The effect of training and work experience on performance: The mediating role of competence at PT Chandra Asri Pacific

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.3249
Published: Sep 22, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of training and work experience on employee performance, with competence serving as a mediating variable in the Marine Division of PT Chandra Asri Pacific.

Methodology: Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from all 66 employees through structured questionnaires and analyzed with Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Validity, reliability, and mediation tests ensured robust findings.

Results: The results show that work experience and competence significantly influence employee performance directly, while training has no direct effect. However, training enhances competence, which fully mediates its impact on performance. Work experience also affects performance indirectly through competence, indicating partial mediation. The model demonstrates strong explanatory (R² = 0.616) and predictive (Q² > 0.34) power.

Conclusions: Competence is the central mechanism translating training and experience into performance outcomes. Training is only effective when it strengthens competence, whereas work experience contributes both directly and indirectly.

Limitations: The study’s scope is restricted to a single division with a male-dominated workforce, a cross-sectional design, and exclusive use of quantitative methods, limiting generalizability and contextual depth.

Contribution: Theoretically, this research validates competence as a mediator in human capital development. Practically, it highlights the importance of aligning training with competence-building, leveraging experiential learning, and implementing structured HR strategies to strengthen performance in safety-critical industrie.

Keywords:
1. Competence
2. Employee Performance
3. Training
4. Work Experience
Authors:
1 . Muslim Feryanto
Universitas Teknologi Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta, Indonesia
2 . Rita Yuni Mulyanti
Universitas Teknologi Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta, Indonesia
3 . Abdul Mukti Soma
Telkom University, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Feryanto, M., Mulyanti, R. Y. ., & Soma, A. M. (2025). The effect of training and work experience on performance: The mediating role of competence at PT Chandra Asri Pacific. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.3249
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Issue & Section
Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): September
Articles
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References

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    Ammirato, S., Felicetti, A. M., Linzalone, R., Corvello, V., & Kumar, S. (2023). Still Our Most Important Asset: A Systematic Review on Human Resource Management in the Midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(3), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100403

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    Capatina, A., Juarez-Varon, D., Micu, A., & Micu, A. E. (2024). Leveling Up in Corporate Training: Unveiling the Power of Gamification to Enhance Knowledge Retention, Knowledge Sharing, and Job Performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(3), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100530

    Desa, N. M., & Asaari, M. H. A. H. (2019). Training Programs and Developmental Opportunities of Human Resource Practices with Job Performance. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 9(11), 577-587. doi:https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2019.911.577.587

    Dewanti, H. E., & Artaya, I. P. (2019). The Influence of Training, Work Experience, and Competence on Employee Performance at Surabaya Husada Utama Hospital. Journal of World Conference (JWC), 1(1), 93-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.29138/prd.v1i1.27

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    Ichdan, D. A., & Maryani. (2024). Green Human Resource Management Practices in the Manufacturing Industry: A Sustainable Approach. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 29-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2140

    Jonge, J. d., & Peeters, M. C. (2019). The Vital Worker: Towards Sustainable Performance at Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060910

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    Kotronoulas, G., Miguel, S., Dowling, M., Fernández-Ortega, P., Colomer-Lahiguera, S., Ba?çivan, G., . . . Dieperink, K. B. (2023). An Overview of the Fundamentals of Data Management, Analysis, and Interpretation in Quantitative Research. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 39(2), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151398

    Mahardiana, L., & Thahir, H. (2019). A Study of Competence and Motivation of Employees to Achieve Performance in a Supermarket. Review of Behavioral Aspect in Organizations and Society, 1(1), 45-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol145-56

    Mayasari, L. D., & Tridayanti, H. (2019). The Effect of Work Skills, Work Attitude, Work Knowledge on Work Competence and Employee Performance in Galaxy Mall Shuang Surabaya. Journal of World Conference (JWC), 1(1), 77-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.29138/prd.v1i1.14

    Meyer, E. G., Battista, A., Sommerfeldt, J. M., West, J. C., Hamaoka, D., & Cozza, K. L. (2021). Experiential Learning Cycles as an Effective Means for Teaching Psychiatric Clinical Skills via Repeated Simulation in the Psychiatry Clerkship. Academic Psychiatry, 45(2), 150-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-020-01340-8

    Nson, Y. D. (2024). Sustainability of the Society Through Green Human Resources Management Practices: A Proposed Model. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 43-59. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2161

    Oltulular, S. (2025). Human Capital Dynamics Are the Key to Economic Growth: Source of Value of the Future. Economies, 13(8), 1-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080235

    Pervin, M. T., & Begum, R. (2022). Engaging Employees in Management and Decision-Making Process: A Case Study on “Vision Garments Limited”. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 71-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v2i1.1225

    Pilbeam, C., & Karanikas, N. (2023). Safety Training in Context: Technical, Cultural and Political Factors Affecting its Design, Delivery and Transfer. Journal of safety research, 85, 308-320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2023.03.004

    Seran, E. R., Kase, P., & Nursalam, N. (2022). The Effect of Competence, Workload, and Incentives on the Interest of Civil Servants to Become Commitment-making Officials in Malaka Regency. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 15-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v2i1.1127

    Shen, H., Bi, K., Gao, Y., & Wang, M. (2020). How does the Traditional Heavy Industry Use Ecotechnology to Achieve the Ecological Innovation Goal? Analysis Based on Expert Survey in China’s Shipbuilding Industry. Sustainability, 12(16), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166624

    Sobaih, A. E. E., & Elshaer, I. A. (2022). Personal Traits and Digital Entrepreneurship: A Mediation Model Using SmartPLS Data Analysis. Mathematics, 10(21), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213926

    Urbancová, H., Vrabcová, P., Hudáková, M., & Petr?, G. J. (2021). Effective Training Evaluation: The Role of Factors Influencing the Evaluation of Effectiveness of Employee Training and Development. Sustainability, 13(5), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052721

    Wahyuni, S., & Aliyaturrahma, I. (2019). Accountability Analysis in the Implementation of Employees Performance in Kanreg II BKN Surabaya. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(11), 247-255. doi:https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7394

    Xu, Y., Lu, J., Yu, X., & Ding, H. (2025). Impact of Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory-Based Nursing on Caregiver Burden and Psychological State of Caregivers of Dementia Patients. Open Medicine, 20(1), 1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1157

    Zheng, Y., & Dong, X. (2025). The Relationship between Management Competence and Organizational Resilience. Sustainability, 17(9), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094118

    Zveglich Jr, J. E., Rodgers, Y. v. d. M., & Laviña, E. (2019). Expected Work Experience: A New Human Capital Measure. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper, 1-22. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3339203

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  2. Abubakar, A. M., Elrehail, H., Alatailat, M. A., & Elçi, A. (2019). Knowledge Management, Decision-Making Style and Organizational Performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(2), 104-114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.07.003
  3. Al-Sakarneh, B. K. (2019). The Impact of Job Competencies to Achieve Team Work Collaboration: Evidence from Jordanian Firms. Management Science Letters, 9(13), 2181-2190. doi:https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.7.034
  4. Alfawaire, F., & Atan, T. (2021). The Effect of Strategic Human Resource and Knowledge Management on Sustainable Competitive Advantages at Jordanian Universities: The Mediating Role of Organizational Innovation. Sustainability, 13(15), 1-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158445
  5. Alshukri, T., Seun Ojekemi, O., Öz, T., & Alzubi, A. (2024). The Interplay of Corporate Social Responsibility, Innovation Capability, Organizational Learning, and Sustainable Value Creation: Does Stakeholder Engagement Matter? Sustainability, 16(13), 1-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su16135511
  6. Ammirato, S., Felicetti, A. M., Linzalone, R., Corvello, V., & Kumar, S. (2023). Still Our Most Important Asset: A Systematic Review on Human Resource Management in the Midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(3), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100403
  7. Baakeel, O. A. (2019). Using a Systematic Review to Explain the Association between Training and Job Performance. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 12(18), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i18/144592
  8. Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd Ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  9. Benson, C., Obasi, I. C., Akinwande, D. V., & Ile, C. (2024). The Impact of Interventions on Health, Safety and Environment in the Process Industry. Heliyon, 10(1), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23604
  10. Blanka, C., Krumay, B., & Rueckel, D. (2022). The Interplay of Digital Transformation and Employee Competency: A Design Science Approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 178, 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121575
  11. Capatina, A., Juarez-Varon, D., Micu, A., & Micu, A. E. (2024). Leveling Up in Corporate Training: Unveiling the Power of Gamification to Enhance Knowledge Retention, Knowledge Sharing, and Job Performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 9(3), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2024.100530
  12. Desa, N. M., & Asaari, M. H. A. H. (2019). Training Programs and Developmental Opportunities of Human Resource Practices with Job Performance. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 9(11), 577-587. doi:https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2019.911.577.587
  13. Dewanti, H. E., & Artaya, I. P. (2019). The Influence of Training, Work Experience, and Competence on Employee Performance at Surabaya Husada Utama Hospital. Journal of World Conference (JWC), 1(1), 93-101. doi:https://doi.org/10.29138/prd.v1i1.27
  14. Dutta, D., Mishra, S. K., & Budhwar, P. (2022). Ethics in Competency Models: A Framework Towards Developing Ethical Behaviour in Organisations. IIMB Management Review, 34(3), 208-227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2022.10.002
  15. Gagliardi, N., Grinza, E., & Rycx, F. (2023). Workers’ Tenure and Firm Productivity: New Evidence from Matched Employer?Employee Panel Data. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 62(1), 3-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12309
  16. Ghanad, A. (2023). An Overview of Quantitative Research Methods. International journal of multidisciplinary research and analysis, 6(8), 3794-3803. doi:https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i8-52
  17. Guenther, P., Guenther, M., Ringle, C. M., Zaefarian, G., & Cartwright, S. (2023). Improving PLS-SEM Use for Business Marketing Research. Industrial Marketing Management, 111, 127-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.03.010
  18. Ichdan, D. A. (2024). Analysis of Employee Performance Through Productivity: the Role of Kaizen Culture, Motivation, and Work Discipline in the Manufacturing Industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 13-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2158
  19. Ichdan, D. A., & Maryani. (2024). Green Human Resource Management Practices in the Manufacturing Industry: A Sustainable Approach. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 29-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2140
  20. Jonge, J. d., & Peeters, M. C. (2019). The Vital Worker: Towards Sustainable Performance at Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060910
  21. Khan, M. I., Yasmeen, T., Khan, M., Hadi, N. U., Asif, M., Farooq, M., & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2025). Integrating Industry 4.0 for Enhanced Sustainability: Pathways and Prospects. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 54, 149-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2024.12.012
  22. Kotronoulas, G., Miguel, S., Dowling, M., Fernández-Ortega, P., Colomer-Lahiguera, S., Ba?çivan, G., . . . Dieperink, K. B. (2023). An Overview of the Fundamentals of Data Management, Analysis, and Interpretation in Quantitative Research. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 39(2), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151398
  23. Mahardiana, L., & Thahir, H. (2019). A Study of Competence and Motivation of Employees to Achieve Performance in a Supermarket. Review of Behavioral Aspect in Organizations and Society, 1(1), 45-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol145-56
  24. Mayasari, L. D., & Tridayanti, H. (2019). The Effect of Work Skills, Work Attitude, Work Knowledge on Work Competence and Employee Performance in Galaxy Mall Shuang Surabaya. Journal of World Conference (JWC), 1(1), 77-82. doi:https://doi.org/10.29138/prd.v1i1.14
  25. Meyer, E. G., Battista, A., Sommerfeldt, J. M., West, J. C., Hamaoka, D., & Cozza, K. L. (2021). Experiential Learning Cycles as an Effective Means for Teaching Psychiatric Clinical Skills via Repeated Simulation in the Psychiatry Clerkship. Academic Psychiatry, 45(2), 150-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-020-01340-8
  26. Nson, Y. D. (2024). Sustainability of the Society Through Green Human Resources Management Practices: A Proposed Model. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 43-59. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v4i1.2161
  27. Oltulular, S. (2025). Human Capital Dynamics Are the Key to Economic Growth: Source of Value of the Future. Economies, 13(8), 1-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080235
  28. Pervin, M. T., & Begum, R. (2022). Engaging Employees in Management and Decision-Making Process: A Case Study on “Vision Garments Limited”. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 71-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v2i1.1225
  29. Pilbeam, C., & Karanikas, N. (2023). Safety Training in Context: Technical, Cultural and Political Factors Affecting its Design, Delivery and Transfer. Journal of safety research, 85, 308-320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2023.03.004
  30. Seran, E. R., Kase, P., & Nursalam, N. (2022). The Effect of Competence, Workload, and Incentives on the Interest of Civil Servants to Become Commitment-making Officials in Malaka Regency. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 15-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v2i1.1127
  31. Shen, H., Bi, K., Gao, Y., & Wang, M. (2020). How does the Traditional Heavy Industry Use Ecotechnology to Achieve the Ecological Innovation Goal? Analysis Based on Expert Survey in China’s Shipbuilding Industry. Sustainability, 12(16), 1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166624
  32. Sobaih, A. E. E., & Elshaer, I. A. (2022). Personal Traits and Digital Entrepreneurship: A Mediation Model Using SmartPLS Data Analysis. Mathematics, 10(21), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/math10213926
  33. Urbancová, H., Vrabcová, P., Hudáková, M., & Petr?, G. J. (2021). Effective Training Evaluation: The Role of Factors Influencing the Evaluation of Effectiveness of Employee Training and Development. Sustainability, 13(5), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052721
  34. Wahyuni, S., & Aliyaturrahma, I. (2019). Accountability Analysis in the Implementation of Employees Performance in Kanreg II BKN Surabaya. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(11), 247-255. doi:https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7394
  35. Xu, Y., Lu, J., Yu, X., & Ding, H. (2025). Impact of Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory-Based Nursing on Caregiver Burden and Psychological State of Caregivers of Dementia Patients. Open Medicine, 20(1), 1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2025-1157
  36. Zheng, Y., & Dong, X. (2025). The Relationship between Management Competence and Organizational Resilience. Sustainability, 17(9), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094118
  37. Zveglich Jr, J. E., Rodgers, Y. v. d. M., & Laviña, E. (2019). Expected Work Experience: A New Human Capital Measure. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper, 1-22. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3339203