The effect of psychological empowerment, organizational justice, affective commitment, and self-efficacy on task performance: Research on probation officers in Indonesia

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.3135
Published: Sep 23, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effects of psychological empowerment, organizational justice, affective commitment, and self-efficacy on task performance among probation officers in Indonesia. Additionally, this research examines the mediating roles of affective commitment and self-efficacy in the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational justice, focusing on task performance.

Methodology/approach: The approach used in this research is quantitative, employing a survey method. Data were collected through the distribution of online questionnaires that successfully captured 360 respondents, and after the data cleaning process, 328 valid data points were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through the Lisrel application.

Results/findings: The results showed that psychological empowerment, organizational justice, affective commitment, and self-efficacy have a significant and positive impact on task performance. Additionally, it was found that affective commitment and self-efficacy also serve as significant mediators in strengthening the influence of psychological empowerment and organizational justice on task performance.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this research reveals that both individual psychological factors and perceptions of organizational justice play a crucial role in enhancing employee task performance.

Limitations: The limitations of this research lie in its use of a cross-sectional design and the limited scope of one type of functional position, specifically probation officers.

Contribution: This research makes a practical contribution to the Directorate General of Corrections and Correctional Centers by developing performance improvement strategies based on a human resource management approach that incorporates both individual and organizational factors.

Keywords:
1. Affective Commitment
2. Organizational Justice
3. Psychological Empowerment
4. Self-Efficacy
5. Task Performance
Authors:
1 . Sri Wulandari
University of Indonesia, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
2 . Dudi Hendrakusuma Syahlani
University of Indonesia, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
3 . Elok Savitri Pusparini
University of Indonesia, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Wulandari, S., Syahlani, D. H. ., & Pusparini, E. S. . (2025). The effect of psychological empowerment, organizational justice, affective commitment, and self-efficacy on task performance: Research on probation officers in Indonesia. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.3135
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Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): September
Articles
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References

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    Al-Omari, K., & Okasheh, H. (2017). The Influence Of Work Environment On Job Performance: A Case Study Of Engineering Company In Jordan. International journal of applied engineering research, 12(24), 15544-15550.

    Al Otaibi, S. M., Amin, M., Winterton, J., Bolt, E. E. T., & Cafferkey, K. (2023). The Role Of Empowering Leadership And Psychological Empowerment On Nurses’ Work Engagement And Affective Commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(6), 2536-2560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-11-2021-3049

    Alkaabi, S., Hazzam, J., Wilkins, S., & Dan, S. (2024). The Influences Of Ambidexterity, New Public Management And Innovation On The Public Service Quality Of Government Organizations. Public Performance & management review, 47(5), 1110-1137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2024.2367130

    AlMazrouei, H., & Zacca, R. (2021). The Influence Of Organizational Justice And Decision Latitude On Expatriate Organizational Commitment And Job Performance. Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 9(4), 338-353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-06-2020-0093

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    Aslan, M., Yaman, F., Aksu, A., & Güngör, H. (2022). Task Performance And Job Satisfaction Under The Effect Of Remote Working: Call Center Evidence. Economics & Sociology, 15(1), 284-296. doi:https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2022/15-1/18

    Chang, P.-C., & Chen, S.-J. (2011). Crossing the Level of Employee's Performance: HPWS, Affective Commitment, Human Capital, and Employee Job Performance in Professional Service Organizations. The international journal of human resource management, 22(4), 883-901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555130

    Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational research methods, 4(1), 62-83.

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    Fiaz, M., Rasool, W., Ikram, A., & Rehman, N. (2021). Organizational Justice And Employees’ Performance: A Study Of An Emerging Economy. Human Systems Management, 40(3), 395-406. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/hsm-190728

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    Ingusci, E., Callea, A., Cortese, C. G., Zito, M., Borgogni, L., Cenciotti, R., . . . Demerouti, E. (2019). Self-Efficacy And Work Performance: The Role Of Job Crafting In Middle-Age Workers. International Journal of Business and Society, 20(2), 533-551.

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    Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C., Hildebrandt, V., Van Buuren, S., Van der Beek, A. J., & De Vet, H. C. (2012). Development Of An Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(1), 6-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401311285273

    Kundu, S. C., & Kumar, S. (2017). Effects Of Psychological Empowerment On Firm’s Performance: Mediation Of Affective Commitment. Journal of Organisation and Human Behaviour, 6(1), 41-53.

    Kusa, N. D., Nson, Y. D., & Obode, S. (2025). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy On Enterprise Growth Of SMEs In South-Eastern Nigeria: The Role Of Entrepreneurial Passion. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v7i1.2654

    Lim, J. Y., Moon, K.-K., & Christensen, R. K. (2022). Does Psychological Empowerment Condition The Impact Of Public Service Motivation On Perceived Organizational Performance? Evidence From The Us Federal Government. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 88(3), 682-701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211008958

    Linge, A. D., Bjørkly, S. K., Jensen, C., & Hasle, B. (2021). Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Model Used To Explore Participants’ Experiences Of Health, Lifestyle, And Work After Attending A Vocational Rehabilitation Program With Lifestyle Intervention–A Focus Group Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 14, 3533-3548. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s334620

    Mercurio, Z. A. (2015). Affective Commitment As A Core Essence Of Organizational Commitment: An Integrative Literature Review. Human resource development review, 14(4), 389-414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484315603612

    Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization Of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-z

    Nwanzu, C. L., Babalola, S. S., & Osazevbaru, H. O. (2023). Effect of Public Service Motivation and Psychological Empowerment on Individual Work Performance of Public Sector Employees. African Journal of Business & Economic Research, 18(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2023/v18n2a6

    Omotunde, O. I. (2022). Self-Efficacy And Job Performance Of Librarians In University Libraries In Nigeria. International Information & Library Review, 54(4), 325-340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2022.2035887

    Pacheco, P. O., & Coello-Montecel, D. (2023). Does Psychological Empowerment Mediate the Relationship Between Digital Competencies and Job Performance?. Computers in human behavior, 140, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107575

    Pacheco, P. O., Coello-Montecel, D., & Tello, M. (2023). Psychological Empowerment and Job Performance: Examining Serial Mediation Effects of Self-Efficacy and Affective Commitment. Administrative Sciences, 13(3), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030076

    Putra, I. M. L. A., Prihastini, K. A., & Putri, N. M. G. A. (2025). The Influence Of Physical Work Environment On Employee Performance Of Dana Usaha Cooperative In Denpasar. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(4), 419-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v6i4.2647

    Sahadev, S., Chang, K., Malhotra, N., Kim, J.-H., Ahmed, T., & Kitchen, P. (2024). Psychological Empowerment and Creative Performance: Mediating Role of Thriving and Moderating Role of Competitive Psychological Climate. Journal of Business Research, 170, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114310

    Samman, A. M. A., Aleteby, K. A., & Deeb, H. M. A. A. (2024). Towards a Decision Model for Unlocking Innovative Potential: The Role of Psychological Empowerment. International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), 1-5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA63652.2024.10836651

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    Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of management journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.

    Swalhi, A., Zgoulli, S., & Hofaidhllaoui, M. (2017). The Influence Of Organizational Justice On Job Performance: The Mediating Effect Of Affective Commitment. Journal of Management Development, 36(4), 542-559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2015-0162

    Yonla, M. N., Auta, H. D., Katunku, F. L., & Dafeng, T. G. (2024). Roles Of Positive Psychological Capital Resources Dimensions On Self-Employment Creation Among Youths. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 111-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v5i2.2154

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  2. Abuelhassan, A. E., & AlGassim, A. (2022). How Organizational Justice In The Hospitality Industry Influences Proactive Customer Service Performance Through General Self-Efficacy. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(7), 2579-2596. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-10-2021-1238
  3. Al-Omari, K., & Okasheh, H. (2017). The Influence Of Work Environment On Job Performance: A Case Study Of Engineering Company In Jordan. International journal of applied engineering research, 12(24), 15544-15550.
  4. Al Otaibi, S. M., Amin, M., Winterton, J., Bolt, E. E. T., & Cafferkey, K. (2023). The Role Of Empowering Leadership And Psychological Empowerment On Nurses’ Work Engagement And Affective Commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(6), 2536-2560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-11-2021-3049
  5. Alkaabi, S., Hazzam, J., Wilkins, S., & Dan, S. (2024). The Influences Of Ambidexterity, New Public Management And Innovation On The Public Service Quality Of Government Organizations. Public Performance & management review, 47(5), 1110-1137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2024.2367130
  6. AlMazrouei, H., & Zacca, R. (2021). The Influence Of Organizational Justice And Decision Latitude On Expatriate Organizational Commitment And Job Performance. Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 9(4), 338-353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-06-2020-0093
  7. Anwar, N. T., & Hayati, K. (2025). Peran Kepemimpinan dan Keyakinan Diri Wirausaha dalam Meningkatkan Ketahanan Bisnis UMKM di DKI Jakarta. Reviu Akuntansi, Manajemen, dan Bisnis, 5(1), 47-57. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/rambis.v5i1.4546
  8. Aslan, M., Yaman, F., Aksu, A., & Güngör, H. (2022). Task Performance And Job Satisfaction Under The Effect Of Remote Working: Call Center Evidence. Economics & Sociology, 15(1), 284-296. doi:https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2022/15-1/18
  9. Chang, P.-C., & Chen, S.-J. (2011). Crossing the Level of Employee's Performance: HPWS, Affective Commitment, Human Capital, and Employee Job Performance in Professional Service Organizations. The international journal of human resource management, 22(4), 883-901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.555130
  10. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational research methods, 4(1), 62-83.
  11. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure. Journal of applied psychology, 86(3), 386-400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.386
  12. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. New York: Sage Publications.
  13. Cudjoe, J., Agyapong, D., Light, O., Frimpong, S. E., & Opoku, R. K. (2023). Psychological Empowerment and Job Performance of Star-Rated Hotels: The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3), 1-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2266131
  14. Curran, R., Arroteia, N., Blesa, A., Musteen, M., & Ripollés, M. (2021). Improving Cultural Intelligence, Psychological Empowerment, And Task Performance In The Classroom: Global Game Challenge. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 32(1), 36-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2021.1906380
  15. Ekingen, E. (2023). The Effect Of Organizational Justice On Job Performance And The Mediating Role Of Job Satisfaction: A Study On Nurses. Hospital topics, 101(2), 103-112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2021.1969874
  16. Fiaz, M., Rasool, W., Ikram, A., & Rehman, N. (2021). Organizational Justice And Employees’ Performance: A Study Of An Emerging Economy. Human Systems Management, 40(3), 395-406. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/hsm-190728
  17. Hair, J., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Black, W. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. England: Pearson Prentice.
  18. Hermanto, Y. B., & Srimulyani, V. A. (2022). The Effects of Organizational Justice on Employee Performance Using Dimension of Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Mediation. Sustainability, 14(20), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013322
  19. Huang, J. (2017). The Relationship Between Employee Psychological Empowerment And Proactive Behavior: Self-Efficacy As Mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 45(7), 1157-1166. doi:https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6609
  20. Ingusci, E., Callea, A., Cortese, C. G., Zito, M., Borgogni, L., Cenciotti, R., . . . Demerouti, E. (2019). Self-Efficacy And Work Performance: The Role Of Job Crafting In Middle-Age Workers. International Journal of Business and Society, 20(2), 533-551.
  21. Kigen, E. (2023). Knowledge and Strategies of Heat Acclimation and Heat Acclimatization in Elite Runners. Middle Tennessee State University, United States. Retrieved from https://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/handle/mtsu/6999
  22. Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C., Hildebrandt, V., Van Buuren, S., Van der Beek, A. J., & De Vet, H. C. (2012). Development Of An Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(1), 6-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401311285273
  23. Kundu, S. C., & Kumar, S. (2017). Effects Of Psychological Empowerment On Firm’s Performance: Mediation Of Affective Commitment. Journal of Organisation and Human Behaviour, 6(1), 41-53.
  24. Kusa, N. D., Nson, Y. D., & Obode, S. (2025). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy On Enterprise Growth Of SMEs In South-Eastern Nigeria: The Role Of Entrepreneurial Passion. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v7i1.2654
  25. Lim, J. Y., Moon, K.-K., & Christensen, R. K. (2022). Does Psychological Empowerment Condition The Impact Of Public Service Motivation On Perceived Organizational Performance? Evidence From The Us Federal Government. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 88(3), 682-701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/00208523211008958
  26. Linge, A. D., Bjørkly, S. K., Jensen, C., & Hasle, B. (2021). Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Model Used To Explore Participants’ Experiences Of Health, Lifestyle, And Work After Attending A Vocational Rehabilitation Program With Lifestyle Intervention–A Focus Group Study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 14, 3533-3548. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s334620
  27. Mercurio, Z. A. (2015). Affective Commitment As A Core Essence Of Organizational Commitment: An Integrative Literature Review. Human resource development review, 14(4), 389-414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484315603612
  28. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization Of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-z
  29. Nwanzu, C. L., Babalola, S. S., & Osazevbaru, H. O. (2023). Effect of Public Service Motivation and Psychological Empowerment on Individual Work Performance of Public Sector Employees. African Journal of Business & Economic Research, 18(2). doi:https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2023/v18n2a6
  30. Omotunde, O. I. (2022). Self-Efficacy And Job Performance Of Librarians In University Libraries In Nigeria. International Information & Library Review, 54(4), 325-340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2022.2035887
  31. Pacheco, P. O., & Coello-Montecel, D. (2023). Does Psychological Empowerment Mediate the Relationship Between Digital Competencies and Job Performance?. Computers in human behavior, 140, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107575
  32. Pacheco, P. O., Coello-Montecel, D., & Tello, M. (2023). Psychological Empowerment and Job Performance: Examining Serial Mediation Effects of Self-Efficacy and Affective Commitment. Administrative Sciences, 13(3), 1-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030076
  33. Putra, I. M. L. A., Prihastini, K. A., & Putri, N. M. G. A. (2025). The Influence Of Physical Work Environment On Employee Performance Of Dana Usaha Cooperative In Denpasar. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(4), 419-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v6i4.2647
  34. Sahadev, S., Chang, K., Malhotra, N., Kim, J.-H., Ahmed, T., & Kitchen, P. (2024). Psychological Empowerment and Creative Performance: Mediating Role of Thriving and Moderating Role of Competitive Psychological Climate. Journal of Business Research, 170, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114310
  35. Samman, A. M. A., Aleteby, K. A., & Deeb, H. M. A. A. (2024). Towards a Decision Model for Unlocking Innovative Potential: The Role of Psychological Empowerment. International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), 1-5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA63652.2024.10836651
  36. Santos, E. A. d., Venturini, L. D. B., Sallaberry, J. D., Klein, L., & Flach, L. (2023). Organizational Fairness and Task Performance: A Study between Different Activities and Positions in the Justice Sector. Revista de Administração da UFSM, 16(1), 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.5902/1983465972136
  37. Siyal, S., Liu, J., Ma, L., Kumari, K., Saeed, M., Xin, C., & Hussain, S. N. (2023). Does Inclusive Leadership Influence Task Performance of Hospitality Industry Employees? Role of Psychological Empowerment and Trust in Leader. Heliyon, 9(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15507
  38. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of management journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
  39. Swalhi, A., Zgoulli, S., & Hofaidhllaoui, M. (2017). The Influence Of Organizational Justice On Job Performance: The Mediating Effect Of Affective Commitment. Journal of Management Development, 36(4), 542-559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2015-0162
  40. Yonla, M. N., Auta, H. D., Katunku, F. L., & Dafeng, T. G. (2024). Roles Of Positive Psychological Capital Resources Dimensions On Self-Employment Creation Among Youths. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 111-128. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v5i2.2154