Determination of employee performance: Analysis of training, work motivation, transformational leadership and organizational culture

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2998
Published: Jul 7, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to examine the key determinants of employee performance in the Indonesian maritime sector, particularly among ship crew members. The factors analyzed include training, work motivation, transformational leadership, and organizational culture, with the goal of understanding how these variables contribute to enhancing crew effectiveness, discipline, and productivity.

Research Methodology: A descriptive qualitative approach using the SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis) framework was employed. A total of 30 peer-reviewed articles from academic databases published within the last eight years were systematically reviewed. The study used theoretical triangulation by applying established models such as Human Capital Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Bass’s Transformational Leadership, and Hofstede’s Organizational Culture Framework.

Results: The findings reveal that training improves job competence, work quality, and accountability; motivation enhances commitment and timeliness; transformational leadership fosters trust, innovation, and responsibility; and organizational culture strengthens discipline, teamwork, and loyalty. Each variable positively influences employee performance in the maritime context.

Conclusions: Investments in human resource factors particularly training, motivation, leadership, and organizational culture are crucial for enhancing the performance of maritime personnel. These factors serve as strategic levers to improve safety, operational efficiency, and service quality in the shipping industry.

Limitations: The study is limited to secondary data from literature published in English and Bahasa Indonesia, lacks empirical field validation, and does not explore the interaction effects among the variables.

Contribution: This study contributes conceptually by offering a synthesized framework linking human resource variables to maritime performance, thereby guiding future empirical research and managerial interventions in crew development and organizational transformation.

Keywords:
1. Organizational Culture
2. Qualitative Literature Review
3. Ship Crew Performance
4. Training
5. Transformational Leadership
6. Work Motivation
Authors:
1 . Subehana Rachman
Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran (PIP) Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
2 . Joe Alend Seniza. B
Politeknik Pelayaran Barombong, Makassar, Indonesia
3 . Primadi Candra Susanto
Trisakti Institute of Transportation and Logistics, Jakarta, Indonesia
4 . Ika Mustika
Politeknik Pelayaran Barombong, Makassar, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Rachman, S., B, J. A. S., Susanto, P. C., & Mustika, I. (2025). Determination of employee performance: Analysis of training, work motivation, transformational leadership and organizational culture. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(2), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i2.2998
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Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): June
Articles
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  3. Ali, H., Istianingsih, S., & Farhan, S. (2022). Pengukuran Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Beban Kerja, Budaya Kerja dan Motivasi (Studi Literature Review). Jurnal Ilmu Multidisiplin, 1(1), 83-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jim.v1i1.16
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  5. Aziz, I. N., Widodo, D. S., & Subagja, I. K. (2021). Effect of Training and HR Development on Employee Performance with Motivation as an Intervening Variable in PT. Rekasis Gigatama. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 6(2), 169-181. doi:https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.6.2.0032
  6. Bratha, W. G. E., Sawitri, N. N., & Faeni, D. P. (2023). Motivation Mediate the Effect of Education, Work Experience, Intellectual Intelligence, and Discipline on Employee Performance. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 4(1), 53-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v4i1.192
  7. Carlini, E., Lira, V. M. d., Soares, A., Etemad, M., Brandoli, B., & Matwin, S. (2022). Understanding Evolution of Maritime Networks from Automatic Identification System Data. GeoInformatica, 26(3), 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10707-021-00451-0
  8. Dwiswara, M. G. M., & Utama, A. P. (2022). The Influence of Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, and Work Engagement on Turnover Intention (Studies on employees of PT Olam Indonesia, Jakarta). Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(4), 682-693. doi:https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v3i4.1136
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  13. Kahfi, D. S., Wibowo, I., & Widodo, D. S. (2022). The Effect of Organizational Culture and Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance Through Employee Motivation as a Mediation Variable at Mercubuana University. Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, 1(1), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.47742/jhssr.v1n1p1
  14. Kurniawan, P., Sunarsi, D., & Solihin, D. (2022). The Effect of Work Motivation and Work Discipline on Employee Performance at The Health Department of Tangerang Selatan City. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 5(2), 271-279. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6456340
  15. Mahaputra, M. R., & Saputra, F. (2021). Literature Review the Effect of Headmaster Leadership on Teacher Performance, Loyalty and Motivation. Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 2(2), 103-113. doi:https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v2i2.77
  16. Mardalena, Sarinah, & Endang, S. (2020). The Influence of Work Motivation, Work Discipline on Employee Performance (Case Study at Merangin Regency Settlement Area Office Employees). Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 1(5), 769-774. doi:https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v1i5.336
  17. Marta, I. A., Supartha, I., Dewi, I., & Wibawa, I. (2021). Job Enrichment, Empowerment, and Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 1031-1040. doi:https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.1031
  18. Mashuri, M. A., & Kusuma, K. A. (2023). The Effect of Job Training, Work Discipline and Compensation on Employee Performance at the Railway Depot during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Indonesian Journal of Innovation Studies, 22. doi:https://doi.org/10.21070/ijins.v22i.837
  19. Maulana, A. H., & Amanda, R. (2023). The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Workload on Employee Performance at PT Angkasa Aviasi Servis Branch Pekanbaru. PENANOMICS: International Journal of Economics, 2(2), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.56107/penanomics.v2i2.117
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  23. Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. R. (2020). Effect of Motivation, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Satisfaction and Employee Performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 577-588. doi:https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no8.577
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