Management of stress amongst state universities’ lecturers for improved performance: A quantitative approach

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2163
Published: Jul 25, 2024

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the influence of stress on the performance of state university lecturers in the Southeast, Nigeria.

Research Methodology: To achieve this, a correlational survey design method was employed. The study encompassed all six state universities in southeastern Nigeria, focusing exclusively on academic staff. This research involved all state university lecturers on full-time appointments, ranging from professorial cadres to graduate assistants. Data were obtained from personnel offices of the six state universities under review. The social sciences statistical package was used to analyze the data and draw conclusions.

Results: The study revealed a significant positive impact of work-life balance on career development, as well as a marked positive impact of mental health management on the academic productivity of state university lecturers in southeast Nigeria.

Limitations: The study focused solely on the impact of stress among lecturers of state universities in southeast Nigeria and was limited to the six state universities approved by the National Universities Commission as of the 2023/2024 academic session.

Contribution: This study contributes to existing knowledge by introducing new indicators, such as work-life balance and mental health management, to the theme of stress management. It also adds to the empirical and theoretical evidence that could aid future scholars in exploring stress management further.

Funding: This research was funded by the authors, and no external funding was received from any institution or corporate entity during this study.

Keywords:
1. Stressors
2. Performance
3. Mental Health
4. Work life Balance
5. Career Development
Authors:
Michael Ikenna Udodiugwu
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Nigeria
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Udodiugwu, M. I. (2024). Management of stress amongst state universities’ lecturers for improved performance: A quantitative approach. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2163
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Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): March
Articles
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References

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    Abonyo, B. (2020). Stress management and employee performance at Kenya Airways. University of Nairobi.

    Abrigo, J. N. F., Abrogena, A. A. A., Alcantara, D. R. E., De Gracia, N. A. V., Juliano, A. C., & Ador, Z. I. (2024). A narrative research of experiences of STEM teachers pursuing doctoral degree. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 153-168.

    Adeyi, J. F. A., Akinbode, J. O., & Akinola, E. T. (2023). Stress Management and Employee Performance. International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 8(11), 39.

    Ameliah, A. D., & Jatnika, R. (2024). Descriptive Study of College Student’s Career Adaptability with An Internship Experience. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 1-11.

    Anyamere, C. G. (2023). Effect of Job Stress on Employee Performance. (A Case Study of Unilever Nigeria Plc, Agbara).

    Ates, Ö. T., & Ihtiyaroglu, N. (2019). Analysis of the Relationship between Stress and Organizational Commitment in Employees: A Meta-Analysis Study. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(1), 94-106.

    Barrett, L. F. (2020). Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain: Mariner Books.

    Bhojani, Z., & Kurucz, E. C. (2020). Sustainable happiness, well-being, and mindfulness in the workplace. The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, 1-25.

    Borg, W. R., Gall, J. P., & Gall, M. D. (1979). Educational Research: An Introduction: Longman Publishing Group.

    CDC. (2024). About Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm

    Chikezie, J., Adedeji, E. O., Meduna, P. N., & Joshua, D. A. (2023). Causes and Management of Stress amongst Hotel Employees in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Management Sciences Vol, 24(1b).

    Dallman, M. F., Strack, A. M., Akana, S. F., Bradbury, M. J., Hanson, E. S., Scribner, K. A., & Smith, M. (1993). Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 14(4), 303-347.

    De Oliveira, L. B., Cavazotte, F., & Alan Dunzer, R. (2019). The interactive effects of organizational and leadership career management support on job satisfaction and turnover intention. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(10), 1583-1603.

    Dwamena, M. A. (2012). Stress and its effects on employees productivity–a case study of Ghana Ports and Habours Authority, Takoradi.

    E., C. (2019). Stress management-Taking charge. In C. E. H. Leaflet (Ed.).

    Fazel, S. (2023). Mental Health America: Oxford University.

    Gobena, G. A. (2024). Effects of Academic Stress on Students' Academic Achievements and Its Implications for Their Future Lives. Anatolian Journal of Education, 9(1), 113-130.

    Grace, T. O., Leonard, A. O., & Nnaemeka, N. J. (2023). Effect of stress management techniques on employee Job performance in manufacturing firms in Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 18(2), 449-461.

    Hess, R. S., & Copeland, E. P. (2001). Students' stress, coping strategies, and school completion: A longitudinal perspective. School Psychology Quarterly, 16(4), 389.

    Ichdan, D. A. (2024). Analysis of employee performance through productivity: The role of kaizen culture, motivation, and work discipline in the manufacturing industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 13-28.

    Ichdan, D. A., & Maryani, M. (2024). The impact of innovation, corporate social responsibility, environmental practices, and organizational culture on organizational sustainability. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 5(4), 297-310.

    Ilonze, G. U. (2024). Stress management and performance of Public University lecturers in South East Nigeria. American Research Journal of Contemporary Issues, 2(1), 24-44.

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    Khattak, M. A., Rehman, Z. U., & Hashmi, S. H. (2024). Role of empowering leadership in inducing employee green creative behavior in hotel and restaurant industry: a moderated-moderated mediation model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(3), 7547-7578.

    Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2023). Employees' entrepreneurial behavior within their organizations: empowering leadership and employees' resources help. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(4), 986-1006.

    Kumar, H., & Chakraborty, S. K. (2013). Work Life Balance (WLB): A Key to Organizational Efficacy. Aweshkar Research Journal, 15(1).

    Lewis, J. (2019). Nature of Work vs. Level of Work. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/nature-work-vs-level-work-33710.html

    Ling, F. Y., & Mok, E. K. Y. (2024). Managing stressors, stress and strain faced by facility managers. Journal of Facilities Management, 22(1), 160-177.

    Llamas, M. (2024). Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.drugwatch.com/mental-health/

    Manger, S. (2019). Lifestyle interventions for mental health. Australian Journal of General Practice, 48(10), 670-673.

    Mayo, C. (2022). How stress affects your body and behavior.

    McPhillips, D. (2022). Nearly 1 in 4 young adults in US treated for mental health during pandemic, CDC survey finds. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/07/health/mental-health-treatment-pandemic/index.html

    Merlin, N. M., Vanchapo, A. R., & Riantiarno, F. (2022). Influence of depression, stress, and anxiety on work performance among nurses in tuberculosis/HIV and COVID-19 units on Timor Island. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing/Psikiyatri Hemsireleri Dernegi, 13(2).

    Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., . . . Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID?19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing management, 28(5), 1002-1009.

    Nomuoja, M., & Johnson, A. (2019). chronic Stress and its Management. Paper presented at the Wumblin University Conference

    Nord, W. R., Fox, S., Phoenix, A., & Viano, K. (2002). Real-world reactions to work-life balance programs: Lessons for effective implementation. Organizational dynamics, 30(3), 223-223.

    Nordzro, E. (2017). Stress management and employee performance in private banks in Ghana: A case of UT bank in the Western region of Ghana. University of Cape Coast.

    Notaras, M., & van den Buuse, M. (2020). Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders. Molecular psychiatry, 25(10), 2251-2274.

    Obiora, O. A., Iyke-Ofoedu, M., & Uzochukwu, A. C. (2023). Effect of stress management strategies on employee Job performance in deposit money banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(2), 200-208.

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    Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. R. (2020). Effect of motivation, leadership, and organizational culture on satisfaction and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(8), 577-588.

    Park, S., Park, S.-Y., Jang, S. Y., Oh, G., & Oh, I.-H. (2020). The neglected role of physical education participation on suicidal ideation and stress in high school adolescents from South Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8), 2838.

    Patro, C. S., & Kumar, K. S. (2019). Effect of workplace stress management strategies on employees’ efficiency. International journal of scientific development and research, 4(5), 412-418.

    Pervanidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2012). Metabolic consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence. Metabolism, 61(5), 611-619.

    Popovic, D., Bjelobrk, M., Tesic, M., Seman, S., Jayasinghe, S., Hills, A. P., . . . Ozemek, C. (2022). Defining the importance of stress reduction in managing cardiovascular disease-the role of exercise. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 70, 84-93.

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    Setyawati, N. W., PG, D. S. W., & Rianto, M. R. (2022). Career development, motivation and promotion on employee performance. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(9), 1957-1970.

    Soares, D., & Woods, K. (2020). An international systematic literature review of test anxiety interventions 2011–2018. Pastoral Care in Education, 38(4), 311-334.

    Sucharitha, M. M., & Basha, S. (2020). A Study on impact of stress on employee’s productivity and job performance: Implications for stress measurement and management. Elementary Education Online, 19, 823-831.

    Sulila, I. (2019). The effect of discipline and work motivation on employee performance, BTPN Gorontalo. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management (IJABIM), 4(3), 121-131.

    Thornburg, H. D., & Jones, R. M. (1982). Social characteristics of early adolescents: Age versus grade. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 2(3), 229-239.

    Thorsen, E. J. (1996). Stress in academe: What bothers professors? Higher Education, 31(4), 471-489.

    Uchechukwu, S., & Ogah, O. (2020). Stress management and employee performance of selected deposit money bank in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 22(11), 26-35.

    Udo, E. U. (2023). Social Intelligence and Social Sustainability of Manufacturing Firms in Akwa Ibom State. IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management, 9(9).

    Udo, U. E., Emmanuel, U. U., & Umana, U. A. (2024). CAREER TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN MONEY DEPOSIT BANKS IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA.

    Unyime, E. U., Aniefiok, O. A., & Aniekan, E. A. (2022). Internal marketing and employee performance in insurance industry in Nigeria. British International Journal of Business and Marketing Research, 5(1).

    Van Kampen, H. S. (2019). The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour. Behavioural processes, 159, 42-54.

    Welin, W. (2020). How to Improve Care Management for Mental Health. Retrieved from https://welkinhealth.com/mental-healthcare/#

    Widyani, A. A. D., Saraswati, N. P. A. S., & Wijaya, I. N. B. (2019). The mediating role of turnover intention on the relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance: Evidance from ksu sinar dana mandiri employees. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management (IJABIM), 4(3), 15-22.

    Yang, M., Viladrich, C., & Cruz, J. (2022). Examining the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education within a semester: A two-wave study with Chinese secondary school students. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 965690.

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  2. Abonyo, B. (2020). Stress management and employee performance at Kenya Airways. University of Nairobi.
  3. Abrigo, J. N. F., Abrogena, A. A. A., Alcantara, D. R. E., De Gracia, N. A. V., Juliano, A. C., & Ador, Z. I. (2024). A narrative research of experiences of STEM teachers pursuing doctoral degree. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 153-168.
  4. Adeyi, J. F. A., Akinbode, J. O., & Akinola, E. T. (2023). Stress Management and Employee Performance. International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 8(11), 39.
  5. Ameliah, A. D., & Jatnika, R. (2024). Descriptive Study of College Student’s Career Adaptability with An Internship Experience. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 1-11.
  6. Anyamere, C. G. (2023). Effect of Job Stress on Employee Performance. (A Case Study of Unilever Nigeria Plc, Agbara).
  7. Ates, Ö. T., & Ihtiyaroglu, N. (2019). Analysis of the Relationship between Stress and Organizational Commitment in Employees: A Meta-Analysis Study. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(1), 94-106.
  8. Barrett, L. F. (2020). Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain: Mariner Books.
  9. Bhojani, Z., & Kurucz, E. C. (2020). Sustainable happiness, well-being, and mindfulness in the workplace. The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, 1-25.
  10. Borg, W. R., Gall, J. P., & Gall, M. D. (1979). Educational Research: An Introduction: Longman Publishing Group.
  11. CDC. (2024). About Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm
  12. Chikezie, J., Adedeji, E. O., Meduna, P. N., & Joshua, D. A. (2023). Causes and Management of Stress amongst Hotel Employees in Ilorin West Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Management Sciences Vol, 24(1b).
  13. Dallman, M. F., Strack, A. M., Akana, S. F., Bradbury, M. J., Hanson, E. S., Scribner, K. A., & Smith, M. (1993). Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 14(4), 303-347.
  14. De Oliveira, L. B., Cavazotte, F., & Alan Dunzer, R. (2019). The interactive effects of organizational and leadership career management support on job satisfaction and turnover intention. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(10), 1583-1603.
  15. Dwamena, M. A. (2012). Stress and its effects on employees productivity–a case study of Ghana Ports and Habours Authority, Takoradi.
  16. E., C. (2019). Stress management-Taking charge. In C. E. H. Leaflet (Ed.).
  17. Fazel, S. (2023). Mental Health America: Oxford University.
  18. Gobena, G. A. (2024). Effects of Academic Stress on Students' Academic Achievements and Its Implications for Their Future Lives. Anatolian Journal of Education, 9(1), 113-130.
  19. Grace, T. O., Leonard, A. O., & Nnaemeka, N. J. (2023). Effect of stress management techniques on employee Job performance in manufacturing firms in Nigeria. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 18(2), 449-461.
  20. Hess, R. S., & Copeland, E. P. (2001). Students' stress, coping strategies, and school completion: A longitudinal perspective. School Psychology Quarterly, 16(4), 389.
  21. Ichdan, D. A. (2024). Analysis of employee performance through productivity: The role of kaizen culture, motivation, and work discipline in the manufacturing industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 13-28.
  22. Ichdan, D. A., & Maryani, M. (2024). The impact of innovation, corporate social responsibility, environmental practices, and organizational culture on organizational sustainability. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 5(4), 297-310.
  23. Ilonze, G. U. (2024). Stress management and performance of Public University lecturers in South East Nigeria. American Research Journal of Contemporary Issues, 2(1), 24-44.
  24. Johanson, J. (2021). Factors That Influence Academic Performance And Productivity. Retrieved from https://www.academicgates.com/blog/factors-that-influence-academic-performance-and-productivity/224
  25. Joshua, R., Chehab, F., David, R., & Salim, N. A. (2021). Impact of work stress during COVID-19 epidemic on job satisfaction and job performance among nurses in critical care units, United Arab Emirates 2020. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Research, 5(2), 225-231.
  26. Kang, J.-S., Shin, D.-H., Baek, J.-W., & Chung, K. (2019). Activity recommendation model using rank correlation for chronic stress management. Applied Sciences, 9(20), 4284.
  27. Khattak, M. A., Rehman, Z. U., & Hashmi, S. H. (2024). Role of empowering leadership in inducing employee green creative behavior in hotel and restaurant industry: a moderated-moderated mediation model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(3), 7547-7578.
  28. Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2023). Employees' entrepreneurial behavior within their organizations: empowering leadership and employees' resources help. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(4), 986-1006.
  29. Kumar, H., & Chakraborty, S. K. (2013). Work Life Balance (WLB): A Key to Organizational Efficacy. Aweshkar Research Journal, 15(1).
  30. Lewis, J. (2019). Nature of Work vs. Level of Work. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/nature-work-vs-level-work-33710.html
  31. Ling, F. Y., & Mok, E. K. Y. (2024). Managing stressors, stress and strain faced by facility managers. Journal of Facilities Management, 22(1), 160-177.
  32. Llamas, M. (2024). Mental Health. Retrieved from https://www.drugwatch.com/mental-health/
  33. Manger, S. (2019). Lifestyle interventions for mental health. Australian Journal of General Practice, 48(10), 670-673.
  34. Mayo, C. (2022). How stress affects your body and behavior.
  35. McPhillips, D. (2022). Nearly 1 in 4 young adults in US treated for mental health during pandemic, CDC survey finds. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/07/health/mental-health-treatment-pandemic/index.html
  36. Merlin, N. M., Vanchapo, A. R., & Riantiarno, F. (2022). Influence of depression, stress, and anxiety on work performance among nurses in tuberculosis/HIV and COVID-19 units on Timor Island. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing/Psikiyatri Hemsireleri Dernegi, 13(2).
  37. Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., . . . Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID?19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing management, 28(5), 1002-1009.
  38. Nomuoja, M., & Johnson, A. (2019). chronic Stress and its Management. Paper presented at the Wumblin University Conference
  39. Nord, W. R., Fox, S., Phoenix, A., & Viano, K. (2002). Real-world reactions to work-life balance programs: Lessons for effective implementation. Organizational dynamics, 30(3), 223-223.
  40. Nordzro, E. (2017). Stress management and employee performance in private banks in Ghana: A case of UT bank in the Western region of Ghana. University of Cape Coast.
  41. Notaras, M., & van den Buuse, M. (2020). Neurobiology of BDNF in fear memory, sensitivity to stress, and stress-related disorders. Molecular psychiatry, 25(10), 2251-2274.
  42. Obiora, O. A., Iyke-Ofoedu, M., & Uzochukwu, A. C. (2023). Effect of stress management strategies on employee Job performance in deposit money banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(2), 200-208.
  43. Ogomegbunam, O. A. (2023). Stress Management Strategies and Employee Performance: An Application of Correlational Research Design on Manufacturing Firms in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 6(2).
  44. Orji, M. G., & Yakubu, G. N. (2020). Effective stress management and employee productivity in the Nigerian public institutions; a study of National Galary of arts, Abuja, Nigeria. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 3(2), 1303-1315.
  45. Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. R. (2020). Effect of motivation, leadership, and organizational culture on satisfaction and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 7(8), 577-588.
  46. Park, S., Park, S.-Y., Jang, S. Y., Oh, G., & Oh, I.-H. (2020). The neglected role of physical education participation on suicidal ideation and stress in high school adolescents from South Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8), 2838.
  47. Patro, C. S., & Kumar, K. S. (2019). Effect of workplace stress management strategies on employees’ efficiency. International journal of scientific development and research, 4(5), 412-418.
  48. Pervanidou, P., & Chrousos, G. P. (2012). Metabolic consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence. Metabolism, 61(5), 611-619.
  49. Popovic, D., Bjelobrk, M., Tesic, M., Seman, S., Jayasinghe, S., Hills, A. P., . . . Ozemek, C. (2022). Defining the importance of stress reduction in managing cardiovascular disease-the role of exercise. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 70, 84-93.
  50. Saka, A. D., & Wirastania, A. (2021). Efektivitas Layanan Konseling Kelompok Teknik Self-Management Untuk Mereduksi Perilaku Prokrastinasi Akademik Siswa Kelas X Sman 15 Surabaya. HELPER: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling, 38(2), 59-68.
  51. Samuel, O. O., & Udo, E. U. (2023). TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL GOAL ATTAINMENT OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN AKWA IBOM STATE. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 9(6).
  52. Setyawati, N. W., PG, D. S. W., & Rianto, M. R. (2022). Career development, motivation and promotion on employee performance. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(9), 1957-1970.
  53. Soares, D., & Woods, K. (2020). An international systematic literature review of test anxiety interventions 2011–2018. Pastoral Care in Education, 38(4), 311-334.
  54. Sucharitha, M. M., & Basha, S. (2020). A Study on impact of stress on employee’s productivity and job performance: Implications for stress measurement and management. Elementary Education Online, 19, 823-831.
  55. Sulila, I. (2019). The effect of discipline and work motivation on employee performance, BTPN Gorontalo. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management (IJABIM), 4(3), 121-131.
  56. Thornburg, H. D., & Jones, R. M. (1982). Social characteristics of early adolescents: Age versus grade. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 2(3), 229-239.
  57. Thorsen, E. J. (1996). Stress in academe: What bothers professors? Higher Education, 31(4), 471-489.
  58. Uchechukwu, S., & Ogah, O. (2020). Stress management and employee performance of selected deposit money bank in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 22(11), 26-35.
  59. Udo, E. U. (2023). Social Intelligence and Social Sustainability of Manufacturing Firms in Akwa Ibom State. IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management, 9(9).
  60. Udo, U. E., Emmanuel, U. U., & Umana, U. A. (2024). CAREER TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN MONEY DEPOSIT BANKS IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA.
  61. Unyime, E. U., Aniefiok, O. A., & Aniekan, E. A. (2022). Internal marketing and employee performance in insurance industry in Nigeria. British International Journal of Business and Marketing Research, 5(1).
  62. Van Kampen, H. S. (2019). The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour. Behavioural processes, 159, 42-54.
  63. Welin, W. (2020). How to Improve Care Management for Mental Health. Retrieved from https://welkinhealth.com/mental-healthcare/#
  64. Widyani, A. A. D., Saraswati, N. P. A. S., & Wijaya, I. N. B. (2019). The mediating role of turnover intention on the relationship between job satisfaction and employee performance: Evidance from ksu sinar dana mandiri employees. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management (IJABIM), 4(3), 15-22.
  65. Yang, M., Viladrich, C., & Cruz, J. (2022). Examining the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education within a semester: A two-wave study with Chinese secondary school students. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 965690.