Organizational climate and employee engagement of micro-finance banks in South-East, Nigeria

https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v1i2.802
Published: Mar 8, 2022

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship that exists between organizational climate and employee engagement in Microfinance Banks in South-East Nigeria.

Research Methodology: The study adopted a Survey Research Design and the target population consisted of 3875 employees of all the Microfinance Banks in South-East Nigeria while the sample size was six hundred and eighty-seven (687) employees of the 31 selected banks. A simple random sampling technique was adopted by the study and a structured questionnaire was used in data collection and was analyzed by using Simple Regression Analysis at a 5% level of significance.

Results: The findings indicated that there is a significant relationship existing between Career Development Climate and Employee Commitment in Microfinance Banks in South-East Nigeria (r = .961; R-Square = .923; p-value<.05) and that there is a significant relationship existing between Teamwork Climate and Absorption in Microfinance Banks in South-East Nigeria (r = .989; R-Square = .979; p-value<.05).

Limitations: Most of the banks used in the study are state-based banks, thereby, limiting how the work would be generalized if it had used national-based microfinance banks.

Contribution: this work contributed to the already existing body of knowledge in the area of organizational climate and employee engagement, but brought in empirical findings to back up the relationship between the variables in microfinance banks in Nigeria.

Keywords:
1. Absorption
2. Career Development
3. Employee Commitment
4. Employee Engagement
5. Organizational climate
6. Teamwork climate
Authors:
1 . Nwogwugwu Ngozi Ogechukwu
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
2 . Ezimma Nnabuife
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
3 . Patrick Okeke
Foothills Rehabilitation Centre, Nigeria
View PDF
How to Cite
Ogechukwu, N. N., Nnabuife, E., & Okeke, P. (2022). Organizational climate and employee engagement of micro-finance banks in South-East, Nigeria. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v1i2.802
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 1 No. 2 (2021): September
Articles
References

    Abdulkadir, D. S. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance in the Nigerian Insurance Industry: The Impact of Organizational Climate. Business Intelligence Journal, 5(1), 8-20.

    Abun, Menor, Catabagan, Magallanes and Ranay (2021). Organizational climate and work engagement of employees of divine word colleges in Ilocos Region, Philippines. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 10(1), 107-121.

    Adebayo, D. O. (2006). The moderating effect of self-efficacy on job insecurity and organizational commitment among Nigerian public servants. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 16(1), 35-43.

    Agba, A. M. O, Nkpoyen, F., &Ushie, E. M. (2010). Career development and employee commitment in industrial organisations in Calabar, Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1(2), 105-114.

    Agbasi, E. O., Arachie, A. E., &Onyekwelu, N. P. (2021). Career plateauing and employee turnover intentions: a civil service perspective. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 3(4), 175-188.

    Agu, O. L. (2015). Work Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Self-Efficacy and Organizational Growth: A Literature Review. Information Impact 6(1), 14-26.

    Ajila, C. K. (2012). Leadership Styles and Organizational Climate as Determinants of Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction of Workers in Tertiary Institutions. Business and Management Research, 1(3), 28-36.

    Akintayo, D. I. (2010). Work-family role conflict and employee commitment among industrial workers in Nigeria.Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(1), 1-8.

    Allen, D.K. (2003). Organizational climate and strategic change in higher education: Organizational insecurity. Higher Education, 46 (1), 61−92.

    Al-Muasher, Z. (2001). The Organizational Climate in Jordanian Universities: A Comparative Study between Public Universities and Private Universities of Some Dimensions of the Current Organizational Climate from the Point of View of the Members of the Administrative Body, Amman, Jordan

    Aninkan, D. O., &Oyewole, A. A. (2014). The influence of individual and organizational factors on employee engagement. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3(6), 1381-1392.

    Aplin, J. C., &Gerster, D. K. (2008). Career Development: and Integration of Individual and Organizational Needs. Persona Journal, 55, 23-29.

    Ariani, D. W. (2013).The Relationship between Employee Engagement, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour. International Journal of Business Administration, 4(2), 46-56.

    Armstrong, M. (2001). Human Resource Management Practice: Handbook, 8th Edition.London: Kegan Page Ltd.

    Armstrong, M, A. (2003). Handbook of Human Resources Management Practice, 9th edition, Cambrian Printers Ltd., Aberystwyth, Wales,

    Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, London: Kogan Page Limited.

    Bowen, D. E., &Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-frim performance linkages: the role of the ‘strength’ of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 203-221.

    Brown, R.B. & Brooks, I. (2002). Emotion at work: Identifying the emotional climate of night nursing. Journal of Management in Medicine, 16 (5), 327-344.

    Central Bank of Nigeria (2018). Microfinance Policy Framework for Nigeria.

    Daft, L. R. (2012). “New Era of Management”. International Edition, South-Western, Cengange Learning.

    Dex, S., & Smith, C. (2001). Effects of family-friendly policies on employee commitment: An analysis of the workplace employee relations survey. The Judge Institute of Management Studies Working Paper, 20, 1-36.

    Dixit, V., &Bhati, M. (2012). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact on Sustained Productivity in Indian Auto- Component Industry. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(6), pp 34 – 51.

    Dormeyer, S. (2003). The study about the leadership style and the organisational climate at the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration in Malmo-Sturup.Master’s dissertation, Institute for Psychology, Lund University, Sweden.

    Emejulu, G., Agbasi, E., &Nosike, C. (2020). Strategic agility and performance of small and medium enterprises in the phase of Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 2(1), 41-50.

    Fajana, S. (2002). Human Resource Management: An Introduction. Lagos: Labofin and Company.

    Fauziah, N., Safiah, O., Syakirarohan, S., &Shukriah, I. (2010). Organizational Climate and Its Influence On Organizational Commitment. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(2), 1-9.

    Ferrer, J. (2005). Employee engagement: Is it organizational commitment renamed?

    Ghanbari, S., &Eskandari, A. (2015). Organizational Climate, Job Motivation and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. International Journal of Management Perspective, 1(3), 1-14.

    Glission, C., & James, L.R. (2002). The cross-level effects of culture and climate in human service teams, Journal of Organizational Behaviour. 23(6), 767−794.

    Goh, S., Jayaraman, K., Mostafiz, I., &Leow, Y. (2020). The effect of organisational climate on employee creativity performance through knowledge sharing behaviour. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(1), pp. 1-14

    Gonzaliz-Roma, I. O, Peiro, U.J., &Tordera, Z.O. (2008). A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Individual Job Satisfaction and Individual Performance. Academy of Management Review. 9(3), 712-721.

    Graham H.T., & Bennett, R. (2005). Human Resources Management. (8th Ed.). London: The M & E Handbook Series, Longman Group UK Ltd.

    Hunjra, A. I., Ali, M. A., Chani, M. I., Khan, H., & Rehman, K. (2010). Employee voice and intent to leave: An empirical evidence of Pakistani banking sector. African Journal of Business Management, 4(14), 3056-3061.

    Ismail, M. (2005). Creative Climate and Learning Culture: Their Contributions towards Innovation within a Property Developer Organization-a Review. Participation and Empowerment: An International Journal, 7(4), 1-10.

    James, O.P., & Tetrick, R. D. (2006). Perceived Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction among Men and Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 5(2).451-470.

    Khan, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.

    Kao, R. H. (2015). A study on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational climate: Using HLM to Analyze Context effects of Police Organization. Glob. Advanced Research Journal of Management and Business Studies, 4(3), 087- 115.

    Little, B., & Little, P. (2006). Employee Engagement: Conceptual Issues. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication, and Concept, 10(1), 111-120.

    Long, D. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management, The Academy of Management Executive, 14 (4) 113-28.

    Macey, W.H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 1, 3-30.

    Mba, O. A. (2015). Teamwork and Employee Performance in the Bonny Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Plant. Strategic Management Quarterly December, 3(4), 39-60

    Monyei, E. F., Okeke, P. A., & Nwosu, K. C. (2021). Strategic agility: A prospect for sustainable performance of micro- businesses in South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 187-198.

    Normala, D. (2010). Investigating the relationship between quality of work-life and organizational commitment amongst employees in Malaysian firm. International Journal of Business Management, 5(10), 75-82

    Nurharani, S., Nur, Z. S., & Nur, S. M. K.(2013). The Impact of Organizational Climate on Teachers’ Job Performance. Educational Research eJournal, 2(1), 71-82.

    Oduma, C., & Were, S. (2014). Influence of Career Development on Employee Performance in the Public University, A case of Kenyatta University. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship 1(2), 1-16.

    Ogaboh, Nkpoyen&Ushie (2010). Career development and employee commitment in industrial organisations in Calabar, Nigeria.American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,1(2), 105-114.

    Okoseimiema, A. I., &Eketu, C. (2019). Organizational climate and employee engagement in banks in rivers state, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research Sciences, Technology and Technology, 5(3), 57-84.

    Oladipo, S. E. (2013). Perceived Organizational Climate and Job Motivation as Predictors of Teachers’ Attitude to Work. Nigerian Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences, 1, 1-10.

    Omolayo, B. O., & Ajila, C. K.(2012).Leadership Styles and Organizational Climate as Determinants of Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction of Workers in Tertiary Institutions. Business and Management Research, 1(3), 28-36.

    Ooko, P. A. (2013). Impact of Teamwork on the Achievement of Targets in Organisations in Kenya. A Case of SOS Children’s Villages, Eldoret. Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Masters of Arts in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi.

    Oribabor, P.E. (2007). Leadership Effectiveness and Workers Commitment in Work Organizations. Journal of Management, 3(2), 12-26.

    Pareek, U.& Rao, T.V. (2012). Designing and Managing Human Resource Systems, Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Company.

    Patterson, M., Warr, P., and West, M. (2004). “Organizational Climate and Corporate Productivity”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, London, 2(40), 47.

    Peterson & Tracey (2009). Creating value for employees: Investing in employee development. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14

    Phina, O. N., Ogechukwuand, N. N., &Shallom, A. A. (2021). Organizational climate and employee engagement: A commercial bank perspective in Southeast Nigeria. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 2(3), 161-173.

    Potosky, D., & Ramakrishna, H. (2001). “Goal Orientation, Self -Efficacy, Organizational Climate and Job Performance”. Academy of Management, 2(6), 571.

    Purohit, B., & Wadhwa, A. (2012). Organizational climate from viewpoint of motivation in district hospital, India, health. 4 (7), 400-406.

    Riad, L., Labib, A., &Nawar, Y. S. (2016) Assessing the impact of organisational climate on employees commitment. The Business and Management Review,5(7), 357-364.

    Robinson, D., Perryman, S., &Hayday, S. (2004). “The Drivers of Employee Engagement”, Institute for Employment Studies, Report 408.

    Robbins, S. P. (2010). Essentials of Organizational Behavior. (10th Ed.). Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA

    Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., &Salanova, M. (2006), “The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: a cross-national study”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.

    Seijts, G. H., &Crim, D. (2006). What engages employees the most or, the Ten C's of employee engagement. Ivey Business Journal Online.

    Taipale, S., Selander, K., Anttila, T. &Natti, A. (2011). “Work engagement in eight European countries: the role of job demands, autonomy and social support”. Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31(7): 486-504.

    Thompson, L. (2013). Leading high impact teams. Team leadership survey from the Kellogg School of Management Executive Program. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

    Tordera, N., Gonza´lez-Roma´, V., &Peiro´, J. M. (2008). The moderator effect of psychological climate on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) quality and role overload, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 55-72.

    Uzondu, C., Aloh, E. E., & Okafor, E. O. P. (2014). Contributions of Career Salience and Job Satisfaction in Organisational Commitment of a Sample of Nigerian Bank Workers. International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences 7(2), 258-270.

    Uzondu, C. N. (2010). Perceived levels of organizational commitment as a predictor of withdrawal behaviours of public service employees in Nigeria. Proceedings of the fourth African Regional Conference on Sustainable Development, 4(1), 1-10.

    Yazdi, S. V., & Yakhdani, M. H. (2015). The Relationship between Organizational Climate, Job Commitment and the Mediating Role of Job Consciousness among the Employees of Islamic Azad University of Yazd. International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology, 2(1), 87-96.

    Yee, P., &Ananthalakshmi, M. (2017). A Study on The Impact of Organisational Climate on Employee Performance in a Malaysian Constancy Firm. International Journal of Accounting & Business Management, 5(1), 1-13.

  1. Abdulkadir, D. S. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance in the Nigerian Insurance Industry: The Impact of Organizational Climate. Business Intelligence Journal, 5(1), 8-20.
  2. Abun, Menor, Catabagan, Magallanes and Ranay (2021). Organizational climate and work engagement of employees of divine word colleges in Ilocos Region, Philippines. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science 10(1), 107-121.
  3. Adebayo, D. O. (2006). The moderating effect of self-efficacy on job insecurity and organizational commitment among Nigerian public servants. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 16(1), 35-43.
  4. Agba, A. M. O, Nkpoyen, F., &Ushie, E. M. (2010). Career development and employee commitment in industrial organisations in Calabar, Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1(2), 105-114.
  5. Agbasi, E. O., Arachie, A. E., &Onyekwelu, N. P. (2021). Career plateauing and employee turnover intentions: a civil service perspective. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 3(4), 175-188.
  6. Agu, O. L. (2015). Work Engagement, Organizational Commitment, Self-Efficacy and Organizational Growth: A Literature Review. Information Impact 6(1), 14-26.
  7. Ajila, C. K. (2012). Leadership Styles and Organizational Climate as Determinants of Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction of Workers in Tertiary Institutions. Business and Management Research, 1(3), 28-36.
  8. Akintayo, D. I. (2010). Work-family role conflict and employee commitment among industrial workers in Nigeria.Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(1), 1-8.
  9. Allen, D.K. (2003). Organizational climate and strategic change in higher education: Organizational insecurity. Higher Education, 46 (1), 61?92.
  10. Al-Muasher, Z. (2001). The Organizational Climate in Jordanian Universities: A Comparative Study between Public Universities and Private Universities of Some Dimensions of the Current Organizational Climate from the Point of View of the Members of the Administrative Body, Amman, Jordan
  11. Aninkan, D. O., &Oyewole, A. A. (2014). The influence of individual and organizational factors on employee engagement. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3(6), 1381-1392.
  12. Aplin, J. C., &Gerster, D. K. (2008). Career Development: and Integration of Individual and Organizational Needs. Persona Journal, 55, 23-29.
  13. Ariani, D. W. (2013).The Relationship between Employee Engagement, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour. International Journal of Business Administration, 4(2), 46-56.
  14. Armstrong, M. (2001). Human Resource Management Practice: Handbook, 8th Edition.London: Kegan Page Ltd.
  15. Armstrong, M, A. (2003). Handbook of Human Resources Management Practice, 9th edition, Cambrian Printers Ltd., Aberystwyth, Wales,
  16. Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, London: Kogan Page Limited.
  17. Bowen, D. E., &Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-frim performance linkages: the role of the ‘strength’ of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 203-221.
  18. Brown, R.B. & Brooks, I. (2002). Emotion at work: Identifying the emotional climate of night nursing. Journal of Management in Medicine, 16 (5), 327-344.
  19. Central Bank of Nigeria (2018). Microfinance Policy Framework for Nigeria.
  20. Daft, L. R. (2012). “New Era of Management”. International Edition, South-Western, Cengange Learning.
  21. Dex, S., & Smith, C. (2001). Effects of family-friendly policies on employee commitment: An analysis of the workplace employee relations survey. The Judge Institute of Management Studies Working Paper, 20, 1-36.
  22. Dixit, V., &Bhati, M. (2012). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact on Sustained Productivity in Indian Auto- Component Industry. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(6), pp 34 – 51.
  23. Dormeyer, S. (2003). The study about the leadership style and the organisational climate at the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration in Malmo-Sturup.Master’s dissertation, Institute for Psychology, Lund University, Sweden.
  24. Emejulu, G., Agbasi, E., &Nosike, C. (2020). Strategic agility and performance of small and medium enterprises in the phase of Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 2(1), 41-50.
  25. Fajana, S. (2002). Human Resource Management: An Introduction. Lagos: Labofin and Company.
  26. Fauziah, N., Safiah, O., Syakirarohan, S., &Shukriah, I. (2010). Organizational Climate and Its Influence On Organizational Commitment. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 9(2), 1-9.
  27. Ferrer, J. (2005). Employee engagement: Is it organizational commitment renamed?
  28. Ghanbari, S., &Eskandari, A. (2015). Organizational Climate, Job Motivation and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour. International Journal of Management Perspective, 1(3), 1-14.
  29. Glission, C., & James, L.R. (2002). The cross-level effects of culture and climate in human service teams, Journal of Organizational Behaviour. 23(6), 767?794.
  30. Goh, S., Jayaraman, K., Mostafiz, I., &Leow, Y. (2020). The effect of organisational climate on employee creativity performance through knowledge sharing behaviour. The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(1), pp. 1-14
  31. Gonzaliz-Roma, I. O, Peiro, U.J., &Tordera, Z.O. (2008). A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Individual Job Satisfaction and Individual Performance. Academy of Management Review. 9(3), 712-721.
  32. Graham H.T., & Bennett, R. (2005). Human Resources Management. (8th Ed.). London: The M & E Handbook Series, Longman Group UK Ltd.
  33. Hunjra, A. I., Ali, M. A., Chani, M. I., Khan, H., & Rehman, K. (2010). Employee voice and intent to leave: An empirical evidence of Pakistani banking sector. African Journal of Business Management, 4(14), 3056-3061.
  34. Ismail, M. (2005). Creative Climate and Learning Culture: Their Contributions towards Innovation within a Property Developer Organization-a Review. Participation and Empowerment: An International Journal, 7(4), 1-10.
  35. James, O.P., & Tetrick, R. D. (2006). Perceived Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction among Men and Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 5(2).451-470.
  36. Khan, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
  37. Kao, R. H. (2015). A study on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational climate: Using HLM to Analyze Context effects of Police Organization. Glob. Advanced Research Journal of Management and Business Studies, 4(3), 087- 115.
  38. Little, B., & Little, P. (2006). Employee Engagement: Conceptual Issues. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communication, and Concept, 10(1), 111-120.
  39. Long, D. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management, The Academy of Management Executive, 14 (4) 113-28.
  40. Macey, W.H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 1, 3-30.
  41. Mba, O. A. (2015). Teamwork and Employee Performance in the Bonny Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Plant. Strategic Management Quarterly December, 3(4), 39-60
  42. Monyei, E. F., Okeke, P. A., & Nwosu, K. C. (2021). Strategic agility: A prospect for sustainable performance of micro- businesses in South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 187-198.
  43. Normala, D. (2010). Investigating the relationship between quality of work-life and organizational commitment amongst employees in Malaysian firm. International Journal of Business Management, 5(10), 75-82
  44. Nurharani, S., Nur, Z. S., & Nur, S. M. K.(2013). The Impact of Organizational Climate on Teachers’ Job Performance. Educational Research eJournal, 2(1), 71-82.
  45. Oduma, C., & Were, S. (2014). Influence of Career Development on Employee Performance in the Public University, A case of Kenyatta University. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship 1(2), 1-16.
  46. Ogaboh, Nkpoyen&Ushie (2010). Career development and employee commitment in industrial organisations in Calabar, Nigeria.American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,1(2), 105-114.
  47. Okoseimiema, A. I., &Eketu, C. (2019). Organizational climate and employee engagement in banks in rivers state, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research Sciences, Technology and Technology, 5(3), 57-84.
  48. Oladipo, S. E. (2013). Perceived Organizational Climate and Job Motivation as Predictors of Teachers’ Attitude to Work. Nigerian Journal of Applied Behavioural Sciences, 1, 1-10.
  49. Omolayo, B. O., & Ajila, C. K.(2012).Leadership Styles and Organizational Climate as Determinants of Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction of Workers in Tertiary Institutions. Business and Management Research, 1(3), 28-36.
  50. Ooko, P. A. (2013). Impact of Teamwork on the Achievement of Targets in Organisations in Kenya. A Case of SOS Children’s Villages, Eldoret. Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of Masters of Arts in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi.
  51. Oribabor, P.E. (2007). Leadership Effectiveness and Workers Commitment in Work Organizations. Journal of Management, 3(2), 12-26.
  52. Pareek, U.& Rao, T.V. (2012). Designing and Managing Human Resource Systems, Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Company.
  53. Patterson, M., Warr, P., and West, M. (2004). “Organizational Climate and Corporate Productivity”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, London, 2(40), 47.
  54. Peterson & Tracey (2009). Creating value for employees: Investing in employee development. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14
  55. Phina, O. N., Ogechukwuand, N. N., &Shallom, A. A. (2021). Organizational climate and employee engagement: A commercial bank perspective in Southeast Nigeria. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 2(3), 161-173.
  56. Potosky, D., & Ramakrishna, H. (2001). “Goal Orientation, Self -Efficacy, Organizational Climate and Job Performance”. Academy of Management, 2(6), 571.
  57. Purohit, B., & Wadhwa, A. (2012). Organizational climate from viewpoint of motivation in district hospital, India, health. 4 (7), 400-406.
  58. Riad, L., Labib, A., &Nawar, Y. S. (2016) Assessing the impact of organisational climate on employees commitment. The Business and Management Review,5(7), 357-364.
  59. Robinson, D., Perryman, S., &Hayday, S. (2004). “The Drivers of Employee Engagement”, Institute for Employment Studies, Report 408.
  60. Robbins, S. P. (2010). Essentials of Organizational Behavior. (10th Ed.). Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA
  61. Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., &Salanova, M. (2006), “The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: a cross-national study”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
  62. Seijts, G. H., &Crim, D. (2006). What engages employees the most or, the Ten C's of employee engagement. Ivey Business Journal Online.
  63. Taipale, S., Selander, K., Anttila, T. &Natti, A. (2011). “Work engagement in eight European countries: the role of job demands, autonomy and social support”. Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31(7): 486-504.
  64. Thompson, L. (2013). Leading high impact teams. Team leadership survey from the Kellogg School of Management Executive Program. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
  65. Tordera, N., Gonza´lez-Roma´, V., &Peiro´, J. M. (2008). The moderator effect of psychological climate on the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) quality and role overload, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 55-72.
  66. Uzondu, C., Aloh, E. E., & Okafor, E. O. P. (2014). Contributions of Career Salience and Job Satisfaction in Organisational Commitment of a Sample of Nigerian Bank Workers. International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences 7(2), 258-270.
  67. Uzondu, C. N. (2010). Perceived levels of organizational commitment as a predictor of withdrawal behaviours of public service employees in Nigeria. Proceedings of the fourth African Regional Conference on Sustainable Development, 4(1), 1-10.
  68. Yazdi, S. V., & Yakhdani, M. H. (2015). The Relationship between Organizational Climate, Job Commitment and the Mediating Role of Job Consciousness among the Employees of Islamic Azad University of Yazd. International Journal of Academic Research in Psychology, 2(1), 87-96.
  69. Yee, P., &Ananthalakshmi, M. (2017). A Study on The Impact of Organisational Climate on Employee Performance in a Malaysian Constancy Firm. International Journal of Accounting & Business Management, 5(1), 1-13.