Self-Efficacy, engagement, and spiritual intelligence on performance via OCB among Jakarta educators

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i1.2861
Published: May 28, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the influence of self-efficacy, employee engagement, and spiritual intelligence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), as well as to examine the role of OCB in enhancing the performance of part-time teachers in Jakarta.

Research Methodology: This quantitative research used a survey method, collecting data from 278 village officials in Brebes Regency through questionnaires. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS) was employed for data analysis to test both direct and indirect effects among variables.

Results: The findings reveal that ethical leadership, organizational commitment, and work culture significantly influence job satisfaction. Moreover, job satisfaction positively and significantly affects village officials' performance. Ethical leadership and work culture also directly affect performance, while organizational commitment's direct effect on performance was not significant. However, job satisfaction successfully mediates the influence of organizational commitment on performance.

Conclusions: This study found that spiritual intelligence significantly influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), which in turn positively affects the performance of part-time teachers in Jakarta. However, self-efficacy and employee engagement showed no significant effect on OCB. The findings highlight the key role of spiritual intelligence in enhancing teacher performance through OCB.

Limitations: The study is limited to village officials in Brebes Regency, making generalization to other regions or administrative contexts less applicable. The use of cross-sectional data limits the ability to observe changes over time. Additionally, self-reported questionnaires may introduce response bias, affecting the objectivity of the data.

Contribution: The study is limited to village officials in Brebes Regency, making generalization to other regions or administrative contexts less applicable. The use of cross-sectional data limits the ability to observe changes over time. Additionally, self-reported questionnaires may introduce response bias, affecting the objectivity of the data.

Keywords:
1. Citizenship Behavior
2. Employee Engagement
3. Organizational
4. Self-Efficacy
5. Spiritual Intelligence
Authors:
1 . Herni Pujiati
Universitas Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma, Jakarta, Indonesia
2 . Dewi Puspaningtyas Feani
Universitas Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma, Jakarta, Indonesia
3 . Yohannes Ferry Cahaya
Universitas Dirgantara Marsekal Suryadarma, Jakarta, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Pujiati, H., Feani, D. P., & Cahaya, Y. F. (2025). Self-Efficacy, engagement, and spiritual intelligence on performance via OCB among Jakarta educators. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i1.2861
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Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): March
Articles
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    Ajele, W. K., Oladejo, T. A., Akanni, A. A., & Babalola, O. B. (2021). Spiritual intelligence, Mindfulness, Emotional Dysregulation, Depression Relationship With Mental Well-Being Among Persons With Diabetes During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 20, 1705-1714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00927-8

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    Ariyanto, E., Wijaya, M. H., & Sari, A. N. M. (2025). The Effect of Employee Engagement (Vigor, Dedication, and Absorption) on Job Satisfaction at PT Pelindo. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 8(2), 673-679. doi:https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v8-i2-11

    Arsang-Jang, S., Khoramirad, A., Pourmarzi, D., & Raisi, M. (2020). Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence And Ethical Decision Making in Iranian Nurses. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(3), 330-341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817704319

    Barmi, B. E., Hosseini, M., Abdi, K., Bakhshi, E., & Shirozhan, S. (2019). The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Resiliency of Rehabilitation Staff. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 73(4), 205-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305019877158

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    Hatami, A., Badrani, M. R., Kamboo, M. S., Jahangirimehr, A., & Hemmatipour, A. (2019). An Investigation of the Relationship of Spiritual Intelligence and Resilience with Attitude to Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences-Jemds, 8(1), 24-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2019/6

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    Hojat, M., & Badiyepeymaiejahromi, Z. (2021). Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Professional Self-concept among Iranian Nurses. Investigación y educación en enfermería, 39(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v39n3e12

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  1. Ahmadi, M., Estebsari, F., Poormansouri, S., Jahani, S., & Sedighie, L. (2021). Perceived Professional Competence in Spiritual Care and Predictive Role of Spiritual Intelligence in Iranian Nursing Students. Nurse Education in Practice, 57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103227
  2. Aizava, P. V. S., Oliveira, I. F. d. S., Oliveira, D. V. d., Garcia, W. F., & Fiorese, L. (2024). Relationships Between Self-Efficacy and High-Performance Sport: A Systematic Review. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3412
  3. Ajele, W. K., Oladejo, T. A., Akanni, A. A., & Babalola, O. B. (2021). Spiritual intelligence, Mindfulness, Emotional Dysregulation, Depression Relationship With Mental Well-Being Among Persons With Diabetes During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 20, 1705-1714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-021-00927-8
  4. Anwar, M. A., & Osman-Gani, A. M. (2015). The Effects of Spiritual Intelligence And Its Dimensions On Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 8(4), 1162-1178. doi:https://doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1451
  5. Ariyanto, E., Wijaya, M. H., & Sari, A. N. M. (2025). The Effect of Employee Engagement (Vigor, Dedication, and Absorption) on Job Satisfaction at PT Pelindo. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 8(2), 673-679. doi:https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v8-i2-11
  6. Arsang-Jang, S., Khoramirad, A., Pourmarzi, D., & Raisi, M. (2020). Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence And Ethical Decision Making in Iranian Nurses. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(3), 330-341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817704319
  7. Barmi, B. E., Hosseini, M., Abdi, K., Bakhshi, E., & Shirozhan, S. (2019). The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Resiliency of Rehabilitation Staff. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 73(4), 205-210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305019877158
  8. Cahyadi, M. (2018). Hubungan Antara Etos Kerja dengan Komitmen Organisasi Karyawan. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(4), 132-141. doi:https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v6i4.4682
  9. Chen, T., Hao, S., Ding, K., Feng, X., Li, G., & Liang, X. (2020). The Impact of Organizational Support on Employee Performance. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(1), 166-179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2019-0079
  10. Costley, J., Southam, A., Boitcov, M., Zhang, H., Shulgina, G., Baldwin, M., & Fanguy, M. (2025). Creative Self-Efficacy and its Relationship to Peer Feedback. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2025.2471404
  11. Dami, Z. A., Setiawan, I., Sudarmanto, G., & Lu, Y. (2019). Effectiveness of Group Counseling on Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Components of Spiritual Intelligence in Student. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(9), 236-243.
  12. Dargahi, H., & Veysi, F. (2021). The Relationship Between Managers’ Ideal Intelligence as a Hybrid Model and Employees’ Organizational Commitment: A Case Study in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of medicine, 14(8), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v14i8.6752
  13. Dini, J. P. U. (2019). Health Promotion Program (JUMSIH); To Enhance Children's Clean and Healthy Living Knowledge. doi:https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.132.10
  14. Eliyana, A., & Ma’arif, S. (2019). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Effect in the Transformational Leadership Towards Employee Performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001
  15. Faeni, D. (2024). Green Practices and Employees’ Performance: The Mediating Roles of Green Human Resources Management Policies and Knowledge Development. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(8), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i8.4924
  16. Faeni, D. P., Oktaviani, R. F., Riyadh, H. A., Faeni, R. P., & Beshr, B. A. H. (2025). Green Human Resource Management and Sustainable Practices on Corporate Reputation and Employee Well-being: A model for Indonesia's F&B industry. Environmental Challenges, 18, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101082
  17. Fort, I., & Puget, F. (2022). Self-Efficacy Dimensions and Job Search Strategies. European Review of Applied Psychology, 72(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2021.100748
  18. Geus, C. J. C. d., Ingrams, A., Tummers, L., & Pandey, S. K. (2020). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Public Sector: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Agenda. Public Administration Review, 80(2), 259-270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13141
  19. Giannone, D. A., & Kaplin, D. (2020). How Does Spiritual Intelligence Relate to Mental Health in a Western Sample? Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(3), 400-417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817741041
  20. Gusti, M. A., Yasri, Y., & Idris, I. (2021). Knowing Trends in Organizational Citizenship Behavior for the Environment (OCBE) using Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Scopus Database. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(6), 1-9.
  21. Hatami, A., Badrani, M. R., Kamboo, M. S., Jahangirimehr, A., & Hemmatipour, A. (2019). An Investigation of the Relationship of Spiritual Intelligence and Resilience with Attitude to Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences-Jemds, 8(1), 24-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2019/6
  22. Hendri, M. I. (2019). The Mediation Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on the Organizational Learning Effect of the Employee Performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(7), 1208-1234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-05-2018-0174
  23. Hirschi, A., & Spurk, D. (2021). Ambitious Employees: Why and When Ambition Relates to Performance and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 127, 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103576
  24. Hojat, M., & Badiyepeymaiejahromi, Z. (2021). Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Professional Self-concept among Iranian Nurses. Investigación y educación en enfermería, 39(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v39n3e12
  25. Karmeli, E., Sutanty, M., Kurniawansyah, K., Mustaram, R. A., & Usman, U. (2021). Utilization of e-commerce to increase the selling value of MSMEs in Sumbawa regency during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual Conference on Education and Social Science (ACCESS 2020).
  26. Kazmi, S. W., & Javaid, S. T. (2022). Antecedents of Organizational Identification: Implications for Employee Performance. RAUSP Management Journal, 57(2), 111-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-02-2020-0017
  27. Lartey, S. A., Montgomery, C. L., Olson, J. K., & Cummings, G. G. (2023). Leadership Self-Efficacy and Nurses' Aspiration to Leadership: An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104496
  28. Liu, L., Huang, R., Shang, Y.-J., Zou, L., & Wu, A. M. (2024). Self-Efficacy as a Mediator of Neuroticism and Perceived Stress: Neural Perspectives on Healthy Aging. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 24(4), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100521
  29. Liu, X., Guo, P., & Zhao, J. (2025). From Adaptation to Transformation: How to Stimulate Leaders’ Change-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behaviors in Project-Based Temporary Organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 38(1), 204-229. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-07-2024-0390
  30. Maier, H. W. (1965). Adolescenthood. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 46(1), 3-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/104438946504600101
  31. Mohammad, W. M. W., & Wasiuzzaman, S. (2021). Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Disclosure, Competitive Advantage and Performance of Firms in Malaysia. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2, 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100015
  32. Mosavinezhad, M., Safara, M., & Kasir, S. (2019). Role of Spiritual Intelligence and Personal Beliefs in Social Anxiety among University. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics, 6(3), 11-17. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jhsme.6.3.11
  33. Nahuda, Nurhasanah, & Nadiah. (2023). The Influence of Spiritual Intelligence on Students' Learning Motivation (Survey at SMA Negeri 103 Jakarta). Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities, 6(4), 2604-2622. doi:https://doi.org/10.24815/jr.v6i4.34948
  34. Nekhili, M., Boukadhaba, A., Nagati, H., & Chtioui, T. (2021). ESG Performance and Market Value: The Moderating Role of Employee Board Representation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(14), 3061-3087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1629989
  35. Nilsson, H. (2024). Spiritual Intelligence: A Vital Component of Consolation within Rehabilitation for Medical Social Workers. Social work in health care, 63(8-10), 585-599. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2024.2425611
  36. O’Sullivan, L., & Lindsay, N. (2023). The Relationship Between Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience, and Well-Being in an Aotearoa New Zealand Sample. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 25(4), 277-297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2022.2086840
  37. Paul, H., Bamel, U. K., & Garg, P. (2016). Employee Resilience and OCB: Mediating Effects of Organizational Commitmen. Vikalpa, 41(4), 308-324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090916672765
  38. Pinto, C. T., Guedes, L., Pinto, S., & Nunes, R. (2024). Spiritual Intelligence: A Scoping Review on the Gateway to Mental Health. Global health action, 17(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2362310
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