Purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of Social Media Marketing Activities (SMMA) in enhancing brand loyalty at PT. Mumpuni Inti Mandiri. It evaluates customer perceptions of SMMA, self-brand connection, brand equity, brand trust, and their influence on brand loyalty. Method: A quantitative positivist approach was applied. Data were gathered through online surveys targeting PT customers. Mumpuni Inti Mandiri. Structural equation Modelling (SEM) using Partial Least Squares (PLS) via SmartPLS 3.2.6 was employed to analyze the data. Validity and reliability tests ensured the accuracy of the instruments. The hypotheses were tested using one-tailed T-statistics. Results: The results show that Customer perceptions of SMMA, self-brand connection, brand equity, brand trust, and brand loyalty were in the high category. SMMA significantly influences self-brand connection, brand equity, and brand trust. Moreover, brand loyalty is affected both directly and indirectly by these mediators. This implies that PT. Mumpuni Inti Mandiri’s social media strategies are effective in fostering emotional connection, consumer trust, and long-term loyalty. Conclusions: SMMA plays a vital role in building brand loyalty by enhancing brand-related psychological factors. Integrated social media marketing efforts have proven to be valuable in creating strong brand-consumer relationships. Limitations: The study’s scope was limited to one company and used self-reported survey data, which may affect generalizability. Contribution and Novelty: This study introduces an integrated model that connects SMMA with brand loyalty through emotional and cognitive pathways, offering insights into effective digital branding strategies in emerging markets.

Purpose: The author would like to thank all researchers and institutions whose empirical studies and theoretical contributions have shaped our understanding of the determinants of FDI in developing countries. We also appreciate the academic databases and journal publishers for providing open access to critical literature. Research methodology: This study uses a qualitative analytical approach based on an extensive review of 40 peer-reviewed articles (2020–2024) on foreign direct investment (FDI), emphasizing the OLI paradigm and Knowledge-Capital Model. Through thematic analysis, it identifies key determinants market size, institutional quality, and infrastructure revealing regional and sectoral variations. Results: The OLI paradigm highlights key FDI determinants, emphasizing market size, GDP growth, and skilled labor as major attractors. While low labor costs drive manufacturing FDI, high-tech sectors favor productivity and innovation. Tax incentives, resources, and strong intellectual property rights also influence investment, depending on institutional and regulatory quality. Conclusions: In developing countries, the determinants of FDI have shifted from a reliance on natural resources and low-skilled labor to a greater emphasis on skilled labor, digital infrastructure, and institutional quality. To attract high-value FDI, scholars emphasize the need for a balanced strategy that includes improving the education system, advancing digital readiness, and fostering innovation ecosystems. Limitations: This study is limited by its reliance on secondary data and qualitative analysis, which may not fully capture the dynamic, country-specific investment behaviors. Contribution: This study contributes to the FDI literature by synthesizing recent empirical findings to highlight the evolving importance of institutional quality, digital infrastructure, and human capital in developing countries.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze financial management in the implementation of development in Minabua Village, Mimika Regency. The main focus is to evaluate the planning, implementation, and reporting of the village budget in line with the principles of transparency, accountability, participation, and effectiveness. Monitoring and evaluation of village funds are essential instruments for improving community welfare, with good financial management as a prerequisite for realizing sustainable village development. Methodology: A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using surveys, observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The informants included village officials and community leaders. Data were analyzed through reduction, presentation and conclusion drawing. Results: The findings indicate that financial management in the Minabua Village has shown progress. Planning has involved community participation through village deliberations but has not fully addressed the priority needs. Implementation demonstrates accountability and transparency; however, community participation remains limited. Reporting and accountability are constrained by the lack of technical capacity of village officials. Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation conducted by regional authorities are weak and largely administrative in nature. Conclusions: Although transparency and accountability in financial management are relatively strong, shortcomings in community participation and technical reporting hinder effective implementation. Stronger monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are required. Limitations: This study was limited to a single village and may not represent broader practices across Mimika Regency or Papua. Contribution: This study provides empirical insights into village financial management, offering policy-relevant recommendations to strengthen transparency, participation, and evaluation as foundations for improved village development outcomes.