysis of the Peri Lake System and the Role of the Neotropical Otter. IJRRAS, 29(1), 31-54.

    Carvalho Junior, O., Barbosa, P., & Birolo, A. (2021). Status of Conservation of Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818)(Carnivora: Mustelidae) on Santa Catarina Island. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 38(4), 186-201.

    Catella, A. C., Campos, F. d. R., & Albuquerque, S. (2015). Sistema de Controle de Pesca de Mato Grosso do Sul SCPESCA/MS 21-2014. Embrapa Pantanal-Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (INFOTECA-E).

    Colodetti, A. F. (2014). Distribuição geográfica histórica e recente da ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.

    da Conceição Walkowski, M., dos Santos Pires, P., & Tricárico, L. T. (2019). Community-based tourism initiatives and their contribution to sustainable local development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 55-67.

    de Almeida Rodrigues, L., Leuchtenberger, C., & da Silva, V. C. F. (2013). Avaliação do risco de extinção da ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmermann, 1780) no Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira-BioBrasil(1), 228-239.

    de Castro, F. R., Stutz-Reis, S., Reis, S. S., Nakano-Oliveira, E., & Andriolo, A. (2014). Fishermen's perception of Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis) and their attacks on artisanal fixed fence traps: The case of caiçara communities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 92, 19-27.

    de Waal, A. (2010). Performance-driven behavior as the key to improved organizational performance. Measuring Business Excellence, 14(1), 79-95. doi:10.1108/13683041011027472

    Dias, S., Verdade, L., Prado, B., Almeida, N., Santos-Reis, M., & Pedroso, N. (2019). Neotropical otters as promoters of environmental awareness.

    Fernández‐Llamazares, Á., Fraixedas, S., Brias‐Guinart, A., & Terraube, J. (2020). Principles for including conservation messaging in wildlife‐based tourism. People and Nature, 2(3), 596-607.

    Freire, P. (2018). Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 50th Anniversary Edition. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing.

    George, A. A. (2021). Social and cultural influences and their implications for sustainable tourism: A case study of Trinidad & Tobago's tourism and the growth of the LGBTQ traveler segment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 147-157.

    Giannetti, B., Ogura, Y., Bonilla, S., & Almeida, C. (2011). Emergy assessment of a coffee farm in Brazilian Cerrado considering in a broad form the environmental services, negative externalities and fair price. Agricultural Systems, 104(9), 679-688.

    Gupta, N., Everard, M., Tiwari, V., Chadwick, M., Nawab, A., & Hussain, S. A. (2020). The potential role of social Media in Support of Otter conservation in the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. OTTER, The Journal of the International Otter Survival Fund, 6, 40-48.

    Hong, S. (2020). Public perception of otters in South Korea: Otter.

    Junior O, C., & Birolo, A., B. (2019). Conservation Tourism for the Sustainability of Coastal Areas. Case Study: Otter Project. Revista Costas, 1(1). doi:10.26359/costas.0105

    Junior, O., C, , Birolo, A., B, , & Silva, C. J. d. (2017). Environmental accounting of natural capital and ecosystem services for the Aquidauana River, Southern Pantanal, Brazil. Wulfenia, 24(9).

    Kloskowski, J. (2005). Otter Lutra lutra damage at farmed fisheries in southeastern Poland, I: an interview survey. Wildlife Biology, 11(3), 201-206.

    Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Geng, Y., Li, R., Dong, H., Xue, B., . . . Wang, S. (2019). Toward sustainable crop production in China: an emergy-based evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 11-26.

    Mangubhai, S., Sykes, H., Manley, M., Vukikomoala, K., & Beattie, M. (2020). Contributions of tourism-based Marine Conservation Agreements to natural resource management in Fiji. Ecological Economics, 171, 106607.

    Martinez-Harms, M. J., Bryan, B. A., Balvanera, P., Law, E. A., Rhodes, J. R., Possingham, H. P., & Wilson, K. A. (2015). Making decisions for managing ecosystem services. Biological Conservation, 184, 229-238.

    Nogueira, M. G. (1987). O papel do turismo no desenvolvimento econômico e social do Brasil. Revista de Administração Pública, 21(2), 37 a 54-37 a 54.

    Odum, H., T,, Wiley, J., & Sons. (1983). Systems Ecology: An Introduction: Wiley.

    Odum, H., T. (2007). Environment, power, and society for the twenty-first century: the hierarchy of energy: Columbia University Press.

    Odum, H. T. (1983). Systems Ecology; an introduction.

    Odum, H. T., & Odum, P. H. T. (1996). Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making: Wiley.

    Oldemar Carvalho Junior, A. B. B. (2019). International Conference on Biodiversity & Ecological Restoration.

    Polgar, G., & Jaafar, Z. (2018). Flagship Species Endangered Forested Wetlands of Sundaland (pp. 57-88): Springer.

    Prakoso, A. A., Pradipto, E., Roychansyah, M. S., & Nugraha, B. S. (2020). Community-based tourism: concepts, opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 95-107.

    Quiñónez, A. L., Fuller, T. K., & Randhir, T. O. (2018). A review of otter distribution modeling: approach, scale, and metrics. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 35(3).

    Rojas Rojas, D. M. (2009). Aspectos relacionados à conservação do Peixe-boi-amazônico Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883) e da Ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmerman, 1780) no rio Iruá, Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima.

    Saidani, M., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., Cluzel, F., & Kendall, A. (2019). A taxonomy of circular economy indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 207, 542-559.

    Sarkar, S. K., & George, B. (2018). Social media technologies in the tourism industry: An analysis with special reference to their role in sustainable tourism development. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 18(4), 269-278.

    Shah, S. M., Liu, G., Yang, Q., Wang, X., Casazza, M., Agostinho, F., . . . Giannetti, B. F. (2019). Emergy-based valuation of agriculture ecosystem services and dis-services. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 118019.

    Staib, E., & Schenck, C. (1994). Giant otters and ecotourism in Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull, 9, 7-8.

    Team, R. D. C. (2010). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing : Reference Index: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

    Thompson, B. S., & Rog, S. M. (2019). Beyond ecosystem services: using charismatic megafauna as flagship species for mangrove forest conservation. Environmental Science & Policy, 102, 9-17.

    Tilley, D. R. (2004). Howard T. Odum’s contribution to the laws of energy. Ecological Modelling, 178(1-2), 121-125.

    ul Mustafa, A., Afzal, H., & Zahoor, Z. (2020). Green economy and its future. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 119-131.

    van Rees, C. B. (2018). Wetland conservation in Hawaii and the need for flagship species. Elepaio, 78, 37-41.

    van Spronsen, B. (2020). Using habitat preferences of the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) to predict future potential habitat after reintroduction in the Netherlands.

    Von Bertalanffy, L. (1973). The meaning of general system theory. General system theory: Foundations, development, applications, 30-53.

    Wahab, S. (1991). Introdução a administração do turismo:(alguns aspectos estruturais e operacionais do turismo internacional): teoria e pratica: Pioneira.

    Weir, J. T., & Schluter, D. (2007). The latitudinal gradient in recent speciation and extinction rates of birds and mammals. Science, 315(5818), 1574-1576.

    Yeboah, T., Afram, C. S., Quampah, B., & Kulega, A. (2019). Adaptation to risks related to ecotourism: development at Boabeng in the Bono East Region, Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 105-121.

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  2. Asnawi, A. (2021). Destination images of ecotourism in Maluku: A marketing perspective. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
  3. Barocas, A., Farfan, J., Groenendijk, J., Mendoza, J., Silva, J., Mujica, O., . . . Swaisgood, R. (2021). Disturbance?specific behavioral responses of giant otters exposed to ecotourism and extractive activities. Animal Conservation.
  4. Brandt-Williams, S., & Brown, M. (2011). Renewable emergy in earth’s biomes. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 6th Biennial Emergy Conference.
  5. Campbell, E. T., & Brown, M. T. (2012). Environmental accounting of natural capital and ecosystem services for the US National Forest System. Environment, development and sustainability, 14(5), 691-724.
  6. Cardoso, R. S., & Freitas, C. E. d. C. (2006). A composição dos custos de armação e a renda das expedições de pesca da frota pesqueira artesanal da região do Médio rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 36, 525-534.
  7. Carvalho Jr, O., Rodrigues, R., & Scoton, G. (2009). Sistema de Informação Geográfico (SIG) como ferramenta auxiliar para o planejamento e gestão do turismo na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Itajaí (Santa Catarina). Caderno Virtual de Turismo, 9(1).
  8. Carvalho Junior, O. (2016). Emergy Analysis of the Peri Lake System and the Role of the Neotropical Otter. IJRRAS, 29(1), 31-54.
  9. Carvalho Junior, O., Barbosa, P., & Birolo, A. (2021). Status of Conservation of Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818)(Carnivora: Mustelidae) on Santa Catarina Island. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 38(4), 186-201.
  10. Catella, A. C., Campos, F. d. R., & Albuquerque, S. (2015). Sistema de Controle de Pesca de Mato Grosso do Sul SCPESCA/MS 21-2014. Embrapa Pantanal-Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (INFOTECA-E).
  11. Colodetti, A. F. (2014). Distribuição geográfica histórica e recente da ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo.
  12. da Conceição Walkowski, M., dos Santos Pires, P., & Tricárico, L. T. (2019). Community-based tourism initiatives and their contribution to sustainable local development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 55-67.
  13. de Almeida Rodrigues, L., Leuchtenberger, C., & da Silva, V. C. F. (2013). Avaliação do risco de extinção da ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmermann, 1780) no Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira-BioBrasil(1), 228-239.
  14. de Castro, F. R., Stutz-Reis, S., Reis, S. S., Nakano-Oliveira, E., & Andriolo, A. (2014). Fishermen's perception of Neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis) and their attacks on artisanal fixed fence traps: The case of caiçara communities. Ocean & Coastal Management, 92, 19-27.
  15. de Waal, A. (2010). Performance-driven behavior as the key to improved organizational performance. Measuring Business Excellence, 14(1), 79-95. doi:10.1108/13683041011027472
  16. Dias, S., Verdade, L., Prado, B., Almeida, N., Santos-Reis, M., & Pedroso, N. (2019). Neotropical otters as promoters of environmental awareness.
  17. Fernández?Llamazares, Á., Fraixedas, S., Brias?Guinart, A., & Terraube, J. (2020). Principles for including conservation messaging in wildlife?based tourism. People and Nature, 2(3), 596-607.
  18. Freire, P. (2018). Pedagogy of the Oppressed: 50th Anniversary Edition. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  19. George, A. A. (2021). Social and cultural influences and their implications for sustainable tourism: A case study of Trinidad & Tobago's tourism and the growth of the LGBTQ traveler segment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 147-157.
  20. Giannetti, B., Ogura, Y., Bonilla, S., & Almeida, C. (2011). Emergy assessment of a coffee farm in Brazilian Cerrado considering in a broad form the environmental services, negative externalities and fair price. Agricultural Systems, 104(9), 679-688.
  21. Gupta, N., Everard, M., Tiwari, V., Chadwick, M., Nawab, A., & Hussain, S. A. (2020). The potential role of social Media in Support of Otter conservation in the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. OTTER, The Journal of the International Otter Survival Fund, 6, 40-48.
  22. Hong, S. (2020). Public perception of otters in South Korea: Otter.
  23. Junior O, C., & Birolo, A., B. (2019). Conservation Tourism for the Sustainability of Coastal Areas. Case Study: Otter Project. Revista Costas, 1(1). doi:10.26359/costas.0105
  24. Junior, O., C, , Birolo, A., B, , & Silva, C. J. d. (2017). Environmental accounting of natural capital and ecosystem services for the Aquidauana River, Southern Pantanal, Brazil. Wulfenia, 24(9).
  25. Kloskowski, J. (2005). Otter Lutra lutra damage at farmed fisheries in southeastern Poland, I: an interview survey. Wildlife Biology, 11(3), 201-206.
  26. Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Geng, Y., Li, R., Dong, H., Xue, B., . . . Wang, S. (2019). Toward sustainable crop production in China: an emergy-based evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 11-26.
  27. Mangubhai, S., Sykes, H., Manley, M., Vukikomoala, K., & Beattie, M. (2020). Contributions of tourism-based Marine Conservation Agreements to natural resource management in Fiji. Ecological Economics, 171, 106607.
  28. Martinez-Harms, M. J., Bryan, B. A., Balvanera, P., Law, E. A., Rhodes, J. R., Possingham, H. P., & Wilson, K. A. (2015). Making decisions for managing ecosystem services. Biological Conservation, 184, 229-238.
  29. Nogueira, M. G. (1987). O papel do turismo no desenvolvimento econômico e social do Brasil. Revista de Administração Pública, 21(2), 37 a 54-37 a 54.
  30. Odum, H., T,, Wiley, J., & Sons. (1983). Systems Ecology: An Introduction: Wiley.
  31. Odum, H., T. (2007). Environment, power, and society for the twenty-first century: the hierarchy of energy: Columbia University Press.
  32. Odum, H. T. (1983). Systems Ecology; an introduction.
  33. Odum, H. T., & Odum, P. H. T. (1996). Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making: Wiley.
  34. Oldemar Carvalho Junior, A. B. B. (2019). International Conference on Biodiversity & Ecological Restoration.
  35. Polgar, G., & Jaafar, Z. (2018). Flagship Species Endangered Forested Wetlands of Sundaland (pp. 57-88): Springer.
  36. Prakoso, A. A., Pradipto, E., Roychansyah, M. S., & Nugraha, B. S. (2020). Community-based tourism: concepts, opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 95-107.
  37. Quiñónez, A. L., Fuller, T. K., & Randhir, T. O. (2018). A review of otter distribution modeling: approach, scale, and metrics. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 35(3).
  38. Rojas Rojas, D. M. (2009). Aspectos relacionados à conservação do Peixe-boi-amazônico Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883) e da Ariranha Pteronura brasiliensis (Zimmerman, 1780) no rio Iruá, Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima.
  39. Saidani, M., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., Cluzel, F., & Kendall, A. (2019). A taxonomy of circular economy indicators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 207, 542-559.
  40. Sarkar, S. K., & George, B. (2018). Social media technologies in the tourism industry: An analysis with special reference to their role in sustainable tourism development. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 18(4), 269-278.
  41. Shah, S. M., Liu, G., Yang, Q., Wang, X., Casazza, M., Agostinho, F., . . . Giannetti, B. F. (2019). Emergy-based valuation of agriculture ecosystem services and dis-services. Journal of Cleaner Production, 239, 118019.
  42. Staib, E., & Schenck, C. (1994). Giant otters and ecotourism in Peru. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull, 9, 7-8.
  43. Team, R. D. C. (2010). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing : Reference Index: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  44. Thompson, B. S., & Rog, S. M. (2019). Beyond ecosystem services: using charismatic megafauna as flagship species for mangrove forest conservation. Environmental Science & Policy, 102, 9-17.
  45. Tilley, D. R. (2004). Howard T. Odum’s contribution to the laws of energy. Ecological Modelling, 178(1-2), 121-125.
  46. ul Mustafa, A., Afzal, H., & Zahoor, Z. (2020). Green economy and its future. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 119-131.
  47. van Rees, C. B. (2018). Wetland conservation in Hawaii and the need for flagship species. Elepaio, 78, 37-41.
  48. van Spronsen, B. (2020). Using habitat preferences of the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) to predict future potential habitat after reintroduction in the Netherlands.
  49. Von Bertalanffy, L. (1973). The meaning of general system theory. General system theory: Foundations, development, applications, 30-53.
  50. Wahab, S. (1991). Introdução a administração do turismo:(alguns aspectos estruturais e operacionais do turismo internacional): teoria e pratica: Pioneira.
  51. Weir, J. T., & Schluter, D. (2007). The latitudinal gradient in recent speciation and extinction rates of birds and mammals. Science, 315(5818), 1574-1576.
  52. Yeboah, T., Afram, C. S., Quampah, B., & Kulega, A. (2019). Adaptation to risks related to ecotourism: development at Boabeng in the Bono East Region, Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 105-121.