Purpose: The author would like to thank all researchers and institutions whose empirical studies and theoretical contributions have shaped the understanding of FDI determinants in developing countries. Appreciation is also extended to the academic databases and journal publishers that provided open access to critical literature. Research methodology: This study employs a qualitative analytical approach grounded in an extensive review of empirical and theoretical literature on foreign direct investment (FDI), with a focus on the OLI paradigm and the Knowledge-Capital Model. Data were drawn from 40 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2024, selected from reputable academic databases using targeted keywords related to FDI determinants. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key variables such as market size, institutional quality, and infrastructure, highlighting regional patterns and sectoral distinctions. Results: The OLI paradigm remains a key framework for understanding FDI, with recent studies showing that host-country factors such as market size, GDP growth, and skilled labor availability play crucial roles in attracting investment. While low labor costs can drive FDI in manufacturing, high-tech sectors prioritize productivity and human capital. Tax incentives and natural resources can also influence FDI, but their effectiveness depends on broader institutional and regulatory conditions. Additionally, strong intellectual property rights are essential for securing investment in innovation-driven industries. Conclusions: In developing countries, FDI determinants have shifted from reliance on natural resources and low-skilled labor to a greater emphasis on skilled labor, digital infrastructure, and institutional quality. To attract high-value FDI, scholars emphasize the need for a balanced strategy that includes improving education systems, advancing digital readiness, and fostering innovation ecosystems. Limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on secondary data and qualitative analysis, which may not fully capture dynamic, country-specific investment behaviors. Contribution: The study contributes to FDI literature by synthesizing recent empirical findings to highlight the evolving importance of institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and human capital in developing countries.

Purpose: Research Objectives: (1) To analyze the impact of social assistance on the welfare of Beneficiary Families in the Family Hope Program (PKH) in Sentani District, Jayapura Regency. (2) To analyze the inhibiting and supporting factors in the implementation of social assistance on the welfare of beneficiary families in Sentani District, Jayapura Regency. (3) To determine the government's efforts to maximize social assistance to have an impact on the welfare of beneficiary families in Sentani District, Jayapura Regency.   Research methodology: The researcher used a quantitative and qualitative research approach (Mix Method). Results: The results of the study showed that (1) social assistance had a positive impact on improving the welfare of beneficiary families in Sentani District, Jayapura Regency. (2) The inhibiting factors are: Government Policy, Inaccurate Targeting, Budget Availability, Geographical and Infrastructure Conditions, Social and Cultural Factors, Technology and Administration, Regional Security and Stability. Supporting Factors are Government Policy, Budget Availability, Support from Social and Private Institutions, Technology and Infrastructure, Community Participation, Social Stability and Security. (3) The government continues to strive to increase the effectiveness of social assistance programs so that they can have a significant impact on the welfare of beneficiary families (KPM) in Sentani District, Jayapura Regency. The efforts made by the government have contributed to increasing the welfare of beneficiary families in Sentani District.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the influence of efficiency and effectiveness in the utilization of School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds on the quality of teaching and learning services. The focus is placed on two public junior high schools in Papua, SMP Negeri 12 Mimika and SMP Negeri Naena Muktipura, which represent different demographic and resource contexts. Research/methodology: A mixed-method approach was used, combining surveys, interviews, observations, and document analysis. Quantitative data were analyzed with multiple linear regression, while qualitative insights were examined through content analysis. Results: The findings revealed that both efficiency (B = 0.670, p < 0.001) and effectiveness (B = 0.553, p < 0.001) in BOS fund utilization significantly affect the quality of teaching and learning services. SMP Negeri 12 Mimika exhibited higher efficiency, effectiveness, and overall service quality compared to SMP Negeri Naena Muktipura. BOS funds were utilized to improve facilities, procure teaching aids, and conduct teacher training, though some limitations remained in equitable training distribution. Conclusions: The study found that both efficiency and effectiveness in the use of BOS funds significantly improve the quality of teaching and learning services. Efficient fund management had a stronger influence, particularly in supporting facilities, teacher training, and learning tools. These findings highlight the importance of transparent and well-targeted BOS fund utilization to enhance educational outcomes. Limitations: This study is limited to two case study schools in Papua, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other regions. Additionally, qualitative insights may be context-specific, and time constraints limited the coverage of broader stakeholder perspectives. Contribution: This study contributes to the field of educational finance and policy by providing empirical evidence on how the efficient and effective management of school operational funds can enhance educational service quality in under-resourced settings. The findings can inform future BOS policy refinements and school-level fund management strategies.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of the Hasanudin-Petrosea road infrastructure improvement on the economic activities of surrounding communities in Mimika Regency, focusing on production, distribution, and income levels. Research/methodology: Using a quantitative descriptive approach, primary data were gathered through field observation, structured questionnaires, and documentation. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods to identify changes in economic activities before and after infrastructure development. Results: The findings indicate a significant positive impact on the local economy. Most respondents reported increased production capacity, smoother distribution processes, and higher income levels following the road improvement. Enhanced accessibility has led to growth in small businesses such as workshops, food stalls, and kiosks along the improved road segment. Conclusions: The improvement of Hasanudin–Petrosea Road infrastructure has had a significant positive impact on the economic activities of surrounding communities. It has facilitated increased production efficiency, enhanced distribution of goods, and improved household income. The development has also supported the growth of small businesses along the road corridor. However, to sustain these benefits, ongoing infrastructure maintenance and integrated economic planning are essential to ensure long-term prosperity for local residents. Limitations: This study is limited to one geographic location and a small respondent sample, which may not fully capture the broader regional impact. Moreover, the analysis does not account for long-term sustainability or maintenance of the infrastructure. Contribution: The study contributes to the literature on infrastructure-led local economic development, providing empirical evidence on how improved road access can stimulate production, improve distribution efficiency, and increase community income. It also serves as a policy reference for future infrastructure planning in underdeveloped regions.

Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze the factors inhibiting the promotion of civil servants at the Department of Education in Mimika Regency, focusing on structural, bureaucratic, and non-technical barriers that affect the fairness and effectiveness of the promotion process. Research/methodology: A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative data (using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation and ANOVA) and qualitative insights (from semi-structured interviews, FGDs, and thematic analysis). The study involved 74 civil servants sampled from a population of 91 using Slovin’s formula. Data triangulation was conducted to ensure validity across sources and methods. Results: The findings revealed that complex bureaucracy, unclear implementation of local promotion policies, and inadequate dissemination are the most prominent structural barriers. Non-technical factors such as favoritism, interpersonal relationships, and internal politics also significantly affect promotion outcomes. Competence alone was not a sufficient condition for promotion, as subjective judgments and limited access to professional development programs also played a decisive role. Conclusions: The promotion of civil servants in the Mimika Education Office is hindered by bureaucratic complexity, unclear policies, and non-technical factors such as favoritism and internal politics. Competence alone is insufficient, as limited training access and unequal opportunities persist. A transparent, merit-based promotion system is urgently needed to improve fairness, motivation, and organizational performance. Limitations: The study is limited by its localized focus on a single government office, which may not fully represent other regional or institutional contexts. Additionally, data on budgetary allocations and their actual execution were partly unavailable or lacked transparency, limiting financial analysis depth. Contribution: This study contributes to public sector HR literature by providing empirical evidence on the intersection of bureaucratic processes, social-cultural dynamics, and career development. The findings support policy recommendations for more transparent, merit-based promotion systems and improved access to competency development, particularly in geographically remote regions like Mimika.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the factors hindering the development of habitable housing in Nduga Regency through geographical, infrastructural, socio-political, economic, and cultural perspectives. Research methodology: This research applies a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing data collection techniques including observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Informants include local residents, government officials, and traditional leaders. Results: The study reveals that challenging geographical conditions, lack of infrastructure, socio-political instability, weak economic capacity, and strong adherence to traditional housing norms are the main barriers to proper housing development. These factors interact to deepen disparities in access to adequate shelter. Limitations: The study is context-specific to Nduga Regency and its findings may not be directly generalizable to other regions without further research. Contributions: This research provides valuable insights for local government, NGOs, and housing developers in crafting adaptive and context-based housing policies. This research contributes both theoretically and practically by introducing a multidimensional framework to analyze housing development barriers in remote and conflict-prone areas.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the perception of employees and patients regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of financial management at the Regional Public Service Agency (BLUD) of Mimika District Hospital. Research/methodology: Using a quantitative descriptive approach, data were collected through Likert-scale questionnaires distributed to all staff involved in financial management at RSUD Mimika and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Additionally, patient satisfaction data were gathered and evaluated based on the SERVQUAL model covering five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Results: The financial effectiveness level of RSUD Mimika from 2021 to 2023 was only 23%, indicating that revenue realization reached just a quarter of the target. Efficiency stood at 90.88%, categorized as "less efficient," showing suboptimal budget utilization. The satisfaction level of medical staff was generally moderate, highlighting deficiencies in equipment, communication, and welfare policies. Patient satisfaction was relatively high in core services but moderate in supporting services such as waiting facilities, information clarity, and emergency responsiveness. Conclusions: Although RSUD Mimika has adopted the BLUD financial model to improve flexibility, the realization of financial targets remains low, and efficiency still needs improvement. Furthermore, employee and patient satisfaction indicates that the implementation of BLUD has not fully translated into improved service quality and operational sustainability. Limitations: This study is limited to a single institution (RSUD Mimika) and relies solely on perception-based data without triangulation from financial audits or qualitative interviews. Thus, generalizability is restricted, and the analysis may not fully capture systemic or structural financial management challenges across other BLUD hospitals. Contribution: This research provides empirical insights into the real-world challenges of BLUD implementation in regional hospitals, offering a diagnostic basis for future improvements in health financial governance.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the management of the Employee Performance Supplement (TPP) budget at the Youth and Sports Office of Papua Province, focusing on the achievement of output and outcome, and identifying the challenges in its implementation. Research/methodology: This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, documentation, and budget and staffing document reviews. Results: The results show that the administrative management of the TPP has been quite effective, as indicated by the availability of accountability documents and budget realization in line with the allocation. However, the effectiveness of the TPP as an incentive to improve employee performance is still low. The amount of TPP does not yet take into account actual attendance and performance, and it has not been integrated with a performance evaluation system based on results. As a result, the provision of TPP has not optimally encouraged discipline and productivity. Conclusions: The management of the TPP budget at the Youth and Sports Office of Papua Province is administratively effective but lacks impact on improving employee performance. Incentives are not based on actual attendance or output, reducing their motivational effect. Delays in disbursement and weak performance evaluation systems further undermine the purpose of the TPP. Limitations: This study is limited to a single institution, with a small sample size and no quantitative performance metrics, which restricts the generalizability and depth of the analysis. Contribution: This study highlights the gap between budget compliance and performance outcomes, and offers recommendations for integrating attendance and performance data into the incentive system.