Generation Z work-life preferences: Organizational, social, and arrangement effects
Abstract:
Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of organizational and social environmental factors on Generation Z's work-life balance (WLB) preferences in Semarang City, with work arrangements as a moderating variable.
Methodology: Using a quantitative explanatory design, data were collected from Generation Z employees in the creative, technology, and public service sectors through stratified purposive sampling. Moderated regression analysis (MRA) was employed to test the hypotheses.
Results: The research results indicate that organizational factors exert a positive influence on Generation Z's work-life balance preferences. Furthermore, the social environment is also shown to have a positive effect on these preferences. Additionally, work arrangements significantly moderate the relationship between organizational factors and work-life balance preferences, as well as the relationship between the social environment and work-life balance preferences.
Conclusion: The study highlights the critical role of work arrangements in shaping Generation Z’s WLB preferences. Organizations should develop adaptive HR policies and flexible work options to better align with their expectations.
Limitations: The study is limited to Semarang City and specific sectors, which may affect generalizability. Self-reported data could also introduce bias.
Contribution: This research extends WLB literature by integrating Social Exchange Theory and Boundary Theory while offering practical insights for organizations to enhance workforce strategies for Generation Z.
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Affandi, H. M., M.K, M. F., M.H, L., Khamis, A., Abas, N. H., M.N, M. S., & Yunus, F. A. N. (2020). The Development of Generic Competency Portfolio for Malaysian TVET-Construction Graduates. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(3), 143-153. doi:https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.03.015
Aliu, J., Aghimien, D., Aigbavboa, C., Oke, A., Ebekozien, A., & Temidayo, O. (2023). Empirical Investigation Of Discipline-Specific Skills Required For The Employability Of Built Environment Graduates. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 19(4), 460-479. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2022.2159589
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All In A Day's Work: Boundaries And Micro Role Transitions. Academy of Management review, 25(3), 472-491. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/259305
Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career Aspirations Of Generation Z: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1-2), 139-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2020-0124
Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and Power in Social Life 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge.
Bulut, S., & Maraba, D. (2021). Generation Z and its Perception of Work through Habits, Motivations, Expectations Preferences, and Work Ethics. Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study, 4(4), 1-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/pprs.2020.04.000593
Carmona-Cobo, I., Garrosa, E., & Lopez-Zafra, E. (2021). Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue? Sustainability, 13(11), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116111
Catan?, ?.-A., Toma, S.-G., Imbri?c?, C., & Burcea, M. (2022). Teleworking Impact on Wellbeing and Productivity: A Cluster Analysis of the Romanian Graduate Employees. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856196
Chopra, A., & Bhilare, P. (2020). Future Of Work: An Empirical Study To Understand Expectations Of The Millennials From Organizations. Business Perspectives and Research, 8(2), 272-288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533719887457
Dima, A.-M., ?uclea, C.-E., Vrânceanu, D.-M., & ?igu, G. (2019). Sustainable Social and Individual Implications of Telework: A New Insight into the Romanian Labor Market. Sustainability, 11(13), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133506
Erro-Garcés, A., Urien, B., ?yras, G., & Janušauskien?, V. M. (2022). Telework in Baltic Countries during the Pandemic: Effects on Wellbeing, Job Satisfaction, and Work-Life Balance. Sustainability, 14(10), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105778
Fuchs, R. M. (2022). Links, Fit Or Sacrifice: Job Embeddedness And Intention To Quit Among Generation Y. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 31(2), 160-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-05-2021-0156
Geng, L., Ma, M., Osei-Kyei, R., Jin, X., & Shrestha, S. (2025). A Review Of Employability Skills For Graduates In The Construction Sector. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 15(7), 153-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-08-2024-0242
Herrera, J., Heras-Rosas, C. D. l., Rodríguez-Fernández, M., & Ciruela-Lorenzo, A. M. (2022). Teleworking: The Link between Worker, Family and Company. Systems, 10(5), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10050134
Husain, S. H., Che-Ani, A. I., Affandi, H. M., Nasri, N. M., & Musid, N. A. (2020). Mismatch In Supply And Demand Of Building Surveying Graduates' Skills: A Triangulation Perspective. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(4), 70-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.04.007
Ivasciuc, I. S., Epuran, G., Vu??, D. R., & Tesca?iu, B. (2022). Telework Implications on Work-Life Balance, Productivity, and Health of Different Generations of Romanian Employees. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316108
Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Brown, R. G. (1998). Generational Comparisons Of Public Employee Motivation. Review of public personnel administration, 18(4), 18-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x9801800403
Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lee, C. L., Yam, S., Susilawati, C., & Blake, A. (2024). The Future Property Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities for Property Professionals in the Changing Landscape. Buildings, 14(1), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010224
Mahmudah, S., Sadari, S., Karimah, U., & Asnawi, H. S. (2022). Job Stress, Role Expectation Conflict, Co-Worker Support, And Work-Life Balance Among Muslimah Scholars: A Study In The Indonesian Historical Women Political Movement Members. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(2), 172-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i2.3000
Mehmood, S., Aziz, A., & Husin, N. S. (2023). Does Work Stress & Workplace Incivility Influence Employee Turnover Intentions? Mediating Role Of Work-Family Conflict. Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review, 5(1), 01-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v5i2.177
Moleong, L. J. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Remaja Rosdakarya. Inter Komunika, Stikom InterStudi, 4(13), 543-560.
Ngoc, T. N., Dung, M. V., Rowley, C., & Bach, M. P. (2022). Generation Z Job Seekers’ Expectations and Their Job Pursuit Intention: Evidence from Transition and Emerging Economy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548
Palupiningtyas, D., Octafian, R., Mistriani, N., Ayunda, K. N., & Putra, M. A. (2025). The Effect of GHRM on Young Employee Retention and Performance: Evidence from Indonesia. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2886
Qi, B., Razkenari, M., Li, J., Costin, A., Kibert, C., & Qian, S. (2020). Investigating U.S. Industry Practitioners’ Perspectives towards the Adoption of Emerging Technologies in Industrialized Construction. Buildings, 10(5), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10050085
Rajput, B., Kore, S., & Agarwal, A. (2024). Competencies Of Civil Engineering Graduates: Indian Construction Professionals’ Perspective. International Journal of Construction Management, 24(11), 1240-1248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2152945
Sánchez-Hernández, M. I., González-López, Ó. R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M., & Tato-Jiménez, J. L. (2019). Work-Life Balance in Great Companies and Pending Issues for Engaging New Generations at Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach Seventh Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sesen, H., & Donkor, A. A. (2023). Job Crafting, Job Boredom and Generational Diversity: Are Millennials Different from Gen Xs?. Sustainability, 15(6), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065058
Simeli, I., Tsekouropoulos, G., Vasileiou, A., & Hoxha, G. (2023). Benefits and Challenges of Teleworking for a Sustainable Future: Knowledge Gained through Experience in the Era of COVID-19. Sustainability, 15(15), 1-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511794
Simeon, D. R., Adeyanju, G. O., Owen, C. O., & Aminu, R. A. (2023). Building Surveying Practice In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Prospects, Barriers And Enhanced Measures. ITEGAM-JETIA, 9(42), 77-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.5935/jetia.v9i42.881
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Taibah, D., & Ho, T. C. (2023). The Moderating Effect of Flexible Work Option on Structural Empowerment and Generation Z Contextual Performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030266
Urien, B. (2023). Teleworkability, Preferences for Telework, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 15(13), 1-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310631
Xueyun, Z., Mamun, A. A., Masukujjaman, M., Rahman, M. K., Gao, J., & Yang, Q. (2023). Modelling the Significance of Organizational Conditions on Quiet Quitting Intention among Gen Z Workforce in an Emerging Economy. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3
- Affandi, H. M., M.K, M. F., M.H, L., Khamis, A., Abas, N. H., M.N, M. S., & Yunus, F. A. N. (2020). The Development of Generic Competency Portfolio for Malaysian TVET-Construction Graduates. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(3), 143-153. doi:https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.03.015
- Aliu, J., Aghimien, D., Aigbavboa, C., Oke, A., Ebekozien, A., & Temidayo, O. (2023). Empirical Investigation Of Discipline-Specific Skills Required For The Employability Of Built Environment Graduates. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 19(4), 460-479. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2022.2159589
- Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All In A Day's Work: Boundaries And Micro Role Transitions. Academy of Management review, 25(3), 472-491. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/259305
- Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career Aspirations Of Generation Z: A Systematic Literature Review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1-2), 139-157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2020-0124
- Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and Power in Social Life 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge.
- Bulut, S., & Maraba, D. (2021). Generation Z and its Perception of Work through Habits, Motivations, Expectations Preferences, and Work Ethics. Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study, 4(4), 1-5. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.31031/pprs.2020.04.000593
- Carmona-Cobo, I., Garrosa, E., & Lopez-Zafra, E. (2021). Workers’ Observation of Uncivil Leadership: Is Tolerance for Workplace Incivility a Gendered Issue? Sustainability, 13(11), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116111
- Catan?, ?.-A., Toma, S.-G., Imbri?c?, C., & Burcea, M. (2022). Teleworking Impact on Wellbeing and Productivity: A Cluster Analysis of the Romanian Graduate Employees. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.856196
- Chopra, A., & Bhilare, P. (2020). Future Of Work: An Empirical Study To Understand Expectations Of The Millennials From Organizations. Business Perspectives and Research, 8(2), 272-288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533719887457
- Dima, A.-M., ?uclea, C.-E., Vrânceanu, D.-M., & ?igu, G. (2019). Sustainable Social and Individual Implications of Telework: A New Insight into the Romanian Labor Market. Sustainability, 11(13), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133506
- Erro-Garcés, A., Urien, B., ?yras, G., & Janušauskien?, V. M. (2022). Telework in Baltic Countries during the Pandemic: Effects on Wellbeing, Job Satisfaction, and Work-Life Balance. Sustainability, 14(10), 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105778
- Fuchs, R. M. (2022). Links, Fit Or Sacrifice: Job Embeddedness And Intention To Quit Among Generation Y. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 31(2), 160-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-05-2021-0156
- Geng, L., Ma, M., Osei-Kyei, R., Jin, X., & Shrestha, S. (2025). A Review Of Employability Skills For Graduates In The Construction Sector. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 15(7), 153-170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-08-2024-0242
- Herrera, J., Heras-Rosas, C. D. l., Rodríguez-Fernández, M., & Ciruela-Lorenzo, A. M. (2022). Teleworking: The Link between Worker, Family and Company. Systems, 10(5), 1-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/systems10050134
- Husain, S. H., Che-Ani, A. I., Affandi, H. M., Nasri, N. M., & Musid, N. A. (2020). Mismatch In Supply And Demand Of Building Surveying Graduates' Skills: A Triangulation Perspective. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(4), 70-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.04.007
- Ivasciuc, I. S., Epuran, G., Vu??, D. R., & Tesca?iu, B. (2022). Telework Implications on Work-Life Balance, Productivity, and Health of Different Generations of Romanian Employees. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316108
- Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Brown, R. G. (1998). Generational Comparisons Of Public Employee Motivation. Review of public personnel administration, 18(4), 18-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371x9801800403
- Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Lee, C. L., Yam, S., Susilawati, C., & Blake, A. (2024). The Future Property Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities for Property Professionals in the Changing Landscape. Buildings, 14(1), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010224
- Mahmudah, S., Sadari, S., Karimah, U., & Asnawi, H. S. (2022). Job Stress, Role Expectation Conflict, Co-Worker Support, And Work-Life Balance Among Muslimah Scholars: A Study In The Indonesian Historical Women Political Movement Members. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(2), 172-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i2.3000
- Mehmood, S., Aziz, A., & Husin, N. S. (2023). Does Work Stress & Workplace Incivility Influence Employee Turnover Intentions? Mediating Role Of Work-Family Conflict. Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review, 5(1), 01-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v5i2.177
- Moleong, L. J. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Remaja Rosdakarya. Inter Komunika, Stikom InterStudi, 4(13), 543-560.
- Ngoc, T. N., Dung, M. V., Rowley, C., & Bach, M. P. (2022). Generation Z Job Seekers’ Expectations and Their Job Pursuit Intention: Evidence from Transition and Emerging Economy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548
- Palupiningtyas, D., Octafian, R., Mistriani, N., Ayunda, K. N., & Putra, M. A. (2025). The Effect of GHRM on Young Employee Retention and Performance: Evidence from Indonesia. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v23i0.2886
- Qi, B., Razkenari, M., Li, J., Costin, A., Kibert, C., & Qian, S. (2020). Investigating U.S. Industry Practitioners’ Perspectives towards the Adoption of Emerging Technologies in Industrialized Construction. Buildings, 10(5), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10050085
- Rajput, B., Kore, S., & Agarwal, A. (2024). Competencies Of Civil Engineering Graduates: Indian Construction Professionals’ Perspective. International Journal of Construction Management, 24(11), 1240-1248. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2152945
- Sánchez-Hernández, M. I., González-López, Ó. R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M., & Tato-Jiménez, J. L. (2019). Work-Life Balance in Great Companies and Pending Issues for Engaging New Generations at Work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122
- Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach Seventh Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Sesen, H., & Donkor, A. A. (2023). Job Crafting, Job Boredom and Generational Diversity: Are Millennials Different from Gen Xs?. Sustainability, 15(6), 1-13. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065058
- Simeli, I., Tsekouropoulos, G., Vasileiou, A., & Hoxha, G. (2023). Benefits and Challenges of Teleworking for a Sustainable Future: Knowledge Gained through Experience in the Era of COVID-19. Sustainability, 15(15), 1-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511794
- Simeon, D. R., Adeyanju, G. O., Owen, C. O., & Aminu, R. A. (2023). Building Surveying Practice In The Nigerian Construction Industry: Prospects, Barriers And Enhanced Measures. ITEGAM-JETIA, 9(42), 77-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.5935/jetia.v9i42.881
- Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
- Taibah, D., & Ho, T. C. (2023). The Moderating Effect of Flexible Work Option on Structural Empowerment and Generation Z Contextual Performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030266
- Urien, B. (2023). Teleworkability, Preferences for Telework, and Well-Being: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 15(13), 1-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310631
- Xueyun, Z., Mamun, A. A., Masukujjaman, M., Rahman, M. K., Gao, J., & Yang, Q. (2023). Modelling the Significance of Organizational Conditions on Quiet Quitting Intention among Gen Z Workforce in an Emerging Economy. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3