Purpose: This study aims to analyze the legal framework regulating the role of notaries in drafting and ratifying deeds of amendment to the Articles of Association of a Limited Liability Company (PT), to examine the implementation of this role from the perspective of legal certainty for shareholders, and to identify obstacles along with their legal solutions. Methodology: This study applies normative and empirical juridical methods through a statute and socio-legal approach. Data were gathered from literature and field research, including interviews with notaries and stakeholders, and qualitatively analyzed using theories of positive law, legal system, and legal certainty. Results: The findings indicate that the notary’s role in amendments to articles of association is legally regulated under UUJN, UUPT, and related implementing regulations. However, practical challenges remain, such as nonconformity of deeds with regulations, technical barriers in the SABH system, and insufficient transparency and participation of shareholders. Conclusion: Although the regulatory framework governing notarial authority is comprehensive, its implementation still encounters juridical, administrative, and substantive obstacles. This undermines the assurance of legal certainty for shareholders and highlights the need for reform in practice. Limitation: The study is limited by its reliance on qualitative interviews with selected notaries and stakeholders in specific regions, which may not fully represent diverse practices nationwide. Contribution: This research contributes to the development of corporate law by providing insights into harmonizing regulations, strengthening notarial capacity through training and legal technology, and promoting shareholder legal literacy to enhance legal certainty and minimize disputes.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the legal arrangements, implementation, as well as obstacles and solutions in cooperation agreements for the establishment of health clinics at PT Melaka Medives Cakra in Batam City. The focus lies on aspects of legal certainty and the protection of parties involved. The research uses a combination of normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches. Method: Data were collected through the study of laws and regulations, legal literature, and primary sources, including interviews with stakeholders and field observations. The analysis is based on positive law theory, Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory, and Sudikno Mertokusumo’s legal certainty theory. Result: Although the cooperation agreement was legally valid as an authentic deed, issues such as vague clauses, differing interpretations, and administrative barriers arose. Through addenda, legal support, and stronger dispute resolution clauses, the parties maintained stability and ensured fair legal protection. Conclusion: The study concludes that clarity in contract drafting, early involvement of legal assistance, and simplified licensing procedures are crucial for ensuring legal certainty and sustainable cooperation in the health care sector. Limitation: This research is limited to a single case study in Batam City, thus its findings may not fully represent similar cooperation agreements in other regions or health sectors. Contribution: The study contributes by providing practical insights into strengthening legal certainty in health sector cooperation agreements. It offers recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders to foster a legal ecosystem that supports sustainable collaboration and equitable protection of rights.

Purpose: This study analyzes the legal protection of creditors regarding the validity of the Power of Attorney to Encumber Mortgage Rights (Surat Kuasa Membebankan Hak Tanggungan/SKMHT) made before a Notary. It specifically examines differences in SKMHT formats between Notaries and Land Deed Officials (PPAT) and their implications for creditor protection and integration with land registration systems. Methodology: A descriptive juridical-sociological approach was employed, combining normative legal analysis with empirical research. Data collection involved statutory and literature reviews as well as field research, including interviews with notaries, PPATs, and land office officials. Results: The study reveals that creditor protection in Indonesia remains fragmented under several legal instruments such as the Civil Code, Mortgage Law, Banking Law, and Notary Law. Land offices generally require SKMHTs to comply with formats issued by the Head of the National Land Agency for integration with the electronic mortgage system (HT-el), creating challenges for SKMHTs drafted by Notaries. Conclusion: The research concludes that harmonization between the Notary Law and agrarian laws is essential to ensure uniform recognition of SKMHTs across institutions, thereby strengthening legal certainty for creditors and improving the effectiveness of the electronic mortgage registration system. Limitation: The study is limited to SKMHT implementation in Indonesia and does not include a comparative assessment with other jurisdictions. Contribution: This research contributes by identifying regulatory gaps and offering harmonization measures to reinforce creditor protection, improve procedural uniformity, and support the effective operation of the electronic mortgage registration framework.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the legal arrangements governing the Notary code of ethics in Indonesia, particularly in Tanjungpinang City, examine its practical application in cases of office violations, and identify the obstacles and solutions in enforcing professional discipline. Methodology: The study applies normative and empirical juridical approaches, using legal reviews of the Notary Position Law and INI Code of Ethics, supported by interviews, documentation, and field observations of supervisory practices by the Regional Supervisory Assembly and the INI Honor Council in Tanjungpinang City. Results: The study finds that although notarial ethical regulations are comprehensive, practical enforcement remains inconsistent due to persistent violations, low ethical awareness, weak coordination, and limited public legal literacy. Conclusions: The enforcement of the notarial code of ethics in Tanjungpinang City is still suboptimal despite sufficient normative frameworks. Effective enforcement requires strengthening institutional coordination, raising public awareness, and conducting periodic evaluations of ethical regulations. Limitations: This research is geographically limited to Tanjungpinang City and primarily focuses on current supervisory mechanisms. Broader comparative studies across different regions could provide deeper insights into systemic issues in notarial supervision. Contribution: The study contributes to the discourse on professional accountability in the notarial field by highlighting the gap between normative regulation and empirical practice. It also provides recommendations for improving institutional oversight and public legal awareness, thereby enhancing legal certainty and professional integrity in notarial services.

Purpose: This study explores the historical significance of the senatorial inspection led by Count K.K. Palen in Turkestan during 1908–1909. It aims to understand the political, economic, and cultural dynamics of the region under Russian colonial rule and assess how these reports shaped historiography on early 20th-century Central Asia. Research methodology: The research applies a qualitative historical approach through textual and historiographical analysis of Palen’s inspection reports, official records, and contemporary publications. Comparative evaluation was conducted to interpret the collected data in the context of colonial administration and regional transformation. Results: The findings reveal that the inspection exposed widespread corruption and maladministration while simultaneously producing reliable empirical data, including the only comprehensive household survey of dehkan farms in Turkestan before 1917. The reports provide valuable insights into land use, governance structures, and socio-economic changes driven by Russia’s expansionist policies. Conclusions: Palen’s reports serve as a fundamental source for reconstructing the realities of colonial Turkestan. They illustrate the duality of Russia’s civilizing mission and the exploitation of resources, offering both critical evidence of systemic flaws and documentation of modernization processes. Limitations: The inspection materials, while rich, reflect the perspectives of Russian officials and may underrepresent indigenous voices and experiences. Contribution: This study contributes to Central Asian historiography by positioning Palen’s inspection as a unique and comprehensive documentary source for analyzing governance, economic practices, and colonial discourse.