Determining lecturer performance: Analysis of competence, motivation, and self-efficacy through remuneration

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2919
Published: Jul 3, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to develop hypotheses for future research by reviewing the relationships between competence, motivation, self-efficacy, remuneration, and lecturer performance.

ResearchMethodology: A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through a literature review. Secondary data were collected from academic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Taylor & Francis, Springer, Elsevier, SINTA, DOAJ, and Google Scholar. One empirical study was selected for each variable category to support the review. Empirical findings from the literature were analyzed and synthesized to identify patterns and construct theoretical relationships.

Results: The study reveals ten significant relationships: (1) Competence, motivation, and self-efficacy each positively influence remuneration; (2) All three variables also directly affect lecturer performance; (3) Remuneration has a positive effect on lecturer performance; and (4) Remuneration mediates the effects of competence, motivation, and self-efficacy on lecturer performance. Statistical results from reviewed studies show that competence (? = 0.58), motivation (? = 0.49), and self-efficacy (? = 0.45) have strong direct effects on lecturer performance, with remuneration acting as a significant mediator (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Competence, motivation, and self-efficacy are critical factors influencing both remuneration and lecturer performance. Remuneration plays a mediating role, amplifying these effects. The findings provide a theoretical basis for future empirical testing.

Limitations: This review focuses exclusively on individual-level variables, excluding organizational and policy-level influences. The generalization of the findings may be limited by the selection of reviewed studies.

Contribution: The study contributes to the development of a conceptual framework on lecturer performance and highlights remuneration as a key mediating variable. It offers new insights into performance-related factors in the Indonesian higher education context.

Keywords:
1. Competence
2. Lecturer Performance
3. Mediation
4. Motivation
5. Remuneration
6. Self-Efficacy
Authors:
1 . I Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana
Air Marshal Suryadarma University, Jakarta, Indonesia
2 . Primadi Candra Susanto
Trisakti Institute of Transportation and Logistics, Jakarta, Indonesia
3 . Theresia Oktavia Sadipung
Air Marshal Suryadarma University, Jakarta, Indonesia
4 . Herni Pujiati
Air Marshal Suryadarma University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Widana, I. D. K. K., Susanto, P. C., Sadipung, T. O., & Pujiati, H. (2025). Determining lecturer performance: Analysis of competence, motivation, and self-efficacy through remuneration. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2919
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Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): June
Articles
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    Asih, P. (2023). Pengaruh Kompetensi, Pengembangan Karir dan Sarana Prasarana terhadap Kinerja Dosen. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(5), 2968-2975. doi:https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i5.1961

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    Nurtjahjani, F., Batilmurik, R. W., & Pribadi, J. D. (2021). The Influence of Transformational Leadership Style on Work Engagement Remuneration Dimediation and Educator Motivation. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(1), 11-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.01.02

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    Paulus, P. (2023). The Effect of Remuneration, Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 23-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v3i1.283

    Putra, M. R., & Gupron. (2020). Employee Performance Models: Competence, Compensation and Motivation (Human Resources Literature Review Study). Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 2(1), 185-198. doi:http://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v2i1.629

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    Salehi, M., Ajel, R. A., & Zimon, G. (2023). The Relationship Between Corporate Governance and Financial Reporting Transparency. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 21(5), 1049-1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-04-2021-0102

    Saputra, F. (2021). Leadership, Communication, and Work Motivation in Determining the Success of Professional Organizations. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 1(2), 59-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v1i2.54

    Silitonga, P. E. S., Widodo, D. S., & Ali, H. (2017). Analysis of the Effect of Organizational Commitment on Organizational Performance in Mediation of Job Satisfaction (Study on Bekasi City Government). International Journal of Economic Research, 14(8), 75-90.

    Susanto, P. C., Sawitri, N. N., Ali, H., Suroso, S., & Sastrodiharjo, I. (2023). Performance Management as a Mediation of Variable of Competence and Coaching Skills that Impacts Organization Sustainability. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(4), 719-728. doi:https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v2i4.3792

    Susanto, P. C., Simarmata, J., Febrian, W. D., Wahdiniawati, S., & Suryawan, R. (2024). Analysis of Coaching, Organizational Culture, and Performance Appraisal of Employee Productivity in High School: Literature Review. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 5(2), 83-91. doi:https://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v5i2.2335

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    Wahyudi. (2022). Five Components of Work Motivation in the Achievement of Lecturer Performance. Scientific Journal Of Reflection: Economic, Accounting, Management and Business, 5(2), 466-473. doi:https://doi.org/10.37481/sjr.v5i2.528

    Werdati, F., Darmawan, D., & Solihah, N. R. (2020). The Role of Remuneration Contribution and Social Support in Organizational Life to Build Work Engagement. Journal of Islamic Economics Perspectives, 1(2), 20-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.35719/jiep.v1i2.24

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    Widiastutik, N., Rahayu, M., & Jowita, H. A. J. (2022). Effect of Remuneration and Job Rotation on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as a Mediation Variable. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(6), 175-183. doi:https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1976

    Widodo, D. S. (2021). Determination of Employee Resign Decision: Corporate Culture and Career Development. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 2(5), 242-248. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v2i5.162

    Williams, D. M., & Rhodes, R. E. (2016). The Confounded Self-Efficacy Construct: Conceptual Analysis and Recommendations for Future Research. Health psychology review, 10(2), 113-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.941998

    Yagil, D., Medler-Liraz, H., & Bichachi, R. (2023). Mindfulness and Self-Efficacy Enhance Employee Performance by Reducing Stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112150

    Zeeshan, S., Ng, S. I., Ho, J. A., & Jantan, A. H. (2021). Assessing the Impact of Servant Leadership on Employee Engagement Through the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Pakistani Banking Sector. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1963029

  1. Abboh, U. A., Majid, A. H., Fareed, M., & Abdussalaam, I. I. (2024). High-Performance Work Practices Lecturers’ Performance Connection: Does Working Condition Matter?. Management in Education, 38(2), 79-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/08920206211051468
  2. Abror, Patrisia, D., Syahrizal, S., Sarianti, R., & Dastgir, S. (2020). Self-Efficacy, Employee Engagement, Remuneration and Employee Loyalty in Higher Education: The Role of Satisfaction and OCB. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(3), 5456-5470.
  3. Ali, H., Istianingsih, S., & Farhan, S. (2022). Pengukuran Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Beban Kerja, Budaya Kerja dan Motivasi (Studi Literature Review). Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin, 1(1), 83-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jim.v1i1.16
  4. Andres, H. (2020). The Role of Active Teaching, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Learning Behaviors in Student Performance. Journal of International Education in Business, 13(2), 221-238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-02-2020-0017
  5. Asih, P. (2023). Pengaruh Kompetensi, Pengembangan Karir dan Sarana Prasarana terhadap Kinerja Dosen. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(5), 2968-2975. doi:https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i5.1961
  6. Atikah, K., & Qomariah, N. (2020). The Effect of Leadership Style and Organizational Culture and Work Motivation on Lecturer Performance. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Indonesia, 6(2), 216-227. doi:https://doi.org/10.32528/jmbi.v6i2.4088
  7. Bakhmat, N., Sydoruk, L., Poberezhets, H., Misenyova, V., Boyarova, O., & Mazur, Y. (2023). Features of Using the Opportunities of the Digital Environment of the Higher Educational Institution for the Development of Future Economists' Professional Competence. Economic Affairs, 68(1s), 43-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.1s.2023.6
  8. Bans-Akutey, A. (2025). Dynamics in the Carrying Capacity of Ghana’s Population. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(2), 119-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i2.2365
  9. BPS. (2022). Statistik Pendidikan 2022. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  10. Cahyani, W., Sofyani, H., & Putra, A. Z. (2024). Pengaruh Pengendalian Masukan dan Keluaran Terhadap Kinerja Dosen dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Pemediasi. Jurnal Akuntansi Inovatif, 2(1), 40-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.59330/jai.v2i1.39
  11. Dem?r, S. (2020). The Role of Self-Efficacy in Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Motivation and Job Involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20(85), 205-224. doi:https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2020.85.10
  12. Hamdani, N., & Maulani, G. (2020). Motivation and Leadership on the Performance of Private Higher Education Lecturers. In R. Hurriyati, B. Tjahjono, I. Yamamoto, A. Rahayu, A. G. Abdullah, & A. A. Danuwijaya (Eds.), Advances in Business, Management and Entrepreneurship (pp. 812-816). Florida: CRC Press.
  13. Hartini, Sapinah, Wardhana, A., & Rahmawati. (2023). The Effect of Social Capital Dimension on Lecture Performance. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 26-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.33650/al-tanzim.v7i1.4458
  14. Hasan, I. A., Basalamah, S., Amang, B., & Bijang, J. (2023). The Influence of Leadership, Work Environment, Competence, and Character Development, on Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance in Banking in Sinjai Regency International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(5), 1-34. doi:https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i5.2176
  15. Kibambila, V. K., & Ismail, I. J. (2021). The Role of Remuneration on Employee Work Engagement in Tanzania. East African Journal of Social and Applied Sciences (EAJ-SAS), 3(1), 74-91. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.63444/eaj-sas.v3i1.121
  16. Maharani, A., & Saputra, F. (2021). Relationship of Investment Motivation, Investment Knowledge and Minimum Capital to Investment Interest. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 2(1), 23-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v2i1.84
  17. Nurtjahjani, F., Ahamed, F., Puspita, A. F., Batubulan, K. S., & Novitasari, A. F. (2025). Sincere Behaviour: Moderating Leadership, Culture and Lecture Performance in Higher Education. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2732
  18. Nurtjahjani, F., Batilmurik, R. W., & Pribadi, J. D. (2021). The Influence of Transformational Leadership Style on Work Engagement Remuneration Dimediation and Educator Motivation. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 19(1), 11-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2021.019.01.02
  19. Pakpahan, W., & Aulia, I. N. (2022). The Effect of Competence and Discipline on Employee Performance Mediation of Motivation Variables in Money Management Department Central Bank of Indonesia. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(3), 477-487. doi:https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v3i3.1093
  20. Paulus, P. (2023). The Effect of Remuneration, Work Discipline and Motivation on Employee Performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 3(1), 23-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v3i1.283
  21. Putra, M. R., & Gupron. (2020). Employee Performance Models: Competence, Compensation and Motivation (Human Resources Literature Review Study). Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 2(1), 185-198. doi:http://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v2i1.629
  22. Rahardja, U., Lutfiani, N., Rafika, A. S., & Harahap, E. P. (2020). Determinants of Lecturer Performance to Enhance Accreditation in Higher Education. International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 1-7.
  23. Salehi, M., Ajel, R. A., & Zimon, G. (2023). The Relationship Between Corporate Governance and Financial Reporting Transparency. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 21(5), 1049-1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-04-2021-0102
  24. Saputra, F. (2021). Leadership, Communication, and Work Motivation in Determining the Success of Professional Organizations. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 1(2), 59-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v1i2.54
  25. Silitonga, P. E. S., Widodo, D. S., & Ali, H. (2017). Analysis of the Effect of Organizational Commitment on Organizational Performance in Mediation of Job Satisfaction (Study on Bekasi City Government). International Journal of Economic Research, 14(8), 75-90.
  26. Susanto, P. C., Sawitri, N. N., Ali, H., Suroso, S., & Sastrodiharjo, I. (2023). Performance Management as a Mediation of Variable of Competence and Coaching Skills that Impacts Organization Sustainability. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(4), 719-728. doi:https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v2i4.3792
  27. Susanto, P. C., Simarmata, J., Febrian, W. D., Wahdiniawati, S., & Suryawan, R. (2024). Analysis of Coaching, Organizational Culture, and Performance Appraisal of Employee Productivity in High School: Literature Review. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 5(2), 83-91. doi:https://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v5i2.2335
  28. Sutoro, M. (2021). Reality of Lecturers’ Performance, What’s Next?. The 1st International Conference on Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (ICoRSH 2020), 584, 320-324. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211102.038
  29. Wahyudi. (2022). Five Components of Work Motivation in the Achievement of Lecturer Performance. Scientific Journal Of Reflection: Economic, Accounting, Management and Business, 5(2), 466-473. doi:https://doi.org/10.37481/sjr.v5i2.528
  30. Werdati, F., Darmawan, D., & Solihah, N. R. (2020). The Role of Remuneration Contribution and Social Support in Organizational Life to Build Work Engagement. Journal of Islamic Economics Perspectives, 1(2), 20-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.35719/jiep.v1i2.24
  31. Wibowo, T. S., Badi'ati, A. Q., Annisa, A. A., Wahab, M. K. A., Jamaludin, M. R., Rozikan, M., . . . Muhaini, A. (2020). Effect of Hard Skills, Soft Skills, Organizational Learning and Innovation Capability on Islamic University Lecturers’ Performance. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(7), 556-569.
  32. Widiastutik, N., Rahayu, M., & Jowita, H. A. J. (2022). Effect of Remuneration and Job Rotation on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as a Mediation Variable. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(6), 175-183. doi:https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1976
  33. Widodo, D. S. (2021). Determination of Employee Resign Decision: Corporate Culture and Career Development. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 2(5), 242-248. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v2i5.162
  34. Williams, D. M., & Rhodes, R. E. (2016). The Confounded Self-Efficacy Construct: Conceptual Analysis and Recommendations for Future Research. Health psychology review, 10(2), 113-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.941998
  35. Yagil, D., Medler-Liraz, H., & Bichachi, R. (2023). Mindfulness and Self-Efficacy Enhance Employee Performance by Reducing Stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112150
  36. Zeeshan, S., Ng, S. I., Ho, J. A., & Jantan, A. H. (2021). Assessing the Impact of Servant Leadership on Employee Engagement Through the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Pakistani Banking Sector. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1963029