Digitalization, organizational change, and human resource management at the Immigration Polytechnic

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2838
Published: Sep 1, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to examine how digitalization influences and is influenced by organizational structures and human resource management in the Indonesian education industry.

Research Methodology: This study employs a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions to explore how digital technology is implemented in human resource management within the Indonesian education sector. Participants include education leaders, HR officials, policymakers, and edutech developers, selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods to ensure relevant and in-depth insights. Data were collected through individual interviews and thematic workshops, allowing researchers to capture both personal experiences and group dynamics related to digital transformation challenges and strategies.

Results: The results show that the success of digital transformation in HR management in Indonesia's education sector depends on the balance between human, technological and organizational aspects. Key challenges include a lack of training, uneven infrastructure, and an organizational culture that is not adaptive to change. Therefore, a holistic strategy is needed that includes digital competency development, visionary leadership, and policies that support technological innovation and transparency.

Conclusions: Digital transformation in HRM within Indonesia's education sector is hindered by gaps in human skills, technology access, and rigid organizational structures. Weak digital leadership and ethical concerns around AI further slow progress. A holistic approach developing digital competencies, promoting innovation, and ensuring transparent AI is essential for effective and sustainable transformation.

Limitations: The study’s qualitative scope limits generalizability. It also reflects a specific time frame and may include selection bias from purposive sampling.

Contribution: This study offers insights into aligning HR and digital strategies using the HTO framework and promotes ethical, inclusive digital transformation in education.

Keywords:
1. Digitalization
2. Education Industry
3. HR Management
4. Industry 4.0
5. Organizational Change
Authors:
1 . Rasona Sunara Akbar
Immigration Polytechnic, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
2 . Ayi Abdurahman
Nusa Putra University, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
3 . Gunawan Ari Nursanto
Immigration Polytechnic, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
4 . Besse Hartati
Immigration Polytechnic, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Akbar, R. S., Abdurahman, A. ., Nursanto, G. A. ., & Hartati, B. . (2025). Digitalization, organizational change, and human resource management at the Immigration Polytechnic. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.2838
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Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): September
Articles
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References

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    Almahdali, H. (2024). Tantangan dan Peluang Inovasi Pelayanan Publik di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 4(2), 63-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jasispol.v4i2.4104

    Altukhi, Z. M., & Pradhan, S. (2025). Systematic Literature Review: Explainable AI Definitions and Challenges in Education. International Conference on Information Systems. doi:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.02910

    Alvarez-Icaza, I., & Huerta, O. (2024). Augmented Intelligence for Open Education: Bridging the Digital Gap with Inclusive Design Methods. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1337932

    Asatiani, A., Malo, P., Nagbøl, P. R., Penttinen, E., Rinta-Kahila, T., & Salovaara, A. (2020). Challenges of Explaining the Behavior of Black-Box AI Systems. MIS Quarterly Executive, 19(4), 259-278. doi:https://doi.org/10.17705/2msqe.00037

    Bagrationi, K., & Thurner, T. (2023). Middle Management’s Resistance to Digital Change. Foresight and STI Governance, 17(2), 49-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2023.2.49.60

    Bearman, M., & Ajjawi, R. (2023). Learning to Work with the Black Box: Pedagogy for a World with Artificial Intelligence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(5), 1160-1173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13337

    Bond, M., Marín, V. I., Dolch, C., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2018). Digital Transformation in German Higher Education: Student and Teacher Perceptions and Usage of Digital Media. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0130-1

    Burinskien?, A., & Seržant?, M. (2022). Digitalisation as the Indicator of the Evidence of Sustainability in the European Union. Sustainability, 14(14), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148371

    Casper, M. J. (2000). Reviewed Work: Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies Bruno Latour. Contemporary Sociology, 29(5), 754-756. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2655272

    Chwi?kowska-Kubala, A., Cyfert, S., Malewska, K., Mierzejewska, K., & Szumowski, W. (2023). The Impact of Resources on Digital Transformation in Energy Sector Companies. The Role of Readiness for Digital Transformation. Technology in society, 74, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102315

    Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. California: Sage Publications.

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    Djoundourian, S., & Shahin, W. (2022). Academia–Business Cooperation: A Strategic Plan for an Innovative Executive Education Program. Industry and Higher Education, 36(6), 835-845. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221083852

    Dluhopolska, T., & Huk, Y. V. (2021). Digital Transformation in HR Sphere: Directions, Problems and Opportunities. Black Sea Economic Studies, 65, 13-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.32843/bses.62-2

    Doody, O., & Noonan, M. (2013). Preparing and Conducting Interviews to Collect Data. Nurse Researcher, 20(5), 28-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2013.05.20.5.28.e327

    Farias-Gaytan, S., Aguaded, I., & Ramirez-Montoya, M.-S. (2023). Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy in the Context of Complexity within Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01875-9

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    Gkrimpizi, T., Peristeras, V., & Magnisalis, I. (2023). Classification of Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences, 13(7), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070746

    Haavik, T. K. (2017). Remoteness and Sensework in Harsh Environments. Safety Science, 95, 150-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.03.020

    Have, P. t. (2004). Qualitative Methods in Social Research Understanding Qualitative Research and Ethnomethodology. London: Sage Publications.

    Hermawansyah. (2021). Manajemen Lembaga Pendidikan Sekolah Berbasis Digitalisasi di Era COVID-19. Fitrah: Jurnal Studi Pendidikan, 12(1), 27-46. doi:https://doi.org/10.47625/fitrah.v12i1.320

    Kashemsanta, P., & Plangsorn, B. (2024). Reskilling and Upskilling Digital Competencies: A Systematic Review for Financial Sector Employee’s’ Development. Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Teaching, Education and Learning (TEL), 1(1), 25-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.32789/tel.2023.1003

    Kroh, J., Globocnik, D., Schultz, C., Holdhof, F., & Salomo, S. (2024). Micro-Foundations of Digital Innovation Capability–A Mixed Method Approach to Develop and Validate a Multi-Dimensional Measurement Instrument. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122942

    Latifah, R., Budiyanto, C., & Saputro, H. (2022). Digital Transformation Readiness in Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 5256-5263. doi:https://doi.org/10.46254/an12.20221061

    Lenaini, I. (2021). Teknik Pengambilan Sampel Purposive dan Snowball Sampling. Historis: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Sejarah, 6(1), 33-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.31764/historis.v6i1.4075

    Lines, R. (2005). The Structure and Function of Attitudes Toward Organizational Change. Human Resource Development Review, 4(1), 8-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484304273818

    Luftman, J. N., Lewis, P. R., & Oldach, S. H. (1993). Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies. IBM Systems Journal, 32(1), 198-221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.321.0198

    Maharani, D., & Meynawati, L. (2024). Sisi Terang dan Gelap: Digitalisasi pada Perkembangan Pendidikan Indonesia. Sinar Dunia: Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 3(1), 89-98. doi:https://doi.org/10.58192/sidu.v3i1.1771

    Maulani, G. A. F., Hamdani, N. A., Nugraha, S., Solihat, A., & Mubarok, T. M. S. (2021). Information Technology Resources and Innovation Performance in Higher Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 15(4), 117-125. doi:https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i04.20193

    Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. California: Sage Publications.

    Mumford, E. (2006). The Story of Socio?Technical Design: Reflections on its Successes, Failures and Potential. Information systems journal, 16(4), 317-342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00221.x

    Munawir, A., & Suseno, B. D. (2024). Employee Performance: Exploring the Nexus of Nonstandard Services, Psychological Contracts, and Knowledge Sharing. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6746963

    Mustikasari, D., & Heggart, K. (2022). Conceptualising Teachers as Designers in the Higher Education Context: Case Studies from Indonesian English University Teachers. ASCILITE Publications. doi:https://doi.org/10.14742/apubs.2022.49

    Noviyanti, & Tricahyono, D. (2024). Business Ecosystem Development in Corporate Business Strategy. Jurnal Bisnis dan Pemasaran Digital, 4(1), 41-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jbpd.v4i1.4524

    Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change Recipients’ Reactions to Organizational Change: A 60-Year Review of Quantitative Studies. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550

    Passey, D. (2021). Digital Technologies—And Teacher Wellbeing?. Education Sciences, 11(3), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030117

    Safitri, H. I., & Sopiah. (2024). Rekrutmen Karyawan dan Kinerja Karyawan: Sistematik Tinjauan Literatur. Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Ekonomi (JRIME), 2(1), 166-179. doi:https://doi.org/10.54066/jrime-itb.v2i1.1129

    Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Cifre, E. (2013). The Dark Side of Technologies: Technostress among Users of Information and Communication Technologies. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 422-436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.680460

    Selwyn, N. (2016). Minding Our Language: Why Education and Technology is Full of Bullshit… and What Might be Done About it. Learning, Media and Technology, 41(3), 437-443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1012523

    Singun, A. J. (2025). Unveiling the Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Discover Education, 4(1), 1-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00430-9

    Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Bisnis (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta.

    Sych, T. V., Kryvtsova, O. M., Kaduk, N. I., Nesprava, M. V., & Panchenko, G. O. (2021). Public Administration in the Education System: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches and Practical Recommendations. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 28(2), 132-139. doi:https://doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.132-139

    Tomczyk, L. (2022). Teachers, the Internet, Computers, and Smartphones-What Skill Sets Should Today’s Educators Have? International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 363-372. doi:https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2022.0111

    Trist, E. L., & Bamforth, K. W. (1951). Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting: An Examination of the Psychological Situation and Defences of a Work Group in Relation to the Social Structure and Technological Content of the Work System. Human Relations, 4(1), 3-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400101

    Trushkina, N., Abazov, R., Rynkevych, N., & Bakhautdinova, G. (2020). Digital Transformation of Organizational Culture under Conditions of the Information Economy. Virtual Economics, 3(1), 7-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.34021/ve.2020.03.01(1)

    Trushkina, N., & Rynkevych, N. (2020). Modernization of Organizational Culture of Enterprises in the Epoch of Digital Transformations. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 6(2), 144-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2020.06.02.09

    Wibisono, L. K., Limbongan, M. E., & Ramba, D. (2024). Building Tana Toraja Towards a Smart City. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 4(2), 480-487. doi:https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v4i2.1039

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  2. Almahdali, H. (2024). Tantangan dan Peluang Inovasi Pelayanan Publik di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 4(2), 63-73. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jasispol.v4i2.4104
  3. Altukhi, Z. M., & Pradhan, S. (2025). Systematic Literature Review: Explainable AI Definitions and Challenges in Education. International Conference on Information Systems. doi:https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.02910
  4. Alvarez-Icaza, I., & Huerta, O. (2024). Augmented Intelligence for Open Education: Bridging the Digital Gap with Inclusive Design Methods. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1337932
  5. Asatiani, A., Malo, P., Nagbøl, P. R., Penttinen, E., Rinta-Kahila, T., & Salovaara, A. (2020). Challenges of Explaining the Behavior of Black-Box AI Systems. MIS Quarterly Executive, 19(4), 259-278. doi:https://doi.org/10.17705/2msqe.00037
  6. Bagrationi, K., & Thurner, T. (2023). Middle Management’s Resistance to Digital Change. Foresight and STI Governance, 17(2), 49-60. doi:https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2023.2.49.60
  7. Bearman, M., & Ajjawi, R. (2023). Learning to Work with the Black Box: Pedagogy for a World with Artificial Intelligence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(5), 1160-1173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13337
  8. Bond, M., Marín, V. I., Dolch, C., Bedenlier, S., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2018). Digital Transformation in German Higher Education: Student and Teacher Perceptions and Usage of Digital Media. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0130-1
  9. Burinskien?, A., & Seržant?, M. (2022). Digitalisation as the Indicator of the Evidence of Sustainability in the European Union. Sustainability, 14(14), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148371
  10. Casper, M. J. (2000). Reviewed Work: Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies Bruno Latour. Contemporary Sociology, 29(5), 754-756. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2655272
  11. Chwi?kowska-Kubala, A., Cyfert, S., Malewska, K., Mierzejewska, K., & Szumowski, W. (2023). The Impact of Resources on Digital Transformation in Energy Sector Companies. The Role of Readiness for Digital Transformation. Technology in society, 74, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102315
  12. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. California: Sage Publications.
  13. Devi, K. S., & Aparna, M. (2020). Moodle -An Effective Learning Management System for 21 st Century Learners. Alochana Chakra Journal, 9(6), 4474-4485.
  14. Djoundourian, S., & Shahin, W. (2022). Academia–Business Cooperation: A Strategic Plan for an Innovative Executive Education Program. Industry and Higher Education, 36(6), 835-845. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221083852
  15. Dluhopolska, T., & Huk, Y. V. (2021). Digital Transformation in HR Sphere: Directions, Problems and Opportunities. Black Sea Economic Studies, 65, 13-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.32843/bses.62-2
  16. Doody, O., & Noonan, M. (2013). Preparing and Conducting Interviews to Collect Data. Nurse Researcher, 20(5), 28-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2013.05.20.5.28.e327
  17. Farias-Gaytan, S., Aguaded, I., & Ramirez-Montoya, M.-S. (2023). Digital Transformation and Digital Literacy in the Context of Complexity within Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01875-9
  18. Fernandez, S., & Rainey, H. G. (2017). Managing Successful Organizational Change in the Public Sector. In R. F. Durant & J. R. S. Durant (Eds.), Debating Public Administration (pp. 7-26). New York: Routledge.
  19. Gkrimpizi, T., Peristeras, V., & Magnisalis, I. (2023). Classification of Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences, 13(7), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070746
  20. Haavik, T. K. (2017). Remoteness and Sensework in Harsh Environments. Safety Science, 95, 150-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.03.020
  21. Have, P. t. (2004). Qualitative Methods in Social Research Understanding Qualitative Research and Ethnomethodology. London: Sage Publications.
  22. Hermawansyah. (2021). Manajemen Lembaga Pendidikan Sekolah Berbasis Digitalisasi di Era COVID-19. Fitrah: Jurnal Studi Pendidikan, 12(1), 27-46. doi:https://doi.org/10.47625/fitrah.v12i1.320
  23. Kashemsanta, P., & Plangsorn, B. (2024). Reskilling and Upskilling Digital Competencies: A Systematic Review for Financial Sector Employee’s’ Development. Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Teaching, Education and Learning (TEL), 1(1), 25-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.32789/tel.2023.1003
  24. Kroh, J., Globocnik, D., Schultz, C., Holdhof, F., & Salomo, S. (2024). Micro-Foundations of Digital Innovation Capability–A Mixed Method Approach to Develop and Validate a Multi-Dimensional Measurement Instrument. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 198, 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122942
  25. Latifah, R., Budiyanto, C., & Saputro, H. (2022). Digital Transformation Readiness in Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 5256-5263. doi:https://doi.org/10.46254/an12.20221061
  26. Lenaini, I. (2021). Teknik Pengambilan Sampel Purposive dan Snowball Sampling. Historis: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Sejarah, 6(1), 33-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.31764/historis.v6i1.4075
  27. Lines, R. (2005). The Structure and Function of Attitudes Toward Organizational Change. Human Resource Development Review, 4(1), 8-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484304273818
  28. Luftman, J. N., Lewis, P. R., & Oldach, S. H. (1993). Transforming the Enterprise: The Alignment of Business and Information Technology Strategies. IBM Systems Journal, 32(1), 198-221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.321.0198
  29. Maharani, D., & Meynawati, L. (2024). Sisi Terang dan Gelap: Digitalisasi pada Perkembangan Pendidikan Indonesia. Sinar Dunia: Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 3(1), 89-98. doi:https://doi.org/10.58192/sidu.v3i1.1771
  30. Maulani, G. A. F., Hamdani, N. A., Nugraha, S., Solihat, A., & Mubarok, T. M. S. (2021). Information Technology Resources and Innovation Performance in Higher Education. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 15(4), 117-125. doi:https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i04.20193
  31. Morgan, D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. California: Sage Publications.
  32. Mumford, E. (2006). The Story of Socio?Technical Design: Reflections on its Successes, Failures and Potential. Information systems journal, 16(4), 317-342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2006.00221.x
  33. Munawir, A., & Suseno, B. D. (2024). Employee Performance: Exploring the Nexus of Nonstandard Services, Psychological Contracts, and Knowledge Sharing. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6746963
  34. Mustikasari, D., & Heggart, K. (2022). Conceptualising Teachers as Designers in the Higher Education Context: Case Studies from Indonesian English University Teachers. ASCILITE Publications. doi:https://doi.org/10.14742/apubs.2022.49
  35. Noviyanti, & Tricahyono, D. (2024). Business Ecosystem Development in Corporate Business Strategy. Jurnal Bisnis dan Pemasaran Digital, 4(1), 41-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jbpd.v4i1.4524
  36. Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change Recipients’ Reactions to Organizational Change: A 60-Year Review of Quantitative Studies. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-524. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310396550
  37. Passey, D. (2021). Digital Technologies—And Teacher Wellbeing?. Education Sciences, 11(3), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030117
  38. Safitri, H. I., & Sopiah. (2024). Rekrutmen Karyawan dan Kinerja Karyawan: Sistematik Tinjauan Literatur. Jurnal Riset Manajemen dan Ekonomi (JRIME), 2(1), 166-179. doi:https://doi.org/10.54066/jrime-itb.v2i1.1129
  39. Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Cifre, E. (2013). The Dark Side of Technologies: Technostress among Users of Information and Communication Technologies. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 422-436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.680460
  40. Selwyn, N. (2016). Minding Our Language: Why Education and Technology is Full of Bullshit… and What Might be Done About it. Learning, Media and Technology, 41(3), 437-443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2015.1012523
  41. Singun, A. J. (2025). Unveiling the Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Discover Education, 4(1), 1-41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00430-9
  42. Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Bisnis (Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D). Bandung: Alfabeta.
  43. Sych, T. V., Kryvtsova, O. M., Kaduk, N. I., Nesprava, M. V., & Panchenko, G. O. (2021). Public Administration in the Education System: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches and Practical Recommendations. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, 28(2), 132-139. doi:https://doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.132-139
  44. Tomczyk, L. (2022). Teachers, the Internet, Computers, and Smartphones-What Skill Sets Should Today’s Educators Have? International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, 363-372. doi:https://doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2022.0111
  45. Trist, E. L., & Bamforth, K. W. (1951). Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting: An Examination of the Psychological Situation and Defences of a Work Group in Relation to the Social Structure and Technological Content of the Work System. Human Relations, 4(1), 3-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400101
  46. Trushkina, N., Abazov, R., Rynkevych, N., & Bakhautdinova, G. (2020). Digital Transformation of Organizational Culture under Conditions of the Information Economy. Virtual Economics, 3(1), 7-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.34021/ve.2020.03.01(1)
  47. Trushkina, N., & Rynkevych, N. (2020). Modernization of Organizational Culture of Enterprises in the Epoch of Digital Transformations. Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal, 6(2), 144-173. doi:https://doi.org/10.51599/are.2020.06.02.09
  48. Wibisono, L. K., Limbongan, M. E., & Ramba, D. (2024). Building Tana Toraja Towards a Smart City. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 4(2), 480-487. doi:https://doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v4i2.1039