Generation Z work-life preferences: Organizational, social, and arrangement effects

Published: Sep 24, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of organizational and social environmental factors on Generation Z's work-life balance (WLB) preferences in Semarang City, with work arrangements as a moderating variable.

Methodology: Using a quantitative explanatory design, data were collected from Generation Z employees in the creative, technology, and public service sectors through stratified purposive sampling. Moderated regression analysis (MRA) was employed to test the hypotheses.

Results: The research results indicate that organizational factors exert a positive influence on Generation Z's work-life balance preferences. Furthermore, the social environment is also shown to have a positive effect on these preferences. Additionally, work arrangements significantly moderate the relationship between organizational factors and work-life balance preferences, as well as the relationship between the social environment and work-life balance preferences.

Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of work arrangements in shaping Generation Z’s WLB preferences. Organizations should develop adaptive HR policies and flexible work options to better align with their expectations.

Limitations: The study is limited to Semarang City and specific sectors, which may affect generalizability. Self-reported data could also introduce bias.

Contribution: This research extends WLB literature by integrating Social Exchange Theory and Boundary Theory while offering practical insights for organizations to enhance workforce strategies for Generation Z.

Keywords:
1. Generation Z
2. Organizational Factors
3. Social Environment
4. Work Arrangement
5. Work-Life Balance
Authors:
1 . Cheesya Siska Adhiati
2 . Dyah Palupiningtyas
3 . Samtono Samtono
How to Cite
Adhiati, C. S., Palupiningtyas, D., & Samtono, S. (2025). Generation Z work-life preferences: Organizational, social, and arrangement effects. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 5(3), 787–799. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v5i3.3342

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References

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    Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All In A Day's Work: Boundaries And Micro Role Transitions. Academy of Management review, 25(3), 472-491. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/259305

    Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career Aspirations Of Generation Z: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1-2), 139-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2020-0124

    Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and Power in Social Life 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge.

    Bulut, S., & Maraba, D. (2021). Generation Z and its Perception of Work through Habits, Motivations, Expectations Preferences, and Work Ethics. Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study, 4(4), 1-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/pprs.2020.04.000593

    Carmona-Cobo, I., Garrosa, E., & Lopez-Zafra, E. (2021). Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue? Sustainability, 13(11), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116111

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    Chopra, A., & Bhilare, P. (2020). Future Of Work: An Empirical Study To Understand Expectations Of The Millennials From Organizations. Business Perspectives and Research, 8(2), 272-288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533719887457

    Dima, A.-M., ?uclea, C.-E., Vrânceanu, D.-M., & ?igu, G. (2019). Sustainable Social and Individual Implications of Telework: A New Insight into the Romanian Labor Market. Sustainability, 11(13), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133506

    Erro-Garcés, A., Urien, B., ?yras, G., & Janušauskien?, V. M. (2022). Telework in Baltic Countries during the Pandemic: Effects on Wellbeing, Job Satisfaction, and Work-Life Balance. Sustainability, 14(10), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105778

    Fuchs, R. M. (2022). Links, Fit Or Sacrifice: Job Embeddedness And Intention To Quit Among Generation Y. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 31(2), 160-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-05-2021-0156

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    Ivasciuc, I. S., Epuran, G., Vu??, D. R., & Tesca?iu, B. (2022). Telework Implications on Work-Life Balance, Productivity, and Health of Different Generations of Romanian Employees. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316108

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    Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Lee, C. L., Yam, S., Susilawati, C., & Blake, A. (2024). The Future Property Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities for Property Professionals in the Changing Landscape. Buildings, 14(1), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010224

    Mahmudah, S., Sadari, S., Karimah, U., & Asnawi, H. S. (2022). Job Stress, Role Expectation Conflict, Co-Worker Support, And Work-Life Balance Among Muslimah Scholars: A Study In The Indonesian Historical Women Political Movement Members. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(2), 172-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i2.3000

    Mehmood, S., Aziz, A., & Husin, N. S. (2023). Does Work Stress & Workplace Incivility Influence Employee Turnover Intentions? Mediating Role Of Work-Family Conflict. Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review, 5(1), 01-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v5i2.177

    Moleong, L. J. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Remaja Rosdakarya. Inter Komunika, Stikom InterStudi, 4(13), 543-560.

    Ngoc, T. N., Dung, M. V., Rowley, C., & Bach, M. P. (2022). Generation Z Job Seekers’ Expectations and Their Job Pursuit Intention: Evidence from Transition and Emerging Economy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548

    Palupiningtyas, D., Octafian, R., Mistriani, N., Ayunda, K. N., & Putra, M. A. (2025). The Effect of GHRM on Young Employee Retention and Performance: Evidence from Indonesia. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2886

    Qi, B., Razkenari, M., Li, J., Costin, A., Kibert, C., & Qian, S. (2020). Investigating U.S. Industry Practitioners’ Perspectives towards the Adoption of Emerging Technologies in Industrialized Construction. Buildings, 10(5), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10050085

    Rajput, B., Kore, S., & Agarwal, A. (2024). Competencies Of Civil Engineering Graduates: Indian Construction Professionals’ Perspective. International Journal of Construction Management, 24(11), 1240-1248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2152945

    Sánchez-Hernández, M. I., González-López, Ó. R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M., & Tato-Jiménez, J. L. (2019). Work-Life Balance in Great Companies and Pending Issues for Engaging New Generations at Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122

    Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach Seventh Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Sesen, H., & Donkor, A. A. (2023). Job Crafting, Job Boredom and Generational Diversity: Are Millennials Different from Gen Xs?. Sustainability, 15(6), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065058

    Simeli, I., Tsekouropoulos, G., Vasileiou, A., & Hoxha, G. (2023). Benefits and Challenges of Teleworking for a Sustainable Future: Knowledge Gained through Experience in the Era of COVID-19. Sustainability, 15(15), 1-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511794

    Simeon, D. R., Adeyanju, G. O., Owen, C. O., & Aminu, R. A. (2023). Building Surveying Practice In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Prospects, Barriers And Enhanced Measures. ITEGAM-JETIA, 9(42), 77-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.5935/jetia.v9i42.881

    Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.

    Taibah, D., & Ho, T. C. (2023). The Moderating Effect of Flexible Work Option on Structural Empowerment and Generation Z Contextual Performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030266

    Urien, B. (2023). Teleworkability, Preferences for Telework, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 15(13), 1-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310631

    Xueyun, Z., Mamun, A. A., Masukujjaman, M., Rahman, M. K., Gao, J., & Yang, Q. (2023). Modelling the Significance of Organizational Conditions on Quiet Quitting Intention among Gen Z Workforce in an Emerging Economy. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3

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  2. Aliu, J., Aghimien, D., Aigbavboa, C., Oke, A., Ebekozien, A., & Temidayo, O. (2023). Empirical Investigation Of Discipline-Specific Skills Required For The Employability Of Built Environment Graduates. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 19(4), 460-479. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2022.2159589
  3. Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All In A Day's Work: Boundaries And Micro Role Transitions. Academy of Management review, 25(3), 472-491. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/259305
  4. Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career Aspirations Of Generation Z: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1-2), 139-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2020-0124
  5. Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and Power in Social Life 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge.
  6. Bulut, S., & Maraba, D. (2021). Generation Z and its Perception of Work through Habits, Motivations, Expectations Preferences, and Work Ethics. Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study, 4(4), 1-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/pprs.2020.04.000593
  7. Carmona-Cobo, I., Garrosa, E., & Lopez-Zafra, E. (2021). Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue? Sustainability, 13(11), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116111
  8. Catan?, ?.-A., Toma, S.-G., Imbri?c?, C., & Burcea, M. (2022). Teleworking Impact on Wellbeing and Productivity: A Cluster Analysis of the Romanian Graduate Employees. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856196
  9. Chopra, A., & Bhilare, P. (2020). Future Of Work: An Empirical Study To Understand Expectations Of The Millennials From Organizations. Business Perspectives and Research, 8(2), 272-288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533719887457
  10. Dima, A.-M., ?uclea, C.-E., Vrânceanu, D.-M., & ?igu, G. (2019). Sustainable Social and Individual Implications of Telework: A New Insight into the Romanian Labor Market. Sustainability, 11(13), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133506
  11. Erro-Garcés, A., Urien, B., ?yras, G., & Janušauskien?, V. M. (2022). Telework in Baltic Countries during the Pandemic: Effects on Wellbeing, Job Satisfaction, and Work-Life Balance. Sustainability, 14(10), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105778
  12. Fuchs, R. M. (2022). Links, Fit Or Sacrifice: Job Embeddedness And Intention To Quit Among Generation Y. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 31(2), 160-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-05-2021-0156
  13. Geng, L., Ma, M., Osei-Kyei, R., Jin, X., & Shrestha, S. (2025). A Review Of Employability Skills For Graduates In The Construction Sector. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 15(7), 153-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-08-2024-0242
  14. Herrera, J., Heras-Rosas, C. D. l., Rodríguez-Fernández, M., & Ciruela-Lorenzo, A. M. (2022). Teleworking: The Link between Worker, Family and Company. Systems, 10(5), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10050134
  15. Husain, S. H., Che-Ani, A. I., Affandi, H. M., Nasri, N. M., & Musid, N. A. (2020). Mismatch In Supply And Demand Of Building Surveying Graduates' Skills: A Triangulation Perspective. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(4), 70-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.04.007
  16. Ivasciuc, I. S., Epuran, G., Vu??, D. R., & Tesca?iu, B. (2022). Telework Implications on Work-Life Balance, Productivity, and Health of Different Generations of Romanian Employees. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316108
  17. Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Brown, R. G. (1998). Generational Comparisons Of Public Employee Motivation. Review of public personnel administration, 18(4), 18-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x9801800403
  18. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  19. Lee, C. L., Yam, S., Susilawati, C., & Blake, A. (2024). The Future Property Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities for Property Professionals in the Changing Landscape. Buildings, 14(1), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010224
  20. Mahmudah, S., Sadari, S., Karimah, U., & Asnawi, H. S. (2022). Job Stress, Role Expectation Conflict, Co-Worker Support, And Work-Life Balance Among Muslimah Scholars: A Study In The Indonesian Historical Women Political Movement Members. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(2), 172-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i2.3000
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  23. Ngoc, T. N., Dung, M. V., Rowley, C., & Bach, M. P. (2022). Generation Z Job Seekers’ Expectations and Their Job Pursuit Intention: Evidence from Transition and Emerging Economy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548
  24. Palupiningtyas, D., Octafian, R., Mistriani, N., Ayunda, K. N., & Putra, M. A. (2025). The Effect of GHRM on Young Employee Retention and Performance: Evidence from Indonesia. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2886
  25. Qi, B., Razkenari, M., Li, J., Costin, A., Kibert, C., & Qian, S. (2020). Investigating U.S. Industry Practitioners’ Perspectives towards the Adoption of Emerging Technologies in Industrialized Construction. Buildings, 10(5), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10050085
  26. Rajput, B., Kore, S., & Agarwal, A. (2024). Competencies Of Civil Engineering Graduates: Indian Construction Professionals’ Perspective. International Journal of Construction Management, 24(11), 1240-1248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2152945
  27. Sánchez-Hernández, M. I., González-López, Ó. R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M., & Tato-Jiménez, J. L. (2019). Work-Life Balance in Great Companies and Pending Issues for Engaging New Generations at Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122
  28. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach Seventh Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  29. Sesen, H., & Donkor, A. A. (2023). Job Crafting, Job Boredom and Generational Diversity: Are Millennials Different from Gen Xs?. Sustainability, 15(6), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065058
  30. Simeli, I., Tsekouropoulos, G., Vasileiou, A., & Hoxha, G. (2023). Benefits and Challenges of Teleworking for a Sustainable Future: Knowledge Gained through Experience in the Era of COVID-19. Sustainability, 15(15), 1-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511794
  31. Simeon, D. R., Adeyanju, G. O., Owen, C. O., & Aminu, R. A. (2023). Building Surveying Practice In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Prospects, Barriers And Enhanced Measures. ITEGAM-JETIA, 9(42), 77-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.5935/jetia.v9i42.881
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  33. Taibah, D., & Ho, T. C. (2023). The Moderating Effect of Flexible Work Option on Structural Empowerment and Generation Z Contextual Performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030266
  34. Urien, B. (2023). Teleworkability, Preferences for Telework, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 15(13), 1-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310631
  35. Xueyun, Z., Mamun, A. A., Masukujjaman, M., Rahman, M. K., Gao, J., & Yang, Q. (2023). Modelling the Significance of Organizational Conditions on Quiet Quitting Intention among Gen Z Workforce in an Emerging Economy. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3