Purpose: This Study aims to analyze the internal control system in the expenditure cycle and revenue cycle at PT HM Batarai's gas stations and provide recommendations to improve the effectiveness of its internal control system. Methodology/approach: The method used is a descriptive qualitative with a case study approach at the PT HM Batarai’s gas station. The primary and secondary data were validated using triangulation by observing gas station activities, conducting interviews with company management, and analyzing company documents. Results/findings: The results show that the internal control system of PT HM Batarai is ineffective due to the absence of supporting documents such as company regulations and integrity pacts, the lack of a risk management function, the absence of written processes and policies regarding company activities, and the lack of evaluation conducted on the internal control system. Limitations: This study is limited to evaluating the internal control system in the revenue and expenditure cycles implemented by PT HM Batarai using the COSO 2013 conceptual framework. Contribution: This study can serve as an evaluation resource for the management of PT HM Batarai, enabling them to enhance the effectiveness of the company's internal control system. Novelty: This study used a case study at a gas station, a critical business unit in the energy sector that heavily relies on cash, but this has yet to be discussed much. Keywords: Internal Control, Gas Station, Revenue Cycle, Expenditure Cycle

Purpose: This paper presents an accurate estimation and forecasting of gasoline consumption. This is vital for the policy and decision-making process in the energy sector. Method: A hybrid data-driven model based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) approach was developed for optimum estimation and forecasting of gasoline consumption. The proposed hybrid ARIMA-ANN approach considers six lagged variables and one forecasted value provided by the ARIMA process. The ANN trains and tests data with a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) approach, which has the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). To show the applicability and superiority of the proposed hybrid approach, daily available data were collected for 7 years (2015–2021) in Iran. Results: The acquired results show a high accuracy of about 94.27%  using the proposed hybrid ARIMA-ANN method. The results of the proposed model are compared with respect to the regression models and the ARIMA process. Conclusions: Analyzing consumption patterns can provide insights into consumer behavior, enabling NIORDC to tailor its services and marketing strategies more effectively. Limitations: Eliminating subsidies from gasoline prices has led to the appearance of noisy data in gasoline consumption in Iran's National Oil Refining and Distribution Company.   Contribution: The outcome of this paper justifies the capability of the proposed hybrid ARIMA-ANN approach in accurate forecasting of gasoline consumption.

Purpose: The study examined the effect of board composition on the risk management of listed commercial banks in Nigeria. The specific objective was to determine the effect of board size, board independence, and board gender diversity on the non-performing loan ratio (NPLR). Method: Ex-post facto research design was chosen for the study. The population of the study comprised all the 13 listed commercial banks in Nigeria. A census sampling approach was used to include all the population elements into the sample. Secondary data was collected from the annual audited reports of the banks covering 2013 to 2023. Aside from descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, Pesaran Cross-sectional Dependence test, and Panel Heteroskedasticity tests were used to assess the validity of the regression model. Panel Estimated Generalized Least Squares was used to test the hypotheses. Results: Board size has a significant positive effect on NPLR (? = 0.003935; p-value = 0.0000); board independence has a significant positive effect on NPLR (? = 0.121012; p-value = 0.0000); board gender diversity has a significant negative effect on NPLR (? = -0.102780; p-value = 0.0000). Conclusions: In conclusion, a well-composed board ensures that banks are resilient to financial shocks while safeguarding the interests of shareholders, customers, and the broader economy. Limitations: The aspects of board composition covered were limited to board size, board independence, and board gender diversity, but did not cover board final literacy and board risk committee.   Contribution: Thus, the study recommends that listed commercial banks in Nigeria should have a board size that balances adequate expertise and diversity with the ability to make effective decisions in order to ensure that boards reduce bureaucratic delays in risk management.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to address the capabilities possessed by individuals to encourage entrepreneurial orientation towards business performance in turbulent environments, which involves marketing capability and adaptive capability. Method: This study employed a qualitative research design that uses secondary data derived from previous studies that have theoretical relevance. Results: The results of the analysis revealed that improving business performance needs to be supported by individual capabilities such as entrepreneurial orientation, marketing capabilities, and adaptive capabilities in turbulent environments. It is believed that entrepreneurial orientation is a strategy that is still relevant to be used to encourage business performance either directly or supported by marketing capabilities and adaptive capabilities. Conclusions: It can be concluded that entrepreneurial orientation, marketing capability, and adaptive capability are important factors in improving business performance. Limitations: This research is still a conceptual paper. This causes this research to be suboptimal because there is no data being optimized to support this research. Therefore, this study only obtained data from previous research.    Contribution: This study contributes to a more comprehensive knowledge of how entrepreneurial orientation, marketing capabilities, and adaptive capabilities together influence business performance. It provides practical assistance to business actors and policymakers while providing a foundation for future academic research.

Purpose: This study examines the impact of board composition on the humanistic management performance of Zimbabwean State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). This study examines four essential factors of board composition–board diversity, board tenure, board size, and board committees—to determine their influence on governance and performance in SOEs. Methods: A descriptive research design with an interpretative qualitative approach was adopted. Data were collected from Zimbabwe General Auditor Reports (2016-2022) and semi-structured interviews with 20 SOE directors. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and develop insights into the relationship between board composition and humanistic management performance. Results: The findings revealed that political interference, inadequate board evaluation, and the appointment of unqualified directors negatively affect board composition, limiting SOEs' ability to achieve humanistic management outcomes. Despite the existence of governance frameworks, these challenges hinder effective decision-making, transparency, and strategic alignment with humanistic management principles. Conclusions: The study concludes that board size does not affect the humanistic management performance of the board. Limitations: The study is limited to Zimbabwean SOEs, which may affect the generalizability of the findings to other developing economies. Additionally, reliance on qualitative methods introduces the possibility of subjective biases despite rigorous thematic analysis.    Contribution: This study recommends that Parliament Portfolio Committees strengthen their oversight role in board appointments to enhance governance and performance. It also advocates adopting a Humanistic Governance Framework to improve transparency, accountability, and efficiency while reducing corruption in Zimbabwean SOEs.