Motivation through indirect compensation: Evaluating employee performance in Enugu State Civil Service Commission
Abstract:
Purpose: This study evaluates the impact of indirect compensation on employee job performance by the Enugu State Civil Service Commission.
Research Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional survey research design with a population of 280 participants, comprising staff from the Administration, Planning and Budgeting, and Research & Statistics Units, spanning grade levels 2-16 within the Enugu State Civil Service Commission. Data were collected using a questionnaire as the primary tool and rigorously analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.
Results: The findings revealed a significant positive impact of indirect compensation metrics on employee performance of the Enugu State Civil Service Commission.
Limitations: The study specifically targeted personnel within grade levels 2-16 of the Enugu State Civil Service Commission.
Contribution: This research significantly advances our understanding of indirect compensation and its impact on employee performance by pioneering new concepts, refining existing theories, and conducting comprehensive empirical studies.
Funding: This research did not receive any funding from any Agency or Organization.
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Abdulmumini, A. (2021). Impact of promotion on academic staff development in the State higher educational institutions of Borno State. Public Policy, 4(1).
Abrigo, J. N. F., Abrogena, A. A. A., Alcantara, D. R. E., De Gracia, N. A. V., Juliano, A. C., & Ador, Z. I. (2024). A narrative research of experiences of STEM teachers pursuing doctoral degree. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 153-168.
Adula, M., Kant, S., & Birbirsa, Z. A. (2022). Systematic Literature Review on Human Resource Management Effect on Organization Performance. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(2), 131-146.
Agbo, U. M., & Okeoma, E. M. (2022). IMPACT OF FRINGE BENEFIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WORKERS IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF TOP RANK HOTELS AND NIKE LAKES RESORT HOTEL ENUGU. JOURNAL OF EMERGING TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 4(1), 322-339.
Ameliah, A. D., & Jatnika, R. (2024). Descriptive Study of College Student’s Career Adaptability with An Internship Experience. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 1-11.
Beede Emerole, D. O., & Ogbu Edeh PhD, F. (2017). The effect of compensation on employee performance in Nigeria civil service: A study of Rivers State board of internal revenue service. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 6(2).
Campbell, J. Y. (2016). Restoring rational choice: The challenge of consumer financial regulation. American Economic Review, 106(5), 1-30.
Corsini, L., & Spataro, L. (2013). Savings for retirement under liquidity constraints: A note. Economics Letters, 118(2), 258-261.
Dashwep, C. J. (2021). Promoting Motivation For Employee Performance: A Case of Nigeria Public Sector. The Open University of Tanzania.
Dugguh, S., & Iliya, A. (2018). Effect of retirement plans on employee performance in private sector organisations In Nigeria: A study of ashaka cement plc, gombe. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 7(1), 20-27.
Egbewole, I. K., Olusesi, L. D., & Abdulazeez, A. O. (2021). Compensation Management And Employees’ Job Satisfaction Among Staff Of Central Bank Of Nigeria, Lagos. Annals of Spiru Haret University, Economic Series, 21(1), 95-109.
Ekwochi, E., Nwudugbo, P., & Okoene, C. (2018). The impact of fringe benefits on employee? s job performance in United Bank of Africa (Uba) Plc. IAA Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1), 34-62.
Emmanuel, O. O. (2021). The dynamics of work environment and its impact on organizational objectives. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(2), 145-158.
Fabusoro, E., Awotunde, J. A., Sodiya, C., & Alarima, C. (2008). Status of job motivation and job performance of field level extension agents in Ogun State: implications for agricultural development. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 14(2), 139-152.
Fapohunda, T. (2013). The pension system and retirement planning in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 25-34.
Haryono, S., Supardi, S., & Udin, U. (2020). The effect of training and job promotion on work motivation and its implications on job performance: Evidence from Indonesia. Management Science Letters, 10(9), 2107-2112.
Ichdan, D. A. (2024). Analysis of employee performance through productivity: The role of kaizen culture, motivation, and work discipline in the manufacturing industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 13-28.
Ileka, N., & Muogbo, U. (2020). Wages and salary administration and employee performance in selected government ministries in Anambra State. International Journal of Innovative Development and Policy Studies, 8(1), 70-80.
Johnt, M., Dieli, O., Mac-Ozigbo, A., Ngige, C., & Muojekpe, J. (2022). COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION AND PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA: AN EXPLORATION OF ISSUES. 3, 2021.
Kalia, N., & Bhardwaj, B. (2019). Contextual and task performance: do demographic and organizational variables matter? Rajagiri Management Journal, 13(2), 30-42.
Kennedy, P. S. J., Tobing, S. J. L., & Toruan, R. L. (2022). Marketing strategy with marketing mix for Lake Toba tourism destination. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship (JoSTE), 3(3), 157-174.
Madhani, P. M. (2020). Effective rewards and recognition strategy: Enhancing employee engagement, customer retention and company performance. The Journal of Total Rewards, 29(2), 39-48.
Mba, A. (2021). Work Environment and Employee Performance in the Public Service: A Study of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria. ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA (December 4, 2021).
Mbukwana, V. L., & Ayandibu, A. O. (2023). Impact of performance incentives on employees' performance in a university in KwaZulu-Natal. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 1-11.
Mohammed, A. I., Mohammed, Z. F., & Mohammad, H. A. (2022). The effect of compensation management on employee performance: an empirical study in North Gas Company. World Bulletin of Management and Law, 7, 59-70.
Musah, S., Xinying, J., & Korankye, B. (2020). Exploring the Impact of Compensation on Performance of Employees: A Case Study of AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi, Ghana. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 5(4), 216-225.
Mwosi, F., Eton, M., Olupot, S. P., & Ogwel, B. P. (2024). Employee retention and organizational performance in Kabale District Local Government, Uganda. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(1), 1-12.
Nayoan, S., Aurel AS, G., Caleen, E., Hartanto, D., Freshka Z, W., & Pratminingsih, S. A. (2021). The effects of workload, incentives and motivation on Gojek driver job satisfaction in Bandung City.
Novakovic, R. (2024). 9 Employee Bonus Ideas and How to Use Them Effectively.
Nson, Y. D. (2024). Sustainability of the society through green human resources management practices: A proposed model. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 43-59.
Obikwelu, C. L., & Nwasor, V. C. (2017). Perceived influence of remuneration on teacher motivation in Anambra state secondary schools. Journal of the Nigerian Academy of Education Vol, 13(1), 147.
Ohide, A. D. F., & Mbogo, R. W. (2017). Impact of working conditions on teacher’s job satisfaction and performance in the private primary schools in Yei Town, South Sudan. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies, 8(1), 122-129.
Onuorah, A.N., & Nwene, A. N. (2019). Reward management and employee performance in selected local governments in Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Management Fields, 3(6), 1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.rmf.v3i6.01.
Onuzulike, N., Okafor, N., & Nwankwo, C. (2022). PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATION ON EMPLOYEES’PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 1-12.
Owota, F., & Elliot, S. (2022). Conditions of service and employees’ job performance among civil servants in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 10(2), 79-88.
Pervin, M. T., & Zohora, F. T. (2023). The impact of training and development facilities on job commitment among entry-level employees: Bangladeshi RMG perspectives. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 5(1), 49-60.
Phina, O. N., Patrick, O. A., & Nwabuike, C. (2022). Emotional Resilience and Employee Performance of Commercial Banks in South-East Nigeria. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(2), 105-115.
Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2017). Employee performance at workplace: Conceptual model and empirical validation. Business perspectives and research, 5(1), 69-85.
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of applied psychology, 85(4), 612.
Rodrigues, F. (2024). Health Insurance - Meaning & Definition. Extracted from https://www.hdfclife.com/insurance-knowledge-centre/about-life-insurance/health-insurance-meaning-and-types on March 24th, 2024.
Saraih, U. N., Mariadass, R. J., Abashah, A., & Mutalib, S. A. (2021). Employee performance in the perspectives of training, reward and motivation: Evidences from the Malaysian manufacturing company. Paper presented at the AIP conference proceedings.
Scholar, A. (2021). Effect of Irregular Payment of Emolument on Performance of Non-academic Staff in Tertiary Institutions of Borno State, Nigeria 1Kyari Zanna Sunoma; 2Ayuba Alhaji Aminu; & 3Musa Adamu.
Söderbom, M., & Teal, F. (2002). The performance of Nigerian manufacturing firms: report on the Nigerian manufacturing enterprise survey 2001: Centre for the Study of African Economies Oxford.
Team, P. (2024). How employee health and productivity are connected. Retrieved from https://www.percihealth.com/articles/employee-health-productivity.
THISDAYLIVE (2022). 24bn Life Insurance Cover for Public Servants for 2022/23. Retrieved on August 24, 2024 from https://www.thisdaylive.com › index.php › 2022/12/14
Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational review, 73(1), 71-97.
Udodiugwu, M. I. (2024). Management of stress among state universities’ lecturers for improved performance: A quantitative approach. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 61-77.
Uzoigwe, C. (1997). Retirement management without tears: Creating more retirement awareness. Owerri: Esther Thompson Publishing Company.
Yamin, M. N. (2019). Position promotion and employee performance in the regional secretariat of Makassar city. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Administrasi Publik, 9(2), 327-334.
Zirra, C. T. O., Mambula, C., & Anyatonwu, P. (2019). Impact of fringe benefits on employee performance: A study of Nasco Group, Jos Plateau State. International journal of education and social science, 6(1), 25-33.
Zulkiflee, A., Syafiq, A., Halimi, M., Reza, M., & Dzarr, A. (2021). Fringe Benefit and Job Satisfaction in SME: An Empirical Experience among SMES in Selangor. Journal of Islamic, Social, Economics and Development, 6(6), 277-290.
- Abdulmumini, A. (2021). Impact of promotion on academic staff development in the State higher educational institutions of Borno State. Public Policy, 4(1).
- Abrigo, J. N. F., Abrogena, A. A. A., Alcantara, D. R. E., De Gracia, N. A. V., Juliano, A. C., & Ador, Z. I. (2024). A narrative research of experiences of STEM teachers pursuing doctoral degree. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 4(3), 153-168.
- Adula, M., Kant, S., & Birbirsa, Z. A. (2022). Systematic Literature Review on Human Resource Management Effect on Organization Performance. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(2), 131-146.
- Agbo, U. M., & Okeoma, E. M. (2022). IMPACT OF FRINGE BENEFIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WORKERS IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF TOP RANK HOTELS AND NIKE LAKES RESORT HOTEL ENUGU. JOURNAL OF EMERGING TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 4(1), 322-339.
- Ameliah, A. D., & Jatnika, R. (2024). Descriptive Study of College Student’s Career Adaptability with An Internship Experience. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 1-11.
- Beede Emerole, D. O., & Ogbu Edeh PhD, F. (2017). The effect of compensation on employee performance in Nigeria civil service: A study of Rivers State board of internal revenue service. Journal of Strategic Human Resource Management, 6(2).
- Campbell, J. Y. (2016). Restoring rational choice: The challenge of consumer financial regulation. American Economic Review, 106(5), 1-30.
- Corsini, L., & Spataro, L. (2013). Savings for retirement under liquidity constraints: A note. Economics Letters, 118(2), 258-261.
- Dashwep, C. J. (2021). Promoting Motivation For Employee Performance: A Case of Nigeria Public Sector. The Open University of Tanzania.
- Dugguh, S., & Iliya, A. (2018). Effect of retirement plans on employee performance in private sector organisations In Nigeria: A study of ashaka cement plc, gombe. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 7(1), 20-27.
- Egbewole, I. K., Olusesi, L. D., & Abdulazeez, A. O. (2021). Compensation Management And Employees’ Job Satisfaction Among Staff Of Central Bank Of Nigeria, Lagos. Annals of Spiru Haret University, Economic Series, 21(1), 95-109.
- Ekwochi, E., Nwudugbo, P., & Okoene, C. (2018). The impact of fringe benefits on employee? s job performance in United Bank of Africa (Uba) Plc. IAA Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1), 34-62.
- Emmanuel, O. O. (2021). The dynamics of work environment and its impact on organizational objectives. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 1(2), 145-158.
- Fabusoro, E., Awotunde, J. A., Sodiya, C., & Alarima, C. (2008). Status of job motivation and job performance of field level extension agents in Ogun State: implications for agricultural development. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 14(2), 139-152.
- Fapohunda, T. (2013). The pension system and retirement planning in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 25-34.
- Haryono, S., Supardi, S., & Udin, U. (2020). The effect of training and job promotion on work motivation and its implications on job performance: Evidence from Indonesia. Management Science Letters, 10(9), 2107-2112.
- Ichdan, D. A. (2024). Analysis of employee performance through productivity: The role of kaizen culture, motivation, and work discipline in the manufacturing industry. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 13-28.
- Ileka, N., & Muogbo, U. (2020). Wages and salary administration and employee performance in selected government ministries in Anambra State. International Journal of Innovative Development and Policy Studies, 8(1), 70-80.
- Johnt, M., Dieli, O., Mac-Ozigbo, A., Ngige, C., & Muojekpe, J. (2022). COMPENSATION ADMINISTRATION AND PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA: AN EXPLORATION OF ISSUES. 3, 2021.
- Kalia, N., & Bhardwaj, B. (2019). Contextual and task performance: do demographic and organizational variables matter? Rajagiri Management Journal, 13(2), 30-42.
- Kennedy, P. S. J., Tobing, S. J. L., & Toruan, R. L. (2022). Marketing strategy with marketing mix for Lake Toba tourism destination. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship (JoSTE), 3(3), 157-174.
- Madhani, P. M. (2020). Effective rewards and recognition strategy: Enhancing employee engagement, customer retention and company performance. The Journal of Total Rewards, 29(2), 39-48.
- Mba, A. (2021). Work Environment and Employee Performance in the Public Service: A Study of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria. ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA (December 4, 2021).
- Mbukwana, V. L., & Ayandibu, A. O. (2023). Impact of performance incentives on employees' performance in a university in KwaZulu-Natal. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 1-11.
- Mohammed, A. I., Mohammed, Z. F., & Mohammad, H. A. (2022). The effect of compensation management on employee performance: an empirical study in North Gas Company. World Bulletin of Management and Law, 7, 59-70.
- Musah, S., Xinying, J., & Korankye, B. (2020). Exploring the Impact of Compensation on Performance of Employees: A Case Study of AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi, Ghana. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 5(4), 216-225.
- Mwosi, F., Eton, M., Olupot, S. P., & Ogwel, B. P. (2024). Employee retention and organizational performance in Kabale District Local Government, Uganda. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(1), 1-12.
- Nayoan, S., Aurel AS, G., Caleen, E., Hartanto, D., Freshka Z, W., & Pratminingsih, S. A. (2021). The effects of workload, incentives and motivation on Gojek driver job satisfaction in Bandung City.
- Novakovic, R. (2024). 9 Employee Bonus Ideas and How to Use Them Effectively.
- Nson, Y. D. (2024). Sustainability of the society through green human resources management practices: A proposed model. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 43-59.
- Obikwelu, C. L., & Nwasor, V. C. (2017). Perceived influence of remuneration on teacher motivation in Anambra state secondary schools. Journal of the Nigerian Academy of Education Vol, 13(1), 147.
- Ohide, A. D. F., & Mbogo, R. W. (2017). Impact of working conditions on teacher’s job satisfaction and performance in the private primary schools in Yei Town, South Sudan. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies, 8(1), 122-129.
- Onuorah, A.N., & Nwene, A. N. (2019). Reward management and employee performance in selected local governments in Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Management Fields, 3(6), 1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.26808/rs.rmf.v3i6.01.
- Onuzulike, N., Okafor, N., & Nwankwo, C. (2022). PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATION ON EMPLOYEES’PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 4(1), 1-12.
- Owota, F., & Elliot, S. (2022). Conditions of service and employees’ job performance among civil servants in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 10(2), 79-88.
- Pervin, M. T., & Zohora, F. T. (2023). The impact of training and development facilities on job commitment among entry-level employees: Bangladeshi RMG perspectives. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 5(1), 49-60.
- Phina, O. N., Patrick, O. A., & Nwabuike, C. (2022). Emotional Resilience and Employee Performance of Commercial Banks in South-East Nigeria. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 2(2), 105-115.
- Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2017). Employee performance at workplace: Conceptual model and empirical validation. Business perspectives and research, 5(1), 69-85.
- Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of applied psychology, 85(4), 612.
- Rodrigues, F. (2024). Health Insurance - Meaning & Definition. Extracted from https://www.hdfclife.com/insurance-knowledge-centre/about-life-insurance/health-insurance-meaning-and-types on March 24th, 2024.
- Saraih, U. N., Mariadass, R. J., Abashah, A., & Mutalib, S. A. (2021). Employee performance in the perspectives of training, reward and motivation: Evidences from the Malaysian manufacturing company. Paper presented at the AIP conference proceedings.
- Scholar, A. (2021). Effect of Irregular Payment of Emolument on Performance of Non-academic Staff in Tertiary Institutions of Borno State, Nigeria 1Kyari Zanna Sunoma; 2Ayuba Alhaji Aminu; & 3Musa Adamu.
- Söderbom, M., & Teal, F. (2002). The performance of Nigerian manufacturing firms: report on the Nigerian manufacturing enterprise survey 2001: Centre for the Study of African Economies Oxford.
- Team, P. (2024). How employee health and productivity are connected. Retrieved from https://www.percihealth.com/articles/employee-health-productivity.
- THISDAYLIVE (2022). 24bn Life Insurance Cover for Public Servants for 2022/23. Retrieved on August 24, 2024 from https://www.thisdaylive.com › index.php › 2022/12/14
- Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational review, 73(1), 71-97.
- Udodiugwu, M. I. (2024). Management of stress among state universities’ lecturers for improved performance: A quantitative approach. Annals of Human Resource Management Research, 4(1), 61-77.
- Uzoigwe, C. (1997). Retirement management without tears: Creating more retirement awareness. Owerri: Esther Thompson Publishing Company.
- Yamin, M. N. (2019). Position promotion and employee performance in the regional secretariat of Makassar city. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Administrasi Publik, 9(2), 327-334.
- Zirra, C. T. O., Mambula, C., & Anyatonwu, P. (2019). Impact of fringe benefits on employee performance: A study of Nasco Group, Jos Plateau State. International journal of education and social science, 6(1), 25-33.
- Zulkiflee, A., Syafiq, A., Halimi, M., Reza, M., & Dzarr, A. (2021). Fringe Benefit and Job Satisfaction in SME: An Empirical Experience among SMES in Selangor. Journal of Islamic, Social, Economics and Development, 6(6), 277-290.