Supportive leadership and employee creativity: Will Leader-Member Exchange mediate the relationship?

https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v4i1.1477
Published: May 26, 2023

Abstract:

Purpose: Purpose: This study proposes to integrate supportive leadership, leader-member exchange (LMX), and employee creativity. It suggests that LMX can play a role as a mediator.

Research methodology: A total of 200 participants were included in this study. They were working for a tobacco company located in a district in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Analysis for hypotheses was done in SPSS and AMOS.

Results: It was found that supportive leadership was positively related to leader-member exchange (LMX) and employee creativity. Leader-member exchange (LMX) was positively related to employee creativity. Finally, leader-member exchange (LMX) mediated the relationship between supportive leadership and employee creativity.

Limitations: The participants of this study were taken from one company. This might lower the generalizability of the results. Another limitation of this study is the use is a cross-sectional method in the data collection which might result in a common method variance. Future studies could employ other data collection methods. For example, a multi-wave of data collection can remedy the problem.

Contribution: The study suggests that a supportive leadership style is necessary to implement because it can promote a higher quality of the relationship between employees and their supervisors. More importantly, this aligns with the organizational effort to foster employee creativity.

Novelty: The study found that supportive leadership can promote leader-member exchange (LMX) quality. Since the dyad relationship quality characterized by leader-member exchange (LMX) is necessary for team effectiveness, the investigation of the link may provide an understanding of the factors that may influence leader-member exchange (LMX).

Keywords:
1. Supportive leadership
2. LeadeLeader-Member Exchange (LMX)
3. Employee Creativity
Authors:
1 . Dwinanda Jalu Prasetya Prinhandaka
YKPN Business School, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 . Isnanda Zainur Rohman
YKPN Business School, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3 . Nikodemus Hans Setiadi Wijaya
YKPN Business School, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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How to Cite
Prinhandaka, D. J. P., Rohman, I. Z., & Wijaya, N. H. S. (2023). Supportive leadership and employee creativity: Will Leader-Member Exchange mediate the relationship?. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 4(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v4i1.1477
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Issue & Section
Vol. 4 No. 1 (2022): August
Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

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    Atwater, L., & Carmeli, A. (2009). Leader–member exchange, feelings of energy, and involvement in creative work. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 264-275.

    Bakar, H. A., & McCann, R. M. (2014). Matters of demographic similarity and dissimilarity in supervisor–subordinate relationships and workplace attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 1-16.

    Banks, G. C., Batchelor, J. H., Seers, A., O'Boyle, E. H., Pollack, J. M., & Gower, K. (2014). What does team-member exchange bring to the party? A meta-analytic review of team and leader social exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 273-295.

    Bans-Akutey, A., & Ebem, D. (2023). E-leadership and adaptation to technological development of telecommunication businesses in Ghana. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 3(4), 259–269.

    Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

    Chan, S. C. H. (2019). Participative leadership and job satisfaction: The mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of fun experienced at work. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 40(3), 319-333.

    Chow, T. W. (2020). Leader versus manager: Lessons from top business executives. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 2(1), 53–65.

    Cooke, F. L., Schuler, R., & Varma, A. (2020). Human resource management research and practice in Asia: Past, present and future. Human Resource Management Review, 30(4), 100778.

    Coyle-Shapiro, M., J. A., & Shore, L. M. (2007). The employee–organization relationship: Where do we go from here? Human Resource Management Review, 17(2), 166-179.

    Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900.

    Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., & Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees' adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(2), 269-280.

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    Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

    Elsaied, M. M. (2019). Supportive leadership, proactive personality and employee voice behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2-18.

    Farid, T., Iqbal, S., Saeed, I., Irfan, S., & Akhtar, T. (2021). Impact of supportive leadership during Covid-19 on nurses' well-being: The mediating role of psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 695091.

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    Khalid, A., Zafar, A., Zafar, M. A., Saqib, L., & Mushtaq, R. (2012). Role of supportive leadership as a moderator between job stress and job performance. Information Management and Business Review, 4(9), 487-495.

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    Klijn, M., & Tomic, W. (2010). A review of creativity within organizations from a psychological perspective. Journal of Management Development, 29(4), 322-343.

    Lam, W., Huang, X., & Snape, E. (2007). Feedback-seeking behavior and leader-member exchange: Do supervisor-attributed motives matter? Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 348-363.

    Liao, H., Liu, D., & Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), 1090-1109.

    Liden, R. C., Erdogan, B., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2006). Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: Implications for individual and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(6), 723-746.

    Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 407-416.

    Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 662-674.

    Makambe, U., & Moeng, G. J. M. (2020). The effects of leadership styles on employee performance: a case of a selected commercial bank in Botswana. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 1(1), 39–50.

    Mulyana, A., Ridaryanthi, M., Faridah, S., Umarella, F. H., & Endri, E. (2022). Socio-emotional leadership style as implementation of situational leadership communication in the face of radical change. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(3), 150-161.

    Mwaisaka, D., K'Aol, G., & Ouma, C. (2019). Influence of supportive and directive leadership styles on employee job satisfaction in commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Human Capital Management, 3(2), 42-60.

    Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634.

    Ooi, T. P., & Teoh, K. B. (2021). Factors affecting the turnover intention among employees in Penang manufacturing industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(1), 29–40.

    Pan, W., Sun, L.-Y., & Chow, I. H. S. (2012). Leader-member exhange and employee creativity: Test of a multilevel moderated mediation model. Human Performance, 25, 432-451.

    Putra, Y. S., & Istiyani, A. (2022). Developing organizational resilience with the mediating role of leader–member exchange. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 59-69.

    Putri, M. A. P. (2018). Pengaruh leader-member exchange (LMX) terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja dengan komitmen organisasi afektif sebagai variabel intervening pada BMT Bina Ikhsanul Fikri Yogyakarta. (Undergraduate), Universita Muhammadiah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/22370

    Qu, R., Janssen, O., & Shi, K. (2017). Leader–member exchange and follower creativity: The moderating roles of leader and follower expectations for creativity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(4), 603-626.

    Sari, N. I. A. (2019). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformational terhadap kreativitas karyawan melalui self-efficacy sebagai variabel mediasi (Studi pada karyawan Desa Wisata Batik Gulurejo dan Ngentakrejo di Kecamatan Lendah). (Undergraduate 2019-02-09), Universitas Muhammadiah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/27618

    Shih, H.-A., & Susanto, E. (2017). Perceived identifiability, shared responsibility and innovative work behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(22), 3109-3127.

    Shih, H.-A., & Wijaya, N. H. S. (2017). Team-member exchange, voice behavior, and creative work involvement. International Journal of Manpower, 38(3), 417-431.

    Simorangkir, S. T., Karnati, N., & Abdullah, T. (2019). The effect of supportive leadership, learning culture, and responsibility on job performance of teacher in junior high schools of South Tangerang. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(2), 120-129.

    Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2011). Creative self-efficacy development and creative performance over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 277-293.

    Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(4), 549-579.

    Tsui, A. S., Porter, L. W., & Egan, T. D. (2002). When both similarities and dissimilarities matter: Extending the concept of relational demography. Human Relations, 55(8), 899-929.

    Virgiawan, A. R., Riyanto, S., & Endri, E. (2021). Organizational culture as a mediator motivation and transformational leadership on employee performance. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 67-79.

    Volmer, J., Spurk, D., & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 456-465.

    Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.

    Wijaya, N. H. S. (2016). Enhancing Creativity and Innovative Behavior through Transformational Leadership and Psychological Empowerment: From the Lens of Self-Determination Theory. (Doctoral), National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.

    Yaping, G., Tae-Yeol, K. I. M., Deog-Ro, L. E. E., & Jing, Z. H. U. (2013). A multilevel model of team goal orientation, information exchange, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), 827-851.

    Zhou, J. (2003). When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: Role of supervisor close monitoring, developmental feedback, and creative personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 413-422.

    Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 545-568.

  1. Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2020). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402-428.
  2. Atwater, L., & Carmeli, A. (2009). Leader–member exchange, feelings of energy, and involvement in creative work. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 264-275.
  3. Bakar, H. A., & McCann, R. M. (2014). Matters of demographic similarity and dissimilarity in supervisor–subordinate relationships and workplace attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 1-16.
  4. Banks, G. C., Batchelor, J. H., Seers, A., O'Boyle, E. H., Pollack, J. M., & Gower, K. (2014). What does team-member exchange bring to the party? A meta-analytic review of team and leader social exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 273-295.
  5. Bans-Akutey, A., & Ebem, D. (2023). E-leadership and adaptation to technological development of telecommunication businesses in Ghana. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 3(4), 259–269.
  6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
  7. Chan, S. C. H. (2019). Participative leadership and job satisfaction: The mediating role of work engagement and the moderating role of fun experienced at work. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 40(3), 319-333.
  8. Chow, T. W. (2020). Leader versus manager: Lessons from top business executives. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 2(1), 53–65.
  9. Cooke, F. L., Schuler, R., & Varma, A. (2020). Human resource management research and practice in Asia: Past, present and future. Human Resource Management Review, 30(4), 100778.
  10. Coyle-Shapiro, M., J. A., & Shore, L. M. (2007). The employee–organization relationship: Where do we go from here? Human Resource Management Review, 17(2), 166-179.
  11. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900.
  12. Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., & Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees' adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(2), 269-280.
  13. de Vreede, T., Boughzala, I., de Vreede, G., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2012, 4-7 Jan. 2012). A Model and Exploratory Field Study on Team Creativity. Paper presented at the System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
  14. Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
  15. Elsaied, M. M. (2019). Supportive leadership, proactive personality and employee voice behavior: The mediating role of psychological safety. American Journal of Business, 34(1), 2-18.
  16. Farid, T., Iqbal, S., Saeed, I., Irfan, S., & Akhtar, T. (2021). Impact of supportive leadership during Covid-19 on nurses' well-being: The mediating role of psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 695091.
  17. Farmer, S. M., Tierney, P., & Kung-McIntyre, K. (2003). Employee creativity in Taiwan: An application of role identity theory. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 618-630.
  18. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247.
  19. Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective (Seventh Edition ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  20. Han, J., Han, J., & Brass, D. J. (2014). Human capital diversity in the creation of social capital for team creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 54-71.
  21. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420.
  22. Huang, X. (2012). Helplessness of empowerment: The joint effect of participative leadership and controllability attributional style on empowerment and performance. Human Relations, 65(3), 313-334.
  23. Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 287-302.
  24. Kark, R., & Carmeli, A. (2009). Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 785-804.
  25. Khalid, A., Zafar, A., Zafar, M. A., Saqib, L., & Mushtaq, R. (2012). Role of supportive leadership as a moderator between job stress and job performance. Information Management and Business Review, 4(9), 487-495.
  26. Kim, K. Y., Atwater, L., Jolly, P., Ugwuanyi, I., Baik, K., & Yu, J. (2021). Supportive leadership and job performance: Contributions of supportive climate, team-member exchange (TMX), and group-mean TMX. Journal of Business Research, 134, 661-674.
  27. Kirkbride, P. (2006). Developing transformational leaders: the full range leadership model in action. Industrial Commercial Training, 38(1), 23-32.
  28. Klijn, M., & Tomic, W. (2010). A review of creativity within organizations from a psychological perspective. Journal of Management Development, 29(4), 322-343.
  29. Lam, W., Huang, X., & Snape, E. (2007). Feedback-seeking behavior and leader-member exchange: Do supervisor-attributed motives matter? Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 348-363.
  30. Liao, H., Liu, D., & Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), 1090-1109.
  31. Liden, R. C., Erdogan, B., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2006). Leader-member exchange, differentiation, and task interdependence: Implications for individual and group performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(6), 723-746.
  32. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 407-416.
  33. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 662-674.
  34. Makambe, U., & Moeng, G. J. M. (2020). The effects of leadership styles on employee performance: a case of a selected commercial bank in Botswana. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 1(1), 39–50.
  35. Mulyana, A., Ridaryanthi, M., Faridah, S., Umarella, F. H., & Endri, E. (2022). Socio-emotional leadership style as implementation of situational leadership communication in the face of radical change. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(3), 150-161.
  36. Mwaisaka, D., K'Aol, G., & Ouma, C. (2019). Influence of supportive and directive leadership styles on employee job satisfaction in commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Human Capital Management, 3(2), 42-60.
  37. Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634.
  38. Ooi, T. P., & Teoh, K. B. (2021). Factors affecting the turnover intention among employees in Penang manufacturing industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(1), 29–40.
  39. Pan, W., Sun, L.-Y., & Chow, I. H. S. (2012). Leader-member exhange and employee creativity: Test of a multilevel moderated mediation model. Human Performance, 25, 432-451.
  40. Putra, Y. S., & Istiyani, A. (2022). Developing organizational resilience with the mediating role of leader–member exchange. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 59-69.
  41. Putri, M. A. P. (2018). Pengaruh leader-member exchange (LMX) terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja dengan komitmen organisasi afektif sebagai variabel intervening pada BMT Bina Ikhsanul Fikri Yogyakarta. (Undergraduate), Universita Muhammadiah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/22370
  42. Qu, R., Janssen, O., & Shi, K. (2017). Leader–member exchange and follower creativity: The moderating roles of leader and follower expectations for creativity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(4), 603-626.
  43. Sari, N. I. A. (2019). Pengaruh kepemimpinan transformational terhadap kreativitas karyawan melalui self-efficacy sebagai variabel mediasi (Studi pada karyawan Desa Wisata Batik Gulurejo dan Ngentakrejo di Kecamatan Lendah). (Undergraduate 2019-02-09), Universitas Muhammadiah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/27618
  44. Shih, H.-A., & Susanto, E. (2017). Perceived identifiability, shared responsibility and innovative work behavior. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(22), 3109-3127.
  45. Shih, H.-A., & Wijaya, N. H. S. (2017). Team-member exchange, voice behavior, and creative work involvement. International Journal of Manpower, 38(3), 417-431.
  46. Simorangkir, S. T., Karnati, N., & Abdullah, T. (2019). The effect of supportive leadership, learning culture, and responsibility on job performance of teacher in junior high schools of South Tangerang. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(2), 120-129.
  47. Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2011). Creative self-efficacy development and creative performance over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 277-293.
  48. Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(4), 549-579.
  49. Tsui, A. S., Porter, L. W., & Egan, T. D. (2002). When both similarities and dissimilarities matter: Extending the concept of relational demography. Human Relations, 55(8), 899-929.
  50. Virgiawan, A. R., Riyanto, S., & Endri, E. (2021). Organizational culture as a mediator motivation and transformational leadership on employee performance. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 67-79.
  51. Volmer, J., Spurk, D., & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 456-465.
  52. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.
  53. Wijaya, N. H. S. (2016). Enhancing Creativity and Innovative Behavior through Transformational Leadership and Psychological Empowerment: From the Lens of Self-Determination Theory. (Doctoral), National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
  54. Yaping, G., Tae-Yeol, K. I. M., Deog-Ro, L. E. E., & Jing, Z. H. U. (2013). A multilevel model of team goal orientation, information exchange, and creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3), 827-851.
  55. Zhou, J. (2003). When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: Role of supervisor close monitoring, developmental feedback, and creative personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 413-422.
  56. Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 545-568.