From capital to welfare: Exploring how good governance mediates the impact of intellectual and social capital in border communities

Published: Sep 26, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to determine the role of effective governance as a mediating variable in the relationship between intellectual capital and social capital to improve community welfare in border villages, especially in Belu Regency, Indonesia.

Methodology: This study uses a quantitative approach and Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis method. Data from 155 families in border areas was collected with a survey from 28 border villages in Belu Regency that have distinctive socio-cultural characteristics.

Results: Effective governance has been proven to mediate the relationship between intellectual capital and community welfare. Meanwhile, in the relationship between social capital and welfare, partial mediation was found. The distribution of well-managed village funds improves welfare, even with limited intellectual capital.

Conclusions: Good governance encourages the compliance of village fund managers with the rules. Strong social capital and local customs-based also strengthen the impact of fund management on welfare.

Limitations: The findings are contextual in certain villages in Belu, so they cannot be generalized. This research emphasizes the importance of strengthening governance and integrating traditional values in village resource management.

Contribution: This research contributes to the literature by integrating intellectual capital, social capital, and governance into a single framework, highlighting how governance mediates development outcomes in marginalized border communities.

Keywords:
1. Belu Regency
2. Community Welfare
3. Good Governance
4. Intellectual Capital
5. Social Capital
Authors:
1 . I Komang Arthana
2 . Ni Putu Nursiani
3 . Yonas Ferdinand Riwu
How to Cite
Arthana, I. K., Nursiani , N. P., & Riwu, Y. F. (2025). From capital to welfare: Exploring how good governance mediates the impact of intellectual and social capital in border communities. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 801–816. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.3116

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References

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    Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of management review, 27(1), 17-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.5922314

    Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social Capital and Community Resilience. American behavioral scientist, 59(2), 254-269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299

    Alfaro-Navarro, J.-L., López-Ruiz, V.-R., & Nevado Pena, D. (2017). A New Sustainability City Index Based on Intellectual Capital Approach. Sustainability, 9(5), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050860

    Azheri, B., & Anggunsuri, U. (2018). The Anomaly of the Village Government in Establishing Village Owned Enterprise. Hasanuddin Law Review, 4(2), 256-264. doi:https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i2.1299

    Baihaqi, Asmawanti-S, D., & Putradana, M. R. (2023). The Village Financial Management Through Accountability, Transparency and Community Participation. Perspektif Akuntansi, 6(1), 15-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.24246/persi.v6i1.p15-36

    Barton, H. (2000). Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco-Neighbourhoods. London: Earthscan Publications.

    Basri, Y. M., Findayani, T. I., & Zarefar, A. (2021). Implementation of Good Governance to Improve the Performance of Village Governments. Jurnal Akuntansi, 11(2), 123-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.33369/j.akuntansi.11.2.123-136

    Carradore, M. (2022). Academic Research Output on Social Capital: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 42(13-14), 113-134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-11-2022-0281

    Casallas, D. F. R. (2020). Strikes, Institutional Crisis in Latin America and Democratic Governance. Justicia, 25(37), 151-166. doi:https://doi.org/10.17081/just.25.37.4367

    Colombo, M. G., Franzoni, C., & Rossi–Lamastra, C. (2015). Internal Social Capital and the Attraction of Early Contributions in Crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(1), 75-100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12118

    Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Second Edition. New York: Sage Publications.

    Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R: A Workbook. New York: Springer Nature.

    Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

    Hermanto, Y. B., Lusy, & Widyastuti, M. (2021). How Financial Performance and State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) Values Are Affected by Good Corporate Governance and Intellectual Capital Perspectives. Economies, 9(4), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9040134

    Hidayah, N., Hapsari, D. W., Saputra, K. A. K., Dharmawan, N. A. S., & Yadiati, W. (2023). Can Institutional Good Governance and Intellectual Capital Affect University Quality?. International Journal of Economics & Management, 17(2), 251-261. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ijeam.17.2.07

    Hill-Briggs, F., Adler, N. E., Berkowitz, S. A., Chin, M. H., Gary-Webb, T. L., Navas-Acien, A., . . . Haire-Joshu, D. (2020). Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes: A Scientific Review. Diabetes care, 44(1), 258-279. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci20-0053

    Knie?, W., & Goszczy?ski, W. (2022). Local Horizons of Governance. Social Conditions for Good Governance in Rural Development in Poland. European Countryside, 14(1), 27-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0002

    Kotkas, T., & Veitch, K. (2016). Social Rights in the Welfare State: Origins and Transformations. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis.

    Lee, P. T., & Hu, K.-C. (2012). Evaluation of the Service Quality of Container Ports by Importance-Performance Analysis. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 4(3), 197-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2012.047479

    Martinidis, G., Komninos, N., Dyjakon, A., Minta, S., & Hejna, M. (2021). How Intellectual Capital Predicts Innovation Output in EU Regions: Implications for Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 13(24), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414036

    Mukaro, C. T., Deka, A., & Rukani, S. (2023). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Organizational Performance. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00208-1

    Nugrahani, T. S., Suharni, S., & Saptatiningsih, R. I. (2019). Potential of Social Capital and Community Participation in Village Development. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan, 12(1), 68-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v12i1.15775

    Nurcahyono, Sinarasri, A., Pamungkas, I. D., & Hanum, A. N. (2025). May Intellectual Capital and Corporate Governance Reduce the Probability of Financial Distress?. Contaduria y Administracion, 70(1), 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2025.5169

    Omerzel, D. G., & Jurdana, D. S. (2016). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Innovativeness and Growth in Tourism SMEs: Empirical Evidence from Slovenia and Croatia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 29(1), 1075-1090. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1211946

    Putu, N., Ernawatiningsih, L., Agung, A., Marhaeni, I., & Yuliarmi, N. (2023). Improving Farmers’ Welfare by Enhancing the Ability of Information Technology Adoption. Journal of the Community Development in Asia, 6(1), 100-109. doi:https://doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v6i1.2067

    Revida, E., Ismail, R., Lumbanraja, P., Trimurni, F., Sembiring, S. A. B., & Purba, S. (2023). Village Owned Enterprises Governance (BUMDes) Based on the Tourism Village Development. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(10), 3341-3346. doi:https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181034

    Saparita, R., Hidajat, E. W., & Apriliyadi, E. K. (2019). Pengembangan Ekonomi Desa Penghasil Kopi Melalui Pemanfaatan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi di Kabupaten Belu. Riau Journal of Empowerment, 2(2), 81-91. doi:https://doi.org/10.31258/raje.2.2.81-91

    Tarighi, H., Salehi, M., Moradi, M., & Zimon, G. (2022). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and Audit Fee: Conflicting Evidence from Iran. Economies, 10(2), 1-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020039

    Tarlani, Dariah, A. R., & Rani, A. M. (2022). Transforming Rural Economy Through Community-Based Tourism with Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDES, Badan Usaha Milik Desa)-A Case Study: Cibiru Wetan, Pagerwangi and Cipamekar Villages, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 17(5), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170517

    Taylor-Gooby, P. (2008). Reframing Social Citizenship. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Tejada, J. J., & Punzalan, J. R. B. (2012). On the Misuse of Slovin’s Formula. The philippine statistician, 61(1), 129-136.

    Tsai, C.-H., & Mutuc, E. B. (2020). Evidence in Asian Food Industry: Intellectual Capital, Corporate Financial Performance, and Corporate Social Responsibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020663

    Wold, S., Sjöström, M., & Eriksson, L. (2001). PLS-Regression: A Basic Tool of Chemometrics. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 58(2), 109-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(01)00155-1

    Zakrzewska, M., Ahn, M., Biglieri, J., Zascerinska, J., & Gruenwald, N. (2017). The Role of Social Participation in the Concept of Good Governance-A Theoretical Approach. Public Policy and Administration, 16(4), 529-537. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/VPA-17-16-4-01

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  2. Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S.-W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of management review, 27(1), 17-40. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.5922314
  3. Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social Capital and Community Resilience. American behavioral scientist, 59(2), 254-269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299
  4. Alfaro-Navarro, J.-L., López-Ruiz, V.-R., & Nevado Pena, D. (2017). A New Sustainability City Index Based on Intellectual Capital Approach. Sustainability, 9(5), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050860
  5. Azheri, B., & Anggunsuri, U. (2018). The Anomaly of the Village Government in Establishing Village Owned Enterprise. Hasanuddin Law Review, 4(2), 256-264. doi:https://doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v4i2.1299
  6. Baihaqi, Asmawanti-S, D., & Putradana, M. R. (2023). The Village Financial Management Through Accountability, Transparency and Community Participation. Perspektif Akuntansi, 6(1), 15-36. doi:https://doi.org/10.24246/persi.v6i1.p15-36
  7. Barton, H. (2000). Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco-Neighbourhoods. London: Earthscan Publications.
  8. Basri, Y. M., Findayani, T. I., & Zarefar, A. (2021). Implementation of Good Governance to Improve the Performance of Village Governments. Jurnal Akuntansi, 11(2), 123-136. doi:https://doi.org/10.33369/j.akuntansi.11.2.123-136
  9. Carradore, M. (2022). Academic Research Output on Social Capital: A Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 42(13-14), 113-134. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-11-2022-0281
  10. Casallas, D. F. R. (2020). Strikes, Institutional Crisis in Latin America and Democratic Governance. Justicia, 25(37), 151-166. doi:https://doi.org/10.17081/just.25.37.4367
  11. Colombo, M. G., Franzoni, C., & Rossi–Lamastra, C. (2015). Internal Social Capital and the Attraction of Early Contributions in Crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(1), 75-100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12118
  12. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Second Edition. New York: Sage Publications.
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  14. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  15. Hermanto, Y. B., Lusy, & Widyastuti, M. (2021). How Financial Performance and State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) Values Are Affected by Good Corporate Governance and Intellectual Capital Perspectives. Economies, 9(4), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9040134
  16. Hidayah, N., Hapsari, D. W., Saputra, K. A. K., Dharmawan, N. A. S., & Yadiati, W. (2023). Can Institutional Good Governance and Intellectual Capital Affect University Quality?. International Journal of Economics & Management, 17(2), 251-261. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ijeam.17.2.07
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  22. Mukaro, C. T., Deka, A., & Rukani, S. (2023). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Organizational Performance. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00208-1
  23. Nugrahani, T. S., Suharni, S., & Saptatiningsih, R. I. (2019). Potential of Social Capital and Community Participation in Village Development. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan, 12(1), 68-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v12i1.15775
  24. Nurcahyono, Sinarasri, A., Pamungkas, I. D., & Hanum, A. N. (2025). May Intellectual Capital and Corporate Governance Reduce the Probability of Financial Distress?. Contaduria y Administracion, 70(1), 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.22201/fca.24488410e.2025.5169
  25. Omerzel, D. G., & Jurdana, D. S. (2016). The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Innovativeness and Growth in Tourism SMEs: Empirical Evidence from Slovenia and Croatia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 29(1), 1075-1090. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2016.1211946
  26. Putu, N., Ernawatiningsih, L., Agung, A., Marhaeni, I., & Yuliarmi, N. (2023). Improving Farmers’ Welfare by Enhancing the Ability of Information Technology Adoption. Journal of the Community Development in Asia, 6(1), 100-109. doi:https://doi.org/10.32535/jcda.v6i1.2067
  27. Revida, E., Ismail, R., Lumbanraja, P., Trimurni, F., Sembiring, S. A. B., & Purba, S. (2023). Village Owned Enterprises Governance (BUMDes) Based on the Tourism Village Development. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(10), 3341-3346. doi:https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181034
  28. Saparita, R., Hidajat, E. W., & Apriliyadi, E. K. (2019). Pengembangan Ekonomi Desa Penghasil Kopi Melalui Pemanfaatan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi di Kabupaten Belu. Riau Journal of Empowerment, 2(2), 81-91. doi:https://doi.org/10.31258/raje.2.2.81-91
  29. Tarighi, H., Salehi, M., Moradi, M., & Zimon, G. (2022). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and Audit Fee: Conflicting Evidence from Iran. Economies, 10(2), 1-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020039
  30. Tarlani, Dariah, A. R., & Rani, A. M. (2022). Transforming Rural Economy Through Community-Based Tourism with Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDES, Badan Usaha Milik Desa)-A Case Study: Cibiru Wetan, Pagerwangi and Cipamekar Villages, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 17(5), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170517
  31. Taylor-Gooby, P. (2008). Reframing Social Citizenship. New York: Oxford University Press.
  32. Tejada, J. J., & Punzalan, J. R. B. (2012). On the Misuse of Slovin’s Formula. The philippine statistician, 61(1), 129-136.
  33. Tsai, C.-H., & Mutuc, E. B. (2020). Evidence in Asian Food Industry: Intellectual Capital, Corporate Financial Performance, and Corporate Social Responsibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020663
  34. Wold, S., Sjöström, M., & Eriksson, L. (2001). PLS-Regression: A Basic Tool of Chemometrics. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 58(2), 109-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(01)00155-1
  35. Zakrzewska, M., Ahn, M., Biglieri, J., Zascerinska, J., & Gruenwald, N. (2017). The Role of Social Participation in the Concept of Good Governance-A Theoretical Approach. Public Policy and Administration, 16(4), 529-537. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/VPA-17-16-4-01