Purpose: This study aims to analyze the legal framework regulating the role of notaries in drafting and ratifying deeds of amendment to the Articles of Association of a Limited Liability Company (PT), to examine the implementation of this role from the perspective of legal certainty for shareholders, and to identify obstacles along with their legal solutions. Methodology: This study applies normative and empirical juridical methods through a statute and socio-legal approach. Data were gathered from literature and field research, including interviews with notaries and stakeholders, and qualitatively analyzed using theories of positive law, legal system, and legal certainty. Results: The findings indicate that the notary’s role in amendments to articles of association is legally regulated under UUJN, UUPT, and related implementing regulations. However, practical challenges remain, such as nonconformity of deeds with regulations, technical barriers in the SABH system, and insufficient transparency and participation of shareholders. Conclusion: Although the regulatory framework governing notarial authority is comprehensive, its implementation still encounters juridical, administrative, and substantive obstacles. This undermines the assurance of legal certainty for shareholders and highlights the need for reform in practice. Limitation: The study is limited by its reliance on qualitative interviews with selected notaries and stakeholders in specific regions, which may not fully represent diverse practices nationwide. Contribution: This research contributes to the development of corporate law by providing insights into harmonizing regulations, strengthening notarial capacity through training and legal technology, and promoting shareholder legal literacy to enhance legal certainty and minimize disputes.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the legal arrangements, implementation, as well as obstacles and solutions in cooperation agreements for the establishment of health clinics at PT Melaka Medives Cakra in Batam City. The focus lies on aspects of legal certainty and the protection of parties involved. The research uses a combination of normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches. Method: Data were collected through the study of laws and regulations, legal literature, and primary sources, including interviews with stakeholders and field observations. The analysis is based on positive law theory, Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory, and Sudikno Mertokusumo’s legal certainty theory. Result: Although the cooperation agreement was legally valid as an authentic deed, issues such as vague clauses, differing interpretations, and administrative barriers arose. Through addenda, legal support, and stronger dispute resolution clauses, the parties maintained stability and ensured fair legal protection. Conclusion: The study concludes that clarity in contract drafting, early involvement of legal assistance, and simplified licensing procedures are crucial for ensuring legal certainty and sustainable cooperation in the health care sector. Limitation: This research is limited to a single case study in Batam City, thus its findings may not fully represent similar cooperation agreements in other regions or health sectors. Contribution: The study contributes by providing practical insights into strengthening legal certainty in health sector cooperation agreements. It offers recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders to foster a legal ecosystem that supports sustainable collaboration and equitable protection of rights.

Purpose: This study analyzes the legal protection of creditors regarding the validity of the Power of Attorney to Encumber Mortgage Rights (Surat Kuasa Membebankan Hak Tanggungan/SKMHT) made before a Notary. It specifically examines differences in SKMHT formats between Notaries and Land Deed Officials (PPAT) and their implications for creditor protection and integration with land registration systems. Methodology: A descriptive juridical-sociological approach was employed, combining normative legal analysis with empirical research. Data collection involved statutory and literature reviews as well as field research, including interviews with notaries, PPATs, and land office officials. Results: The study reveals that creditor protection in Indonesia remains fragmented under several legal instruments such as the Civil Code, Mortgage Law, Banking Law, and Notary Law. Land offices generally require SKMHTs to comply with formats issued by the Head of the National Land Agency for integration with the electronic mortgage system (HT-el), creating challenges for SKMHTs drafted by Notaries. Conclusion: The research concludes that harmonization between the Notary Law and agrarian laws is essential to ensure uniform recognition of SKMHTs across institutions, thereby strengthening legal certainty for creditors and improving the effectiveness of the electronic mortgage registration system. Limitation: The study is limited to SKMHT implementation in Indonesia and does not include a comparative assessment with other jurisdictions. Contribution: This research contributes by identifying regulatory gaps and offering harmonization measures to reinforce creditor protection, improve procedural uniformity, and support the effective operation of the electronic mortgage registration framework.