Purpose: This study analyzes the effectiveness of investigations into Sailing Approval (SPB) violations conducted by the Ditpolairud Riau Islands Police. It seeks to evaluate how well current law enforcement mechanisms ensure maritime safety and legal compliance under the Navigation Law. Research methodology: The research employs a normative and empirical juridical approach. Data were collected from legislation, literature reviews, and in-depth interviews with investigators, Syahbandar officials, and maritime business operators. The findings were validated through triangulation and analyzed descriptively using John Rawls’ Theory of Justice, Friedman’s Legal System Theory, and Sudikno Mertokusumo’s Legal Certainty Theory. Results: Investigations into SPB violations have been carried out in accordance with legal procedures, including coordination between Ditpolairud, Syahbandar, PPNS, and prosecutors. While enforcement actions have increased compliance, several challenges remain, such as limited resources, overlapping authority, legal gaps, maladministration, and low awareness among shipowners and fishermen. Digitalization of SPB documents and improved transparency in service fees were identified as key solutions. Conclusions: The investigations are generally effective but still constrained by structural, substantial, and cultural barriers. Effective enforcement requires harmonized regulations, institutional synergy, technological integration, and public legal awareness to ensure maritime safety and compliance. Limitations: This study is limited to the jurisdiction of the Riau Islands and relies on qualitative field interviews, without quantitative assessment of enforcement outcomes. Contribution: The study contributes to maritime law by emphasizing justice, legal certainty, and system effectiveness in SPB investigations, while offering recommendations to improve institutional capacity, transparency, and regulatory alignment.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the interaction between civil law settlements and criminal law settlements in the Indonesian military justice system, focusing on the implications of Military Court Decision I-05 Pontianak Number 46K/PM. I-05/AD/IX/2021. This study explores the complexity of overlapping jurisdictions and their effects on the rights and obligations of the parties involved. Research Methodology: The research method used is a conceptual approach with a normative analysis of laws and regulations, relevant legal practices, and library research. The conceptual approach is intended to analyze legal materials so that the meaning contained in legal terms can be understood. Results: The findings show that criminal proceedings significantly influence civil dispute resolution, particularly in determining liability and shaping civil court decisions. Conversely, the outcomes of civil cases may also affect criminal proceedings when overlapping elements exist. This case study demonstrates how fraud rooted in debt relations blurs the boundaries between civil and criminal domains, creating legal uncertainty. Conclusions: There is a strong need for harmonization and coordination between civil and criminal legal systems to prevent overlapping jurisdictions and ensure fairness. Integrating compensation claims into criminal trials can provide more efficient and comprehensive justice. Limitations: This study is limited to a single military court decision, which may restrict generalization to other jurisdictions and legal contexts. Contribution: This research contributes to legal scholarship by clarifying the interaction between civil and criminal dispute resolution and offers practical recommendations for policymakers, military judges, and practitioners to strengthen legal certainty and justice in Indonesia’s dual legal system.

Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze the factors inhibiting the promotion of civil servants at the Department of Education in Mimika Regency, focusing on structural, bureaucratic, and non-technical barriers that affect fairness and effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach: Research/methodology: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative data (descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation and ANOVA) with qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study involved 74 civil servants selected from a population of 91 using Slovin’s formula, with triangulation applied to ensure the data validity. Results: The findings show that complex bureaucracy, unclear implementation of promotion policies, and weak dissemination are key structural barriers. Non-technical factors, including favoritism, interpersonal relations, and internal politics, also significantly influenced promotion outcomes. Competence alone proved insufficient, as subjective judgments and limited access to training opportunities also affected the results. Conclusions: Promotions in the Mimika Education Office are hindered by bureaucratic complexity, unclear policies, and non-technical factors such as favoritism and politics. Competence is insufficient, as limited training access and unequal opportunities persist. A transparent, merit-based system is essential for improving fairness, motivation, and organizational performance. Limitations: This study was limited by its focus on a single office, which may not represent other institutions. Incomplete budgetary data also constrain financial analyses. Contribution: This research enriches public sector HR studies by showing how bureaucracy and sociocultural dynamics intersect in career development, offering policy input for transparent, merit-based promotion and competency development in remote regions such as Mimika.