Purpose: This study aims to determine the implementation of the distribution of inheritance in the form of land rights to heirs with foreign citizenship and to identify the factors that become obstacles/constraints and solutions in the distribution of inheritance in the form of land rights to heirs with foreign citizenship. Research methodology: This study uses sociological or empirical legal research, which mainly examines primary data, such as materials that bind legislation. Results: The results showed that inheritance can be distributed to heirs with foreign citizenship, but the foreign nationals must transfer the land to Indonesian citizens within one year or change their rights to use rights. Conclusion: Foreign nationals are permitted to inherit land rights in Indonesia; however, regulations require them to transfer ownership to Indonesian citizens or convert the rights into use rights within a year. This ensures the protection of national land sovereignty while providing limited options for foreign heirs. Limitation: This study is limited to an examination of Indonesia’s legal framework and empirical data, without a broader comparative analysis across regions or countries. These limitations may affect the generalizability of our findings. Contribution: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the legal framework governing the inheritance of land rights by foreign nationals in Indonesia. It also identifies and discusses the key challenges faced by foreign national heirs during the inheritance process.

Purpose: This study aims to examine Afghanistan’s financial situation, with particular emphasis on the role of the central bank in addressing the ongoing liquidity crisis. It seeks to analyze the structural and operational challenges faced by Afghan banks in maintaining adequate funds and fulfilling their obligations without incurring significant financial losses. Methodology: This study employed a mixed-method approach, combining document analysis and qualitative descriptive research. Primary data were obtained from reports of international organizations, such as the UNDP and the World Bank, as well as official submissions from the Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB). Targeted sampling was used to select participants and informants directly associated with central banking, financial institutions, and relevant government departments. Field observations and monitoring of banking operations were conducted to provide context. Results: The findings reveal that Afghan banks are experiencing severe liquidity shortages caused by declining economic activity, restricted access to cash, weak institutional capacity, and a diminished public trust in the financial system. The political transition following the Taliban takeover further aggravated the crisis, leaving several banks on the brink of insolvency and increasing the risk of systemic bank failure. Conclusions: This study concludes that Afghanistan’s liquidity crisis is a structural issue that requires comprehensive policy responses. Strengthening the supervisory role of the central bank, rebuilding public confidence, and ensuring sustained access to capital are critical measures to stabilize the financial sector and prevent its collapse. Limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on secondary data and restricted field access due to political instability and security risks. Contribution: This study enriches the post-conflict financial governance literature by emphasizing the importance of central banking policies and institutional trust in stabilizing fragile economies and preventing financial collapse.

Purpose: High-voltage electrical equipment requires grounding installation to protect lives in freshwater swamps with a hydrogen potential of 6.75. To build a grounding structure, it is necessary to know the resistance value and grounding materials, namely, copper-coated rod electrodes at different depths. Research methodology: The research was conducted in a freshwater swamp close to the shampooing substation using field observations and direct measurements of soil resistance values, followed by a literature review and comparisons using COMSOL simulation and FEM Analysis. Results: The results of direct research and simulations indicate that to accomplish a grounding resistance value < 5 ? according to the PUIL 2011 standard for a single-rod system made of copper, it is necessary to optimize the depth of the grounding electrode within a range of 10 m, which differs from the simulation results of ground resistance measurement and the Comsol application. The percentage error was 1.05%. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that increasing electrode depth effectively reduces grounding resistance in freshwater swamp environments, though variations exist between field and simulated data. Limitations: This study analyzed the results of measurements and grounding analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics at a depth of 1 m for a particular type of copper-coated round rod electrode at depths of 1, 1.5, and 2 m. Contributions: The results of this study offer information on the usefulness of grounding resistance in freshwater wetlands with a pH greater than 6, where several rod electrode types can be utilized for comparison in future research.