Cyberbullying among University Students: A Study on Bangladeshi Universities

https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i2.1263
Published: Feb 3, 2023

Abstract:

Purpose: The study aimed to disclose the factors which directly and/or indirectly influence cyberbullying among university students and to find solutions and/or provide suggestions about overcoming cyberbullying among university students.

Methodology: The study's goal is to identify the factors that influence cyberbullying among university students. The research team collected 202 data points through a seven-point Likert scale questionnaire. A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. The sampling method was probability. The descriptive statistics analysis, reliability testing, and regression analysis were all carried out using the SPSS 26.0 Version.

Results: All of the independent variables, including social influences, use of social media, internet addiction, social anxiety, and trait anger, have a positive impact on cyberbullying.

Limitations: The study used only five variables and focused on Bangladeshi university students as a sample.

Contribution: This research will help to understand cyberbullying and raise awareness about it among students, authorities, the government, and other interested parties, as well as provide recommendations to students on how to stay safe online and prevent cyberbullying among them.

Keywords:
1. Cyberbullying
2. University Students
3. Bangladesh
4. Internet
5. Technology
Authors:
Md Kawshar Jahan Fakir
MBA Student, Department of Marketing, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh
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Fakir, M. K. J. (2023). Cyberbullying among University Students: A Study on Bangladeshi Universities. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 3(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v3i2.1263
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Issue & Section
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): February
Articles
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References

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    Agnew, R. (2017). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency Recent Developments in Criminological Theory (pp. 311-354): Routledge.

    Ak, ?., Özdemir, Y., & Kuzucu, Y. (2015). Cybervictimization and cyberbullying: The mediating role of anger, don’t anger me! Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 437-443.

    Akcan, G., & Öztürk, E. (2017). The investigation of predictors of cyberbullying and cyber victimization in university students.

    Akiba, M. (2004). Nature and correlates of Ijime—Bullying in Japanese middle school. International Journal of Educational Research, 41(3), 216-236.

    Al-Rahmi, W. M., Yahaya, N., Alamri, M. M., Aljarboa, N. A., Kamin, Y. B., & Moafa, F. A. (2018). A model of factors affecting cyber bullying behaviors among university students. IEEE Access, 7, 2978-2985.

    Baeshen, Y., Al-Karaghouli, W., & Ghoneim, A. (2017). Investigating the effect of website quality on eWOM and customer purchase decision: Third parties hotel websites. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning.

    Barlett, C. P. (2017). From theory to practice: Cyberbullying theory and its application to intervention. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 269-275.

    Bastiaensens, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016). From normative influence to social pressure: How relevant others affect whether bystanders join in cyberbullying. Social Development, 25(1), 193-211.

    Belsey, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: A real and growing threat. ATA Magazine, 88(1), 14-21.

    Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of educational computing research, 32(3), 265.

    Bowles, T. V. (2017). The focus of intervention for adolescent social anxiety: Communication skills or self-esteem. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 5(1), 14-25.

    Choi, Y. (2018). A Study on the Prevention of Cyberbullying in Workplaces. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 9(1), 18-26.

    Chowdhury, F. (2020). Bullying of Students in Academic Institutions: A Qualitative Study. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 9(2), 122-132.

    Cochran, J. K. (2017). The effects of life domains, constraints, and motivations on academic dishonesty: A partial test and extension of Agnew’s general theory. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 61(11), 1288-1308.

    Eksi, F. (2012). Examination of Narcissistic Personality Traits' Predicting Level of Internet Addiction and Cyber Bullying through Path Analysis. Educational sciences: theory and practice, 12(3), 1694-1706.

    Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2019). The longitudinal association between poor sleep quality and cyberbullying, mediated by anger. Health communication, 34(5), 560-566.

    Espelage, D. L., RAO, I. A., & Craven, R. G. (2012). Theories of cyberbullying Principles of cyberbullying research (pp. 77-95): Routledge.

    Fakir, M. K. J., & Miah, M. R. (2021). Factors Influencing E-WOMs in Restaurant Business: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 17-36.

    Festl, R., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2013). Peer influence, internet use and cyberbullying: A comparison of different context effects among German adolescents. Journal of Children and Media, 7(4), 446-462.

    Garett, R., Lord, L. R., & Young, S. D. (2016). Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature. mhealth, 2.

    Giumetti, G. W., Kowalski, R. M., & Feinn, R. S. (2022). Predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying among college students: A two wave study. Aggressive behavior, 48(1), 40-54.

    Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (2022). A general theory of crime A General Theory of Crime: Stanford University Press.

    Griffiths, M. (1998). Internet addiction: does it really exist?

    Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2013). Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42(5), 711-722.

    Hossain, M. A., & Yasmin, F. (2022). Emergency Online Teaching-Learning Model in the Context of Higher-Level Education due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(4), 327-341.

    Jacobs, N. C., Völlink, T., Dehue, F., & Lechner, L. (2014). Online Pestkoppenstoppen: systematic and theory-based development of a web-based tailored intervention for adolescent cyberbully victims to combat and prevent cyberbullying. BMC public health, 14(1), 1-16.

    Jaishankar, K. (2020). Cyber victimology: a new sub-discipline of the twenty-first century victimology An International Perspective on Contemporary Developments in Victimology (pp. 3-19): Springer.

    Kabiri, S., Shadmanfaat, S. M. S., Choi, J., & Yun, I. (2020). The impact of life domains on cyberbullying perpetration in Iran: a partial test of Agnew's general theory of crime. Journal of criminal justice, 66, 101633.

    Khaneghahi, S., Nasripour, F., & MahmoudZehi, M. A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between e-learning and mobile learning on students' academic self-handicapping during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 269-281.

    Kim, J., Song, H., & Jennings, W. G. (2017). A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 63(12), 1600-1625.

    Koyanagi, A., Oh, H., Carvalho, A. F., Smith, L., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., . . . DeVylder, J. E. (2019). Bullying victimization and suicide attempt among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 48 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(9), 907-918. e904.

    Kuo, N.-C., Wood, A., & Williams, K. (2021). Actualizing hope and joy in K-12 Curricula through Daisaku Ikeda’s human education. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(1), 19-34.

    Lee, Y. C., & Wu, W.-l. (2018). Factors in cyber bullying: The attitude-social influence-efficacy model. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 34(2), 324-331.

    Li, S., Zhang, D., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2020). Ostracism and aggression among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model of trait anger and forgiveness. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1703-1715.

    Lonigro, A., Schneider, B. H., Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., Pallini, S., & Brunner, T. (2015). Is cyberbullying related to trait or state anger? Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(3), 445-454.

    Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2015). How has internet addiction research evolved since the advent of internet gaming disorder? An overview of cyberaddictions from a psychological perspective. Current Addiction Reports, 2(3), 263-271.

    Lovegrove, P. J., Henry, K. L., & Slater, M. D. (2012). Examination of the predictors of latent class typologies of bullying involvement among middle school students. Journal of school violence, 11(1), 75-93.

    Moon, B., & Alarid, L. F. (2015). School bullying, low self-control, and opportunity. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(5), 839-856.

    Nasir, K. B., & Neger, M. (2022). Students’ attitude towards online education system: A comparative study between Public and Private Universities in Bangladesh. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(2), 167-183.

    Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European journal of psychology of education, 28(3), 725-745.

    Neves, J., & de Oliveira Pinheiro, L. (2010). Cyberbullying: A sociological approach. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 1(3), 24-34.

    Newey, K. A., & Magson, N. (2010). A Critical review of the current cyber bullying research: definitional, theoretical and methodological issues. Where do we go from here? Paper presented at the AARE Conference Proceedings: 2010.

    Ngo, F. T., Paternoster, R., Cullen, F. T., & Mackenzie, D. L. (2011). Life domains and crime: A test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Journal of criminal justice, 39(4), 302-311.

    Nwufo, J. I., & Nwoke, M. B. (2018). CYBER BULLYING IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS ON YOUTHS’PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING. Practicum Psychologia, 8(1).

    Olweus, D., & Breivik, K. (2014). Plight of victims of school bullying: The opposite of well-being. Handbook of child well-being, 2593-2616.

    Ortega Ruiz, R., Rey Alamillo, R. d., & Casas Bolaños, J. A. (2012). Knowing, building and living together on internet and social networks: The ConRed cyberbullying prevention program. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 302-312.

    Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2016). An investigation of short-term longitudinal associations between social anxiety and victimization and perpetration of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of youth and adolescence, 45(2), 328-339.

    Pendry, L. F., & Salvatore, J. (2015). Individual and social benefits of online discussion forums. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 211-220.

    Rahman, M., Hasan, M., Hossain, A., & Kabir, Z. (2021). Consequences of bullying on university students in Bangladesh. Management, 25(1).

    Schneider, S. K., O'donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American journal of public health, 102(1), 171-177.

    Stodt, B., Wegmann, E., & Brand, M. (2016). Predicting dysfunctional Internet use: The role of age, conscientiousness, and Internet literacy in Internet addiction and cyberbullying. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 6(4), 28-43.

    Tanrikulu, I., & Campbell, M. A. (2015). Sibling bullying perpetration: Associations with gender, grade, peer perpetration, trait anger, and moral disengagement. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(6), 1010-1024.

    Taprial, V., & Kanwar, P. (2012). Understanding social media: Bookboon.

    Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287.

    Venkatesh, V., & Brown, S. A. (2001). A longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: Adoption determinants and emerging challenges. MIS quarterly, 71-102.

    Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 425-478.

    Wang, X., Yang, L., Yang, J., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2017). Trait anger and cyberbullying among young adults: A moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and moral identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 519-526.

    Wei, H., Ding, H., Huang, F., & Zhu, L. (2022). Parents’ phubbing and cyberbullying perpetration among adolescents: The mediation of anxiety and the moderation of Zhong-Yong Thinking. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2609-2622.

    Whittaker, E., & Kowalski, R. M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of school violence, 14(1), 11-29.

    Yang, J., Li, W., Gao, L., & Wang, X. (2022). How is trait anger related to adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration? A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(9-10), NP6633-NP6654.

    Yasmin, F., & Hossain, M. A. (2021). How do smart devices control and changes the lifestyle habits of human being? A study in the context of Bangladesh. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(1), 85-100.

    Zhao, R., Zhou, A., & Mao, K. (2016). Automatic detection of cyberbullying on social networks based on bullying features. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 17th international conference on distributed computing and networking.

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  2. Agnew, R. (2017). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency Recent Developments in Criminological Theory (pp. 311-354): Routledge.
  3. Ak, ?., Özdemir, Y., & Kuzucu, Y. (2015). Cybervictimization and cyberbullying: The mediating role of anger, don’t anger me! Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 437-443.
  4. Akcan, G., & Öztürk, E. (2017). The investigation of predictors of cyberbullying and cyber victimization in university students.
  5. Akiba, M. (2004). Nature and correlates of Ijime—Bullying in Japanese middle school. International Journal of Educational Research, 41(3), 216-236.
  6. Al-Rahmi, W. M., Yahaya, N., Alamri, M. M., Aljarboa, N. A., Kamin, Y. B., & Moafa, F. A. (2018). A model of factors affecting cyber bullying behaviors among university students. IEEE Access, 7, 2978-2985.
  7. Baeshen, Y., Al-Karaghouli, W., & Ghoneim, A. (2017). Investigating the effect of website quality on eWOM and customer purchase decision: Third parties hotel websites. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning.
  8. Barlett, C. P. (2017). From theory to practice: Cyberbullying theory and its application to intervention. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 269-275.
  9. Bastiaensens, S., Pabian, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Van Cleemput, K., DeSmet, A., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2016). From normative influence to social pressure: How relevant others affect whether bystanders join in cyberbullying. Social Development, 25(1), 193-211.
  10. Belsey, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: A real and growing threat. ATA Magazine, 88(1), 14-21.
  11. Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of educational computing research, 32(3), 265.
  12. Bowles, T. V. (2017). The focus of intervention for adolescent social anxiety: Communication skills or self-esteem. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 5(1), 14-25.
  13. Choi, Y. (2018). A Study on the Prevention of Cyberbullying in Workplaces. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 9(1), 18-26.
  14. Chowdhury, F. (2020). Bullying of Students in Academic Institutions: A Qualitative Study. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 9(2), 122-132.
  15. Cochran, J. K. (2017). The effects of life domains, constraints, and motivations on academic dishonesty: A partial test and extension of Agnew’s general theory. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 61(11), 1288-1308.
  16. Eksi, F. (2012). Examination of Narcissistic Personality Traits' Predicting Level of Internet Addiction and Cyber Bullying through Path Analysis. Educational sciences: theory and practice, 12(3), 1694-1706.
  17. Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2019). The longitudinal association between poor sleep quality and cyberbullying, mediated by anger. Health communication, 34(5), 560-566.
  18. Espelage, D. L., RAO, I. A., & Craven, R. G. (2012). Theories of cyberbullying Principles of cyberbullying research (pp. 77-95): Routledge.
  19. Fakir, M. K. J., & Miah, M. R. (2021). Factors Influencing E-WOMs in Restaurant Business: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 17-36.
  20. Festl, R., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T. (2013). Peer influence, internet use and cyberbullying: A comparison of different context effects among German adolescents. Journal of Children and Media, 7(4), 446-462.
  21. Garett, R., Lord, L. R., & Young, S. D. (2016). Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature. mhealth, 2.
  22. Giumetti, G. W., Kowalski, R. M., & Feinn, R. S. (2022). Predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying among college students: A two wave study. Aggressive behavior, 48(1), 40-54.
  23. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (2022). A general theory of crime A General Theory of Crime: Stanford University Press.
  24. Griffiths, M. (1998). Internet addiction: does it really exist?
  25. Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2013). Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. Journal of youth and adolescence, 42(5), 711-722.
  26. Hossain, M. A., & Yasmin, F. (2022). Emergency Online Teaching-Learning Model in the Context of Higher-Level Education due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(4), 327-341.
  27. Jacobs, N. C., Völlink, T., Dehue, F., & Lechner, L. (2014). Online Pestkoppenstoppen: systematic and theory-based development of a web-based tailored intervention for adolescent cyberbully victims to combat and prevent cyberbullying. BMC public health, 14(1), 1-16.
  28. Jaishankar, K. (2020). Cyber victimology: a new sub-discipline of the twenty-first century victimology An International Perspective on Contemporary Developments in Victimology (pp. 3-19): Springer.
  29. Kabiri, S., Shadmanfaat, S. M. S., Choi, J., & Yun, I. (2020). The impact of life domains on cyberbullying perpetration in Iran: a partial test of Agnew's general theory of crime. Journal of criminal justice, 66, 101633.
  30. Khaneghahi, S., Nasripour, F., & MahmoudZehi, M. A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between e-learning and mobile learning on students' academic self-handicapping during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(3), 269-281.
  31. Kim, J., Song, H., & Jennings, W. G. (2017). A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 63(12), 1600-1625.
  32. Koyanagi, A., Oh, H., Carvalho, A. F., Smith, L., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., . . . DeVylder, J. E. (2019). Bullying victimization and suicide attempt among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 48 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(9), 907-918. e904.
  33. Kuo, N.-C., Wood, A., & Williams, K. (2021). Actualizing hope and joy in K-12 Curricula through Daisaku Ikeda’s human education. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(1), 19-34.
  34. Lee, Y. C., & Wu, W.-l. (2018). Factors in cyber bullying: The attitude-social influence-efficacy model. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 34(2), 324-331.
  35. Li, S., Zhang, D., Zhao, F., & Yu, G. (2020). Ostracism and aggression among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model of trait anger and forgiveness. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1703-1715.
  36. Lonigro, A., Schneider, B. H., Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., Pallini, S., & Brunner, T. (2015). Is cyberbullying related to trait or state anger? Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(3), 445-454.
  37. Lopez-Fernandez, O. (2015). How has internet addiction research evolved since the advent of internet gaming disorder? An overview of cyberaddictions from a psychological perspective. Current Addiction Reports, 2(3), 263-271.
  38. Lovegrove, P. J., Henry, K. L., & Slater, M. D. (2012). Examination of the predictors of latent class typologies of bullying involvement among middle school students. Journal of school violence, 11(1), 75-93.
  39. Moon, B., & Alarid, L. F. (2015). School bullying, low self-control, and opportunity. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(5), 839-856.
  40. Nasir, K. B., & Neger, M. (2022). Students’ attitude towards online education system: A comparative study between Public and Private Universities in Bangladesh. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(2), 167-183.
  41. Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European journal of psychology of education, 28(3), 725-745.
  42. Neves, J., & de Oliveira Pinheiro, L. (2010). Cyberbullying: A sociological approach. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 1(3), 24-34.
  43. Newey, K. A., & Magson, N. (2010). A Critical review of the current cyber bullying research: definitional, theoretical and methodological issues. Where do we go from here? Paper presented at the AARE Conference Proceedings: 2010.
  44. Ngo, F. T., Paternoster, R., Cullen, F. T., & Mackenzie, D. L. (2011). Life domains and crime: A test of Agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Journal of criminal justice, 39(4), 302-311.
  45. Nwufo, J. I., & Nwoke, M. B. (2018). CYBER BULLYING IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS ON YOUTHS’PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING. Practicum Psychologia, 8(1).
  46. Olweus, D., & Breivik, K. (2014). Plight of victims of school bullying: The opposite of well-being. Handbook of child well-being, 2593-2616.
  47. Ortega Ruiz, R., Rey Alamillo, R. d., & Casas Bolaños, J. A. (2012). Knowing, building and living together on internet and social networks: The ConRed cyberbullying prevention program. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 302-312.
  48. Pabian, S., & Vandebosch, H. (2016). An investigation of short-term longitudinal associations between social anxiety and victimization and perpetration of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of youth and adolescence, 45(2), 328-339.
  49. Pendry, L. F., & Salvatore, J. (2015). Individual and social benefits of online discussion forums. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 211-220.
  50. Rahman, M., Hasan, M., Hossain, A., & Kabir, Z. (2021). Consequences of bullying on university students in Bangladesh. Management, 25(1).
  51. Schneider, S. K., O'donnell, L., Stueve, A., & Coulter, R. W. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American journal of public health, 102(1), 171-177.
  52. Stodt, B., Wegmann, E., & Brand, M. (2016). Predicting dysfunctional Internet use: The role of age, conscientiousness, and Internet literacy in Internet addiction and cyberbullying. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 6(4), 28-43.
  53. Tanrikulu, I., & Campbell, M. A. (2015). Sibling bullying perpetration: Associations with gender, grade, peer perpetration, trait anger, and moral disengagement. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(6), 1010-1024.
  54. Taprial, V., & Kanwar, P. (2012). Understanding social media: Bookboon.
  55. Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287.
  56. Venkatesh, V., & Brown, S. A. (2001). A longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: Adoption determinants and emerging challenges. MIS quarterly, 71-102.
  57. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 425-478.
  58. Wang, X., Yang, L., Yang, J., Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2017). Trait anger and cyberbullying among young adults: A moderated mediation model of moral disengagement and moral identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 519-526.
  59. Wei, H., Ding, H., Huang, F., & Zhu, L. (2022). Parents’ phubbing and cyberbullying perpetration among adolescents: The mediation of anxiety and the moderation of Zhong-Yong Thinking. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(5), 2609-2622.
  60. Whittaker, E., & Kowalski, R. M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of school violence, 14(1), 11-29.
  61. Yang, J., Li, W., Gao, L., & Wang, X. (2022). How is trait anger related to adolescents’ cyberbullying perpetration? A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(9-10), NP6633-NP6654.
  62. Yasmin, F., & Hossain, M. A. (2021). How do smart devices control and changes the lifestyle habits of human being? A study in the context of Bangladesh. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(1), 85-100.
  63. Zhao, R., Zhou, A., & Mao, K. (2016). Automatic detection of cyberbullying on social networks based on bullying features. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 17th international conference on distributed computing and networking.