Purpose: This study aims to examine effective methods for developing the basic physical qualities of general secondary school students, with a focus on strength, endurance, speed, agility, and flexibility. The research seeks to highlight pedagogical conditions and methodological approaches that promote balanced physical development. Research methodology: The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, synthesizing findings from pedagogical theory and practical experiences in physical education. Systematic review of methodological practices and structured observation of school-based physical activities are used to identify effective strategies. Results: The analysis reveals that consistent and well-organized physical education, supported by extracurricular sports activities, significantly improves students’ physical qualities. Structured training methods, when adapted to age-specific needs, enhance endurance, strength, and agility while reducing risks of fatigue or injury. Moreover, integrating flexibility and speed exercises into the curriculum fosters balanced physical development and overall well-being. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of systematic and age-appropriate physical education. Harmonizing pedagogical methods with students’ developmental stages ensures sustainable improvement in physical fitness and supports the holistic growth of schoolchildren. Limitations: The study is limited to a theoretical and methodological analysis without extensive experimental testing. The findings may require validation across diverse educational contexts and student populations. Contribution: This research contributes to the pedagogical field by providing a framework for optimizing physical education programs in schools. It underscores the role of targeted methodology in enhancing students’ health, fitness, and long-term physical development.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the potential and effectiveness of Local Own-Source Revenue (PAD) from the Livestock and Animal Health Service Office in Mimika Regency from 2017 to 2024. It also seeks to identify strategic efforts to optimize PAD contribution from the livestock sector, particularly through retribution on slaughterhouse services, animal health services, and livestock production. Research/methodology: A mixed-method approach was applied, combining quantitative descriptive analysis with qualitative insights. Data were sourced from secondary documents and field observations. The study used potential analysis, effectiveness ratio calculations, and SWOT analysis to examine income realization and improvement strategies. Results: The findings reveal that PAD from the Livestock and Animal Health Service has strong potential, especially in pig slaughterhouses (RPB), UPTD breeding units, and Puskeswan. Effectiveness levels often exceed 100%, indicating very effective performance, though certain units such as RPH-U remain underutilized. The retribution potential is not yet fully maximized due to limited public awareness, regulatory gaps, and infrastructural constraints. Conclusions: The livestock sector significantly contributes to regional income and holds untapped potential. With better regulatory support, infrastructure improvements, and digital system development, PAD from this sector can be further optimized. Strategic planning is essential for sustaining these gains. Limitations: This study is limited by the availability of consistent field data and affected by external factors such as disease outbreaks (e.g., ASF). Contribution: The research provides practical recommendations for local governments to enhance fiscal independence through livestock-based revenue streams and contributes a replicable framework for analyzing PAD potential and effectiveness.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the essence and manifestations of economic destruction as a key form of social destruction, highlighting its interplay with constructive and destructive processes in the global economic sphere. The research emphasizes how globalization accelerates both opportunities for growth and risks of instability. Research methodology: A qualitative descriptive approach is applied, using literature review and conceptual analysis of economic trends, globalization processes, and trade relations. The study also integrates comparative insights from international reports and academic discussions to assess the dual nature of constructiveness and destructiveness in economic life. Results: The findings reveal that globalization has intensified trade and economic relations worldwide, fostering constructive dynamics such as innovation, expanded markets, and technological transfer. At the same time, it has amplified destructive processes, including protectionism, indirect barriers, and price volatility. These opposing tendencies coexist and manifest across all sectors, making economic systems simultaneously more integrated and more vulnerable. Conclusions: The research concludes that constructive and destructive processes are inseparable features of contemporary globalization. While they drive economic interdependence and growth, they also generate systemic risks that require careful governance. Recognizing this duality is essential for sustaining balanced global development. Limitations: The study is primarily conceptual and relies on secondary sources, with limited empirical data to capture region-specific destructive impacts. Contribution: This article contributes to academic debates on globalization by framing economic destruction as both a theoretical and practical challenge, offering a lens to understand its systemic impact on global economic relations.

Purpose: This study aims to establish a theoretical foundation for integrating ICT in chemistry education by examining its pedagogical value, identifying best practices, and presenting strategies for effective implementation. Research methodology: A mixed-methods design was applied using purposive sampling of secondary school chemistry teachers and students in Ghana. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires and pre-post tests, and qualitative data were collected through interviews and classroom observations. ICT tools such as virtual labs, simulations, and digital platforms were explored and applied through blended and inquiry-based learning strategies. Data were analyzed using SPSS for quantitative evaluation and thematic analysis for instructional practices and teacher’s readiness. Results: The findings indicate that ICT integration, including virtual laboratories and simulations, significantly improves student engagement and conceptual understanding. It supports constructivist and inquiry-based approaches, fostering critical thinking and collaboration among students. Challenges remain in terms of technology accessibility and the ongoing need for teacher training. Conclusions: This study establishes a theoretical framework for ICT in chemistry education, linking it to pedagogical models. The best practices identified enhance engagement, conceptual learning, and critical thinking. Proper ICT implementation can improve teaching effectiveness and learning outcomes. Limitations: This study relies on existing literature and secondary data without direct classroom interventions and faces constraints in low-resource contexts with limited ICT access. Contribution: This study advances theoretical and practical insights into ICT’s role of ICT in enhancing chemistry education through engagement, deeper learning, and modern pedagogical alignment.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of the Family Hope Program (PKH) on alleviating extreme poverty in Mimika District. The main focus is to assess the effectiveness of government social assistance in reducing the number of extremely poor families using a panel data approach. Research methodology: Using panel data analysis methods through Fixed Effects (FE) and Random Effects (RE) models. The selection of the FE and RE models is based on the consideration that panel data allows for controlling unobserved heterogeneity between observation units. The Hausman test will be used to determine the most appropriate model between FE and RE. Data processing in this study was carried out using Eviews version 7.2. Results: Social assistance through PKH has a significant effect on reducing extreme poverty in Mimika District.The number of extremely poor families decreased from 3,709 families in 2022 to 2,691 families in 2024. Regression results indicate that every increase in PKH assistance contributes to a decrease in the number of extremely poor individuals.The program's effectiveness varies across districts, especially in remote areas with poor infrastructure. Conclusions: The Family Hope Program (PKH) has proven effective in helping to reduce extreme poverty in Mimika District. The conditional assistance provided through PKH has improved the welfare of beneficiary families, although its effectiveness differs across regions depending on infrastructure and access to basic services. Limitations: The variation in program effectiveness across districts indicates limitations in infrastructure and access to basic services (education and healthcare), which affect program success.This study does not deeply explore local social, cultural, and economic factors that may also influence program outcomes. Contribution: Provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of conditional social assistance (PKH) in reducing extreme poverty in underdeveloped regions. Offers policy recommendations for local governments to better allocate and optimize social assistance programs based on infrastructure conditions and access to public services in each district.